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The paper provides a review of mix design, construction temperature determination, performance and life-cycle assessment (LCA) of WMA mixtures. The mix design of WMA mixtures using almost the same design protocols as the HMA mixtures. The techniques used for determining WMA mixtures’ construction temperatures include the analogy, phase angle, compaction energy index (CEI) and traffic densification index (TDI), and 4% air void methods. The use of Sasobit is advisable for the road prone to rutting. For the road prone to water damage, the use of foaming technologyis not suitable and Rediset is recommended. For the road prone to fatigue failure, the use of Water-based processes is not recommended, while Evotherm and Rediset are advisable. From an environmental point of view, water-based processes are recommended for the production of WMA mixtures, followed by organic additives and chemical additives, whereas the use of water-bearing additives is not recommended.

The solubility data of fosfomycin sodium (FOM-Na) in six pure solvents (methanol, ethanol, propanol, cyclohexane, acetone, N,N-dimethylformamide) and two binary solvents (methanol + ethanol, methanol + acetone) at temperatures ranging from 283.15 to 323.15 K were measured by a laser monitoring dynamic method at atmospheric pressure. It turned out that the solubility data decreased with increasing temperature, and also varies with the composition of the solvents. Moreover, the experimental data in pure solvents have been correlated with two thermodynamic models (i.e., modified Apelblat and van’t Hoff), and the data in binary solvents have been correlated with CNIBS/R-K equation and two modified versions of Jouyban–Acree models (Van’t-JA equation and Apel-JA equation), respectively. All the results showed a good agreement with the experimental data. Intermolecular interaction force and dielectric constants are introduced to explain the relationship between solubility and temperature. In addition, the analysis of the solubilities implies that higher temperature may destroy the forces between the solvent and solute molecules, leading to lower solubility. And this can give a guide to the design and optimization of the crystallization process of FOM-Na in the industry.

A gravimetric method was used to determine the solubility of azoxystrobin in seven monosolvents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and ethyl acetate) and two binary mixed solvents (n-propanol + ethyl acetate and methanol + ethyl acetate) at different temperatures from 288.15 to 328.15 K. The solubility of azoxystrobin is positively related with temperature in all selected solvents. Moreover, the solubility of azoxystrobin in methanol + ethyl acetate binary mixed solvent reaches a maximum when the mole fraction of ethyl acetate is 0.8, differing from that in n-propanol + ethyl acetate binary mixed solvent. The Apelblat, λh, combined nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich–Kister, and nonrandom two-liquid model (NRTL) equations were applied to correlate the solubility of azoxystrobin, and all of the equations provided good fitting results to the data. In addition, the mixing thermodynamic properties of azoxystrobin in binary mixed solvents were calculated based on the NRTL equation. The results demonstrate that the mixing process in the experimental binary mixed solvents is endothermic and spontaneous.

Fine-tuning pretrained protein language models (PLMs) has emerged as a prominent strategy for enhancing downstream prediction tasks, often outperforming traditional supervised learning approaches. As a widely applied powerful technique in natural language processing, employing parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques could potentially enhance the performance of PLMs. However, the direct transfer to life science tasks is nontrivial due to the different training strategies and data forms. To address this gap, we introduce SES-Adapter, a simple, efficient, and scalable adapter method for enhancing the representation learning of PLMs. SES-Adapter incorporates PLM embeddings with structural sequence embeddings to create structure-aware representations. We show that the proposed method is compatible with different PLM architectures and across diverse tasks. Extensive evaluations are conducted on 2 types of folding structures with notable quality differences, 9 state-of-the-art baselines, and 9 benchmark data sets across distinct downstream tasks. Results show that compared to vanilla PLMs, SES-Adapter improves downstream task performance by a maximum of 11% and an average of 3%, with significantly accelerated convergence speed by a maximum of 1034% and an average of 362%, the training efficiency is also improved by approximately 2 times. Moreover, positive optimization is observed even with low-quality predicted structures. The source code for SES-Adapter is available at https://github.com/tyang816/SES-Adapter.

Zeolite foamed asphalt - warm mix mixture (ZFA-WMM) has been applied in large quantities in asphalt pavement, however, a lower construction temperature, residual zeolite water and zeolite minerals have different effects on the cohesion and adhesion properties of zeolite foamed asphalt (ZFA), which indirectly affects the water stability of its mixture. This study analyzed the interface behavior in ZFA-WMM using molecular dynamics simulation. First, the molecular model of ZFA was constructed, and its thermodynamic properties were calculated and compared with experimental values and related simulated values to validated the reasonable of model. Then, the interface models of ZFA-aggregate (quartz and calcite) and ZFA-ZFA were established, simulating the effects of the zeolite mineral dosage, temperature, and interface moisture (residual zeolite water) content on the cohesion and adhesion of ZFA. Furthermore, the occurrence mode of cohesion or adhesion failures in ZFA-WMM were predicted by comparing the ZFA-aggregate adhesion work with ZFA cohesion work. The simulation results indicated that as the zeolite mineral dosage increased, the ZFA cohesion and ZFA-calcite adhesion increased, while ZFA-quartz adhesion first grew and then dropped, reaching its maximum at 9.4% zeolite mineral dosage. Under the pavement operating temperature range (-15°C~65°C), higher pavement temperatures are beneficial to ZFA-aggregate adhesion; the cohesion of ZFA first increases and then decrease as temperature rises, reaching its maximum at 25℃. The larger the interface moisture content, the higher the possibility of water separating ZFA from the aggregate surface and the water sensitivity of ZFA-WMM. The ZFA-WMM is prone to adhesion failure, especially at higher zeolite dosages.

Atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) is an advanced technology derived from two existing technologies. Recently, AFM-IR has been applied to perform the unambiguous chemical analysis of the material with the spatial resolution of the AFM. This study aimed to collect topography images, AFM-IR chemical images at 966 cm–1, and AFM-IR infrared spectra of one-plant-manufactured linear styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) modified asphalt binder before and after aging using AFM-IR. Analyses of topography images indicated that the addition of linear SBS modifiers enriched the microstructure of the asphalt binder surface and that the degradation of linear SBS modifiers reduced the surface roughness. Furthermore, the polybutadiene (PB) groups showed a uniform distribution on the linear SBS modified asphalt binder surface before aging, while the PB content of different phases began to deviate after aging. Based on the quantitative analysis methods of AFM-IR infrared spectra, calculated PB indices decreased, while carbonyl indices increased. The changing trend of the resultant PB and carbonyl indices of linear SBS modified asphalt binders measured by AFM-IR before and after aging was consistent with that measured by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Further research demonstrated that the bee structures consisted of linear SBS modifiers and other base asphalt binder composition besides waxes. Additionally, base asphalt binders rather than SBS modifiers led to the chemical composition difference between the surface and the bulk of this linear SBS modified asphalt binder.

Azoxystrobin has one amorphous form and two solvent-free forms. A series of new solvates were obtained by crystallization experiments in 40 solvents. Among these solvates, four of them were successfully determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and analyzed in terms of molecular conformation, intermolecular interaction, and crystal-packing motifs. In addition, the physiochemical properties of all solvates were further studied and presented with comprehensive characterization. It was found that both properties and the size of solvent molecules attribute to the formation of isostructural azoxystrobin solvates. Isostructural solvates can be formed when the solvents have particular molecular size (molar volume ranging from 56.1 to 88.5 cm3/ mol) and solvent properties that could make weak interactions with azoxystrobin. Desolvation and formation mechanism of isostructural solvates were investigated through the phase transformations and crystal structure analysis. The desolvation of solvates first forms form B, then form B melts and recrystallizes into a stable form A. A possible mechanism for the formation of isostructural solvates was proposed.

p-(Aminomethyl) benzoic acid (PAMBA) is widely used as hemostatic. As reported in the literature, it also plays an important role in the synthesis of a series of important organic compounds, such as tranexamic acid, cyclohexadiene, and N-carboxyphenylpyrrole derivatives. In this work, the solid–liquid equilibrium solubility of PAMBA in four binary solvents (water + methanol, water + ethanol, water + 1-propanol, and water + 2-propanol) was measured by the static method from 288.15 to 328.15 K at atmospheric pressure. The solubility of PAMBA increases with increasing temperature in the four binary solvents systems. When the content of the water is the same, the solubility order is water + methanol > water + ethanol > water + 1-propanol > water + 2-propanol. Moreover, the determined solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat model, van’t Hoff equation, and NRTL model. All of the selected thermodynamic equations correlated the solubility well. On the basis of the NRTL model, the mixing thermodynamic properties (Gibbs free energy, entropy, and enthalpy of mixing) of PAMBA in four binary solvents were calculated, and their influence on the mixing procedure of PAMBA was discussed.

The solubility of pyrimethanil in two binary solvents (water + methanol and water + ethanol) and seven monosolvents (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, and cyclohexane) was measured by a gravimetric method within the temperature range of 283.15 to 323.15 K at atmospheric pressure. In the investigated temperature range, the solubility of pyrimethanil in all monosolvents or mixed solvents increases with increasing temperature. The solubility in the monosolvents was well-correlated using the NRTL model, the Apelblat model, and the Wilson model. Furthermore, the NRTL model and the modified version of the Jouyban–Acree model (the Apel-JA equation) were employed to correlate the solubility in binary solvents. The results showed that these models have a satisfactory correlation. When we measured the solubility, we found that the solvent has a great influence on the crystal habit. Therefore, these results can give guidance for practical industrial processes such as the design of the crystallization process and control of the crystal morphology.

Background: This study aimed to explore the effect of nesfatin-1 on cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-induced hypoxic injury in cardiomyocyte H9c2 cells. Methods: H9c2 cardiomyocytes were induced by different concentrations of CoCl2to mimic the hypoxia condition. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. ROS production was detected using the fluorescence probe DCFH-DA. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was detected using the TMRE method. The levels of released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) were detected using the commercial kits. The protein levels of MAPK signaling members (p-JNK1/2, p-ERK1/2, and p-p38) and Notch1 signaling members (Notch1, Hes 1, and Jagged 1) were detected by Western blot. Results: CoCl2significantly promoted cell apoptosis, increased LDH leakage, MDA concentration, and decreased cell viability, SOD activity, GSH production, and CAT activity. CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury in H9c2 cells was partially restored by nesfatin-1 treatment. Moreover, nesfatin-1 treatment attenuated CoCl2-induced increase in ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, Bax/Bcl-2 imbalance, as well as c-caspase-9 and c-caspase-3 levels. Moreover, nesfatin-1 treatment inhibited the activation of MAPK and Notch1 signaling pathways. Conclusions: Nesfatin-1 could effectively protect H9c2 cells against CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury by blocking MAPK and Notch1 signaling pathways, suggesting that nesfatin-1 might be a promising therapeutic agent for hypoxic cardiac injury.

•The influence of ultrasound on nucleation of cephalexin monohydrate was studied.•The nucleation mechanism was discussed qualitatively and quantitatively.•Different crystallization conditions were tested to improve the product quality.•The optimal policy could achieve crystal habit control effectively.