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1. Registered Replication Report: A Large Multilab Cross-Cultural Conceptual Replication of Turri et al. (2015)

Author

Hall, Braeden, Schmidt, Kathleen, Wagge, Jordan, Lewis, Savannah C., Weissgerber, Sophia C., Kiunke, Felix, Pfuhl, Gerit, Stieger, Stefan, Tran, Ulrich S., Barzykowski, Krystian, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Kowal, Marta, Massar, KarlIJn, Pernerstofer, Felizitas, Sorokowski, Piotr, Voracek, Martin, Chartier, Christopher R., Brandt, Mark J., Grahe, Jon E., Özdoğru, Asil A., Andreychik, Michael R., Chen, Sau-Chin, Evans, Thomas R., Hautekiet, Caro, IJzerman, Hans, Kačmár, Pavol, Krafnick, Anthony J., Musser, Erica D., Vergauwe, Evie, Werner, Kaitlyn M., Aczel, Balazs, Arriaga, Patrícia, Batres, Carlota, Beaudry, Jennifer L., Cova, Florian, Ďurbisová, Simona, Cramblet Alvarez, Leslie D., Feldman, Gilad, Godbersen, Hendrik, Gottfried, Jaroslav, Haeffel, Gerald J., Hartanto, Andree, Isloi, Chris, McFall, Joseph P., Milyavskaya, Marina, Moreau, David, Nosáľová, Ester, Papaioannou, Kostas, Ruiz-Fernandez, Susana, Schrötter, Jana, Storage, Daniel, Vezirian, Kevin, Volz, Leonhard, Weisberg, Yanna J., Xiao, Qinyu, Awlia, Dana, Branit, Hannah W., Dunn, Megan R., Groyecka-Bernard, Agata, Haneda, Ricky, Kielinska, Julita, Kolle, Caroline, Lubomski, Paweł, Miller, Alexys M., Mækelæ, Martin J., Pantazi, Mytro, Ribeiro, Rafael R., Ross, Robert M., Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Aberson, Christopher L., Vassiliou, Xanthippi Alexi, Baker, Bradley J., Bognar, Miklos, Cong, Chin Wen, Danvers, Alex F., Davis, William E., Dranseika, Vilius, Dumbravă, Andrei, Farmer, Harry, Field, Andy P., Forscher, Patrick S., Graton, Aurélien, Hajdu, Nandor, Howlett, Peter A., Kabut, Radosław, Larsen, Emmett M., Lee, Sean T. H., Legate, Nicole, Levitan, Carmel A., Levy, Neil, Lu, Jackson G., Misiak, Michał, Morariu, Roxana E., Novak, Jennifer, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Prusova, Irina, Rathnayake, Athulya S., Romanova, Marina O., Röer, Jan P., Sampaio, Waldir M., Schild, Christoph, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael, Stephen, Ian D., Szecsi, Peter, Takacs, Elizabeth, Teeter, Julia N., Thiele-Evans, Elian H., Valeiro-Paterlini, Julia, Vilares, Iris, Villafana, Louise, Wang, Ke, Wu, Raymond, Álvarez-Solas, Sara, Moshontz, Hannah, and Buchanan, Erin M.

Abstract

According to the justified true belief (JTB) account of knowledge, people can truly know something only if they have a belief that is both justified and true (i.e., knowledge is JTB). This account was challenged by Gettier, who argued that JTB does not explain knowledge attributions in certain situations, later called “Gettier-type cases,” wherein protagonists are justified in believing something to be true, but their belief was correct only because of luck. Laypeople may not attribute knowledge to protagonists with justified but only luckily true beliefs. Although some research has found evidence for these so-called Gettier intuitions, Turri et al. found no evidence that participants attributed knowledge in a counterfeit-object Gettier-type case differently than in a matched case of JTB. In a large-scale, cross-cultural conceptual replication of Turri and colleagues’ Experiment 1 (N= 4,724) using a within-participants design and three vignettes across 19 geopolitical regions, we did find evidence for Gettier intuitions; participants were 1.86 times more likely to attribute knowledge to protagonists in standard cases of JTB than to protagonists in Gettier-type cases. These results suggest that Gettier intuitions may be detectable across different scenarios and cultural contexts. However, the size of the Gettier intuition effect did vary by vignette, and the Turri et al. vignette produced the smallest effect, which was similar in size to that observed in the original study. Differences across vignettes suggest that epistemic intuitions may also depend on contextual factors unrelated to the criteria of knowledge, such as the characteristics of the protagonist being evaluated.

Published
2024
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2. In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

Author

Dorison, Charles A., Lerner, Jennifer S., Heller, Blake H., Rothman, Alexander J., Kawachi, Ichiro I., Wang, Ke, Rees, Vaughan W., Gill, Brian P., Gibbs, Nancy, Ebersole, Charles R., Vally, Zahir, Tajchman, Zuzanna, Zsido, Andras N., Zrimsek, Mija, Chen, Zhang, Ziano, Ignazio, Gialitaki, Zoi, Ceary, Chris D., Lin, Yijun, Kunisato, Yoshihiko, Yamada, Yuki, Xiao, Qinyu, Jiang, Xiaoming, Du, Xinkai, Yao, Elvin, Wilson, John Paul, Cyrus-Lai, Wilson, Jimenez-Leal, William, Law, Wilbert, Collins, W. Matthew, Richard, Karley L., Vranka, Marek, Ankushev, Vladislav, Schei, Vidar, Križanić, Valerija, Kadreva, Veselina Hristova, Adoric, Vera Cubela, Tran, Ulrich S., Yeung, Siu Kit, Hassan, Widad, Houston, Ralph, Lima, Tiago J. S., Ostermann, Thomas, Frizzo, Thomas, Sverdrup, Therese E., House, Thea, Gill, Tripat, Fedotov, Maksim, Paltrow, Tamar, Jernsäther, Teodor, Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria, Hostler, Thomas J., Ishii, Tatsunori, Szaszi, Barnabas, Adamus, Sylwia, Suter, Lilian, Habib, Sumaiya, Studzinska, Anna, Stojanovska, Dragana, Janssen, Steve M. J., Stieger, Stefan, Schulenberg, Stefan E., Tatachari, Srinivasan, Azouaghe, Soufian, Sorokowski, Piotr, Sorokowska, Agnieszka, Song, Xin, Lewis, Savannah C., Sinkolova, Sladjana, Grigoryev, Dmitry, Drexler, Shira Meir, Daches, Shimrit, Geniole, Shawn N., Vračar, Selena, Massoni, Sébastien, Zorjan, Saša, Sarıoğuz, Eylül, Izquierdo, Sara Morales, Alves, Sara G., Pöntinen, Sara, Solas, Sara Álvarez, Ordoñez-Riaño, Santiago, Očovaj, Sanja Batić, Onie, Sandersan, Lins, Samuel, Çoksan, Sami, Sacakli, Asli, Ruiz-Fernández, Susana, Geiger, Sandra J., FatahModares, Saeideh, Walczak, Radoslaw B., Betlehem, Ruben, Vilar, Roosevelt, Cárcamo, Rodrigo, Ross, Robert M., McCarthy, Randy, Ballantyne, Tonia, Westgate, Erin C., Afhami, Reza, Ren, Dongning, Monteiro, Renan P., Reips, Ulf-Dietrich, Reggev, Niv, Calin-Jageman, Robert J., Pourafshari, Razieh, Oliveira, Raquel, Nedelcheva-Datsova, Mina, Rahal, Rima-Maria, Ribeiro, Rafael R., Radtke, Theda, Searston, Rachel, Habte, Redeate, Zdybek, Przemysław, Chen, Sau-Chin, Maturan, Princess Lovella G., Perillo, Jennifer T., Isager, Peder Mortvedt, Kačmár, Pavol, Macapagal, Paulo Manuel, Szwed, Paulina, Hanel, Paul H. P., Forbes, Paul A. G., Arriaga, Patrícia, Paris, Bastien, Papachristopoulos, Konstantinos, Correa, Pablo Sebastián, Kácha, Ondřej, Bernardo, Márcia, Campos, Olatz, Bravo, Olalla Niño, Galindo-Caballero, Oscar J., Ogbonnaya, Chisom Esther, Bialobrzeska, Olga, Kiselnikova, Natalia, Simonovic, Nicolle, Cohen, Noga, Nock, Nora L., Johannes, Niklas, Albayrak-Aydemir, Nihan, Say, Nicolas, Torunsky, Nathan, Van Doren, Natalia, Sunami, Naoyuki, Rachev, Nikolay R., Majeed, Nadyanna M., Schmidt, Nadya-Daniela, Nadif, Khaoula, Corral-Frías, Nadia S., Ouherrou, Nihal, Pantazi, Myrto, Lucas, Marc Y., Vasilev, Martin R., Ortiz, María Victoria, Butt, Muhammad Mussaffa, Kabir, Muhib, Muda, Rafał, Tejada Rivera, Maria del Carmen MC, Sirota, Miroslav, Seehuus, Martin, Parzuchowski, Michal, Toro, Mónica, Hricova, Monika, Maldonado, Mónica Alarcón, Marszalek, Magdalena, Karekla, Maria, Mioni, Giovanna, Bosma, Minke Jasmijn, Westerlund, Minja, Vdovic, Milica, Bialek, Michal, Silan, Miguel A., Anne, Michele, Misiak, Michal, Grinberg, Maurice, Capizzi, Mariagrazia, Espinoza Barría, Mauricio F., Kurfali, Merve A., Mensink, Michael C., Harutyunyan, Mikayel, Khosla, Meetu, Korbmacher, Max, Adamkovič, Matúš, Ribeiro, Matheus Fernando Felix, Terskova, Maria, Hruška, Matej, Martončik, Marcel, Voracek, Martin, Čadek, Martin, Frías-Armenta, Martha, Kowal, Marta, Topor, Marta, Roczniewska, Marta, Oosterlinck, Marlies, Kohlová, Markéta Braun, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Romanova, Marina, Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta, Lund, Maria Louise, Antoniadi, Maria, Jones, Marc V., Ortiz, Manuel S., Manavalan, Mathi, Muminov, Abdumalik, Kossowska, Małgorzata, Friedemann, Maja, Wielgus, Magdalena, Varella, Marco A. C., Colloff, Melissa F., Bradford, Maria, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Eudave, Luis, Vieira, Luc, Pineda, Lina Maria Sanabria, Pérez, Laura Calderón, Lazarevic, Ljiljana B., Jaremka, Lisa M., Kushnir, Elizaveta, Anton-Boicuk, Lisa, de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel Lins, Ahlgren, Lina, Levitan, Carmel A., Micheli, Leticia, Volz, Leonhard, Stojanovska, Marija, Boucher, Leanne, Samojlenko, Lara, Delgado, Lady Grey Javela, Kaliska, Lada, Warmelink, Lara, Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, Yu, Karen, Wachowicz, Jakub, Desai, Kermeka, Barzykowski, Krystian, Kozma, Luca, Evans, Kortnee, Kirgizova, Komila, Agesin, Bamikole Emmanuel, Koehn, Monica A, Wolfe, Kelly, Korobova, Tatiana, Klevjer, Kristoffer, van Schie, Kevin, Vezirian, Kevin, Damnjanović, Kaja, Thommesen, Katrine Krabbe, Schmidt, Kathleen, Filip, Katarzyna, Grzech, Karolina, Hoyer, Karlijn, Moon, Karis, Rana, Kafeel, Janjić, Kristina, Suchow, Jordan W., Kielińska, Julita, Cruz Vásquez, Julio E, Beitner, Julia, Vargas-Nieto, Juan Camilo, Roxas, Jose Carlos T., Taber, Jennifer, Urriago-Rayo, Joan, Pavlacic, Jeffrey M., Bavolar, Jozef, Soto, José A., Olofsson, Jonas K., Vilsmeier, Johannes K., Messerschmidt, Johanna, Czamanski-Cohen, Johanna, Boudesseul, Jordane, Lee, Jeong Min, Kamburidis, Julia, Zickfeld, Janis, Miranda, Jacob F., Verharen, Jeroen P. H., Hristova, Evgeniya, Beshears, Julie E., Đorđević, Jasna Milošević, Bosch, Jasmijn, Valentova, Jaroslava Varella, Antfolk, Jan, Berkessel, Jana B., Schrötter, Jana, Urban, Jan, Röer, Jan Philipp, Norton, James O, Silva, Jaime R., Pickering, Jade S., Vintr, Jáchym, Uttley, Jim, Kunst, Jonas R., Ndukaihe, Izuchukwu L. G., Iyer, Aishwarya, Vilares, Iris, Ivanov, Aleksandr, Ropovik, Ivan, Sula, Isabela, Sarieva, Irena, Metin-Orta, Irem, Prusova, Irina, Pinto, Isabel, Bozdoc, Andreea Ioana, Almeida, Inês A. T., Pit, Ilse L., Dalgar, Ilker, Zakharov, Ilya, Arinze, Azuka Ikechukwu, Ihaya, Keiko, Stephen, Ian D., Gjoneska, Biljana, Brohmer, Hilmar, Flowe, Heather, Godbersen, Hendrik, Kocalar, Halil Emre, Hedgebeth, Mattie V., Chuan-Peng, Hu, Sharifian, MohammadHasan, Manley, Harry, Akkas, Handan, Hajdu, Nandor, Azab, Habiba, Kaminski, Gwenael, Nilsonne, Gustav, Anjum, Gulnaz, Travaglino, Giovanni A., Feldman, Gilad, Pfuhl, Gerit, Czarnek, Gabriela, Marcu, Gabriela Mariana, Hofer, Gabriela, Banik, Gabriel, Adetula, Gabriel Agboola, Bijlstra, Gijsbert, Verbruggen, Frederick, Kung, Franki Y. H., Foroni, Francesco, Singer, Gage, Muchembled, Fany, Azevedo, Flavio, Mosannenzadeh, Farnaz, Marinov, Evelina, Štrukelj, Eva, Etebari, Zahra, Baskin, Ernest, Garcia, Elkin Oswaldo Luis, Musser, Erica, van Steenkiste, I.M.M., Ahn, El Rim, Pronizius, Ekaterina, Jackson, Emily A, Manunta, Efisio, Agadullina, Elena, Šakan, Dušana, Dursun, Pinar, Dujols, Olivier, Dubrov, Dmitrii, Willis, Megan, Tümer, Murat, Beaudry, Jennifer L., Popović, Dora, Dunleavy, Daniel, Djamai, Ikhlas, Krupić, Dino, Vega, Diego, Du, Hongfei, Mola, Débora, Davis, William E., Holford, Dawn Liu, Lewis, David M. G., Vaidis, David C., Ozery, Daphna Hausman, Ricaurte, Danilo Zambrano, Storage, Daniel, Sousa, Daniela, Alvarez, Daniela Serrato, Rosa, Anna Dalla, Krupić, Dajana, Marko, Dafne, Moreau, David, Reeck, Crystal, Correia, Rita C., Whitt, Cassie M., Lamm, Claus, Solorzano, Claudio Singh, von Bastian, Claudia C., Sutherland, Clare AM, Overkott, Clara, Aberson, Christopher L., Wang, Chunhui, Karashiali, Christiana, Noone, Chris, Chiu, Faith, Picciocchi, Chiara, Karaarslan, Cemre, Cellini, Nicola, Esteban-Serna, Celia, Reyna, Cecilia, Batres, Carlota, Li, Ranran, Grano, Caterina, Carpentier, Joelle, Tamnes, Christian K., Fu, Cynthia H.Y., Ishkhanyan, Byurakn, Bylinina, Lisa, Jaeger, Bastian, Bundt, Carsten, Allred, Tara Bulut, Bokkour, Ahmed, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Chopik, William J., Antazo, Benedict, Behzadnia, Behzad, Becker, Maja, Cocco, Beatrice, Chou, Wei-Lun, Hubena, Barbora, Žuro, Barbara, Aczel, Balazs, Baklanova, Ekaterina, Bai, Hui, Balci, Busra Bahar, Babinčák, Peter, Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Mokady, Aviv, Kappes, Heather Barry, Atari, Mohammad, Szala, Anna, Szabelska, Anna, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, Domurat, Artur, Arinze, Nwadiogo Chisom, Modena, Arianna, Adiguzel, Arca, Monajem, Arash, ARABI, Kanza AIT EL, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Olaya Torres, Adriana Julieth, Theodoropoulou, Andriana, Jurković, Anita Penić, Kassianos, Angelos P., Findor, Andrej, Hartanto, Andree, Thibault Landry, Anais, Ferreira, Ana, Santos, Anabela Caetano, De la Rosa-Gomez, Anabel, Gourdon-Kanhukamwe, Amélie, Todsen, Anna Louise, Karababa, Alper, Janak, Allison, Bran, Alexandre, Tullett, Alexa M., Kuzminska, Anna O., Krafnick, Anthony J, Urooj, Anum, Khaoudi, Ahmed, Ahmed, Afroja, Groyecka-Bernard, Agata, Askelund, Adrian Dahl, Adetula, Adeyemi, Belaus, Anabel, Charyate, Abdelilah Ca, Wichman, Aaron L., Stoyanova, Alina, Greenburgh, Anna, Thomas, Andrew G., Arvanitis, Alexios, Forscher, Patrick S., Mallik, Peter R, Primbs, Maximilian A., Miller, Jeremy K., Moshontz, Hannah, Urry, Heather L., IJzerman, Hans, Basnight-Brown, Dana M., Chartier, Christopher R., Buchanan, Erin M., and Coles, Nicholas A.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic (and its aftermath) highlights a critical need to communicate health information effectively to the global public. Given that subtle differences in information framing can have meaningful effects on behavior, behavioral science research highlights a pressing question: Is it more effective to frame COVID-19 health messages in terms of potential losses (e.g., “If you do not practice these steps, you can endanger yourself and others”) or potential gains (e.g., “If you practice these steps, you can protect yourself and others”)? Collecting data in 48 languages from 15,929 participants in 84 countries, we experimentally tested the effects of message framing on COVID-19-related judgments, intentions, and feelings. Loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages increased self-reported anxiety among participants cross-nationally with little-to-no impact on policy attitudes, behavioral intentions, or information seeking relevant to pandemic risks. These results were consistent across 84 countries, three variations of the message framing wording, and 560 data processing and analytic choices. Thus, results provide an empirical answer to a global communication question and highlight the emotional toll of loss-framed messages. Critically, this work demonstrates the importance of considering unintended affective consequences when evaluating nudge-style interventions.

Published
2022
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3. Many Labs 5: Testing Pre-Data-Collection Peer Review as an Intervention to Increase Replicability

Author

Ebersole, Charles R., Mathur, Maya B., Baranski, Erica, Bart-Plange, Diane-Jo, Buttrick, Nicholas R., Chartier, Christopher R., Corker, Katherine S., Corley, Martin, Hartshorne, Joshua K., IJzerman, Hans, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Rabagliati, Hugh, Ropovik, Ivan, Aczel, Balazs, Aeschbach, Lena F., Andrighetto, Luca, Arnal, Jack D., Arrow, Holly, Babincak, Peter, Bakos, Bence E., Baník, Gabriel, Baskin, Ernest, Belopavlović, Radomir, Bernstein, Michael H., Białek, Michał, Bloxsom, Nicholas G., Bodroža, Bojana, Bonfiglio, Diane B. V., Boucher, Leanne, Brühlmann, Florian, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Casini, Erica, Chen, Yiling, Chiorri, Carlo, Chopik, William J., Christ, Oliver, Ciunci, Antonia M., Claypool, Heather M., Coary, Sean, Čolić, Marija V., Collins, W. Matthew, Curran, Paul G., Day, Chris R., Dering, Benjamin, Dreber, Anna, Edlund, John E., Falcão, Filipe, Fedor, Anna, Feinberg, Lily, Ferguson, Ian R., Ford, Máire, Frank, Michael C., Fryberger, Emily, Garinther, Alexander, Gawryluk, Katarzyna, Ashbaugh, Kayla, Giacomantonio, Mauro, Giessner, Steffen R., Grahe, Jon E., Guadagno, Rosanna E., Hałasa, Ewa, Hancock, Peter J. B., Hilliard, Rias A., Hüffmeier, Joachim, Hughes, Sean, Idzikowska, Katarzyna, Inzlicht, Michael, Jern, Alan, Jiménez-Leal, William, Johannesson, Magnus, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kauff, Mathias, Kellier, Danielle J., Kessinger, Grecia, Kidwell, Mallory C., Kimbrough, Amanda M., King, Josiah P. J., Kolb, Vanessa S., Kołodziej, Sabina, Kovacs, Marton, Krasuska, Karolina, Kraus, Sue, Krueger, Lacy E., Kuchno, Katarzyna, Lage, Caio Ambrosio, Langford, Eleanor V., Levitan, Carmel A., de Lima, Tiago Jessé Souza, Lin, Hause, Lins, Samuel, Loy, Jia E., Manfredi, Dylan, Markiewicz, Łukasz, Menon, Madhavi, Mercier, Brett, Metzger, Mitchell, Meyet, Venus, Millen, Ailsa E., Miller, Jeremy K., Montealegre, Andres, Moore, Don A., Muda, Rafał, Nave, Gideon, Nichols, Austin Lee, Novak, Sarah A., Nunnally, Christian, Orlić, Ana, Palinkas, Anna, Panno, Angelo, Parks, Kimberly P., Pedović, Ivana, Pękala, Emilian, Penner, Matthew R., Pessers, Sebastiaan, Petrović, Boban, Pfeiffer, Thomas, Pieńkosz, Damian, Preti, Emanuele, Purić, Danka, Ramos, Tiago, Ravid, Jonathan, Razza, Timothy S., Rentzsch, Katrin, Richetin, Juliette, Rife, Sean C., Rosa, Anna Dalla, Rudy, Kaylis Hase, Salamon, Janos, Saunders, Blair, Sawicki, Przemysław, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schuepfer, Kurt, Schultze, Thomas, Schulz-Hardt, Stefan, Schütz, Astrid, Shabazian, Ani N., Shubella, Rachel L., Siegel, Adam, Silva, Rúben, Sioma, Barbara, Skorb, Lauren, de Souza, Luana Elayne Cunha, Steegen, Sara, Stein, L. A. R., Sternglanz, R. Weylin, Stojilović, Darko, Storage, Daniel, Sullivan, Gavin Brent, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Szöke, Orsolya, Szuts, Attila, Thomae, Manuela, Tidwell, Natasha D., Tocco, Carly, Torka, Ann-Kathrin, Tuerlinckx, Francis, Vanpaemel, Wolf, Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Vianello, Michelangelo, Viganola, Domenico, Vlachou, Maria, Walker, Ryan J., Weissgerber, Sophia C., Wichman, Aaron L., Wiggins, Bradford J., Wolf, Daniel, Wood, Michael J., Zealley, David, Žeželj, Iris, Zrubka, Mark, and Nosek, Brian A.

Abstract

Replication studies in psychological science sometimes fail to reproduce prior findings. If these studies use methods that are unfaithful to the original study or ineffective in eliciting the phenomenon of interest, then a failure to replicate may be a failure of the protocol rather than a challenge to the original finding. Formal pre-data-collection peer review by experts may address shortcomings and increase replicability rates. We selected 10 replication studies from the Reproducibility Project: Psychology (RP:P; Open Science Collaboration, 2015) for which the original authors had expressed concerns about the replication designs before data collection; only one of these studies had yielded a statistically significant effect (p< .05). Commenters suggested that lack of adherence to expert review and low-powered tests were the reasons that most of these RP:P studies failed to replicate the original effects. We revised the replication protocols and received formal peer review prior to conducting new replication studies. We administered the RP:P and revised protocols in multiple laboratories (median number of laboratories per original study = 6.5, range = 3–9; median total sample = 1,279.5, range = 276–3,512) for high-powered tests of each original finding with both protocols. Overall, following the preregistered analysis plan, we found that the revised protocols produced effect sizes similar to those of the RP:P protocols (Δr= .002 or .014, depending on analytic approach). The median effect size for the revised protocols (r= .05) was similar to that of the RP:P protocols (r= .04) and the original RP:P replications (r= .11), and smaller than that of the original studies (r= .37). Analysis of the cumulative evidence across the original studies and the corresponding three replication attempts provided very precise estimates of the 10 tested effects and indicated that their effect sizes (median r= .07, range = .00–.15) were 78% smaller, on average, than the original effect sizes (median r= .37, range = .19–.50).

Published
2020
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4. Many Labs 5: Registered Replication of Crosby, Monin, and Richardson (2008)

Author

Rabagliati, Hugh, Corley, Martin, Dering, Benjamin, Hancock, Peter J. B., King, Josiah P. J., Levitan, Carmel A., Loy, Jia E., and Millen, Ailsa E.

Abstract

Crosby, Monin, and Richardson (2008) found that hearing an offensive remark caused subjects (N= 25) to look longer at a potentially offended person, but only if that person could hear the remark. On the basis of this result, they argued that people use social referencing to assess the offensiveness. However, in a direct replication in the Reproducibility Project: Psychology, the result for Crosby et al.’s key effect was not significant. In the current project, we tested whether the size of the social-referencing effect might be increased by a peer-reviewed and preregistered protocol manipulation in which some participants were given context to understand why the remark was potentially offensive. Three labs in Europe and the United States (N= 283) took part. The protocol manipulation did not affect the size of the social-referencing effect. However, we did replicate the original effect reported by Crosby et al., albeit with a much smaller effect size. We discuss these results in the context of ongoing debates about how replication attempts should treat statistical power and contextual sensitivity.

Published
2020
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5. The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing Psychology Through a Distributed Collaborative Network

Author

Moshontz, Hannah, Campbell, Lorne, Ebersole, Charles R., IJzerman, Hans, Urry, Heather L., Forscher, Patrick S., Grahe, Jon E., McCarthy, Randy J., Musser, Erica D., Antfolk, Jan, Castille, Christopher M., Evans, Thomas Rhys, Fiedler, Susann, Flake, Jessica Kay, Forero, Diego A., Janssen, Steve M. J., Keene, Justin Robert, Protzko, John, Aczel, Balazs, Álvarez Solas, Sara, Ansari, Daniel, Awlia, Dana, Baskin, Ernest, Batres, Carlota, Borras-Guevara, Martha Lucia, Brick, Cameron, Chandel, Priyanka, Chatard, Armand, Chopik, William J., Clarance, David, Coles, Nicholas A., Corker, Katherine S., Dixson, Barnaby James Wyld, Dranseika, Vilius, Dunham, Yarrow, Fox, Nicholas W., Gardiner, Gwendolyn, Garrison, S. Mason, Gill, Tripat, Hahn, Amanda C., Jaeger, Bastian, Kačmár, Pavol, Kaminski, Gwenaël, Kanske, Philipp, Kekecs, Zoltan, Kline, Melissa, Koehn, Monica A., Kujur, Pratibha, Levitan, Carmel A., Miller, Jeremy K., Okan, Ceylan, Olsen, Jerome, Oviedo-Trespalacios, Oscar, Özdoğru, Asil Ali, Pande, Babita, Parganiha, Arti, Parveen, Noorshama, Pfuhl, Gerit, Pradhan, Sraddha, Ropovik, Ivan, Rule, Nicholas O., Saunders, Blair, Schei, Vidar, Schmidt, Kathleen, Singh, Margaret Messiah, Sirota, Miroslav, Steltenpohl, Crystal N., Stieger, Stefan, Storage, Daniel, Sullivan, Gavin Brent, Szabelska, Anna, Tamnes, Christian K., Vadillo, Miguel A., Valentova, Jaroslava V., Vanpaemel, Wolf, Varella, Marco A. C., Vergauwe, Evie, Verschoor, Mark, Vianello, Michelangelo, Voracek, Martin, Williams, Glenn P., Wilson, John Paul, Zickfeld, Janis H., Arnal, Jack D., Aydin, Burak, Chen, Sau-Chin, DeBruine, Lisa M., Fernandez, Ana Maria, Horstmann, Kai T., Isager, Peder M., Jones, Benedict, Kapucu, Aycan, Lin, Hause, Mensink, Michael C., Navarrete, Gorka, Silan, Miguel A., and Chartier, Christopher R.

Abstract

Concerns about the veracity of psychological research have been growing. Many findings in psychological science are based on studies with insufficient statistical power and nonrepresentative samples, or may otherwise be limited to specific, ungeneralizable settings or populations. Crowdsourced research, a type of large-scale collaboration in which one or more research projects are conducted across multiple lab sites, offers a pragmatic solution to these and other current methodological challenges. The Psychological Science Accelerator (PSA) is a distributed network of laboratories designed to enable and support crowdsourced research projects. These projects can focus on novel research questions or replicate prior research in large, diverse samples. The PSA’s mission is to accelerate the accumulation of reliable and generalizable evidence in psychological science. Here, we describe the background, structure, principles, procedures, benefits, and challenges of the PSA. In contrast to other crowdsourced research networks, the PSA is ongoing (as opposed to time limited), efficient (in that structures and principles are reused for different projects), decentralized, diverse (in both subjects and researchers), and inclusive (of proposals, contributions, and other relevant input from anyone inside or outside the network). The PSA and other approaches to crowdsourced psychological science will advance understanding of mental processes and behaviors by enabling rigorous research and systematic examination of its generalizability.

Published
2018
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6. Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

Author

Klein, Richard A., Vianello, Michelangelo, Hasselman, Fred, Adams, Byron G., Adams, Reginald B., Alper, Sinan, Aveyard, Mark, Axt, Jordan R., Babalola, Mayowa T., Bahník, Štěpán, Batra, Rishtee, Berkics, Mihály, Bernstein, Michael J., Berry, Daniel R., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Binan, Evans Dami, Bocian, Konrad, Brandt, Mark J., Busching, Robert, Rédei, Anna Cabak, Cai, Huajian, Cambier, Fanny, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Ceric, Francisco, Chandler, Jesse, Chang, Jen-Ho, Chatard, Armand, Chen, Eva E., Cheong, Winnee, Cicero, David C., Coen, Sharon, Coleman, Jennifer A., Collisson, Brian, Conway, Morgan A., Corker, Katherine S., Curran, Paul G., Cushman, Fiery, Dagona, Zubairu K., Dalgar, Ilker, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Davis, William E., de Bruijn, Maaike, De Schutter, Leander, Devos, Thierry, de Vries, Marieke, Doğulu, Canay, Dozo, Nerisa, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, Dunham, Yarrow, Durrheim, Kevin, Ebersole, Charles R., Edlund, John E., Eller, Anja, English, Alexander Scott, Finck, Carolyn, Frankowska, Natalia, Freyre, Miguel-Ángel, Friedman, Mike, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gandi, Joshua C., Ghoshal, Tanuka, Giessner, Steffen R., Gill, Tripat, Gnambs, Timo, Gómez, Ángel, González, Roberto, Graham, Jesse, Grahe, Jon E., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva G. T., Hai, Kakul, Haigh, Matthew, Haines, Elizabeth L., Hall, Michael P., Heffernan, Marie E., Hicks, Joshua A., Houdek, Petr, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Huynh, Ho Phi, IJzerman, Hans, Inbar, Yoel, Innes-Ker, Åse H., Jiménez-Leal, William, John, Melissa-Sue, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., Kamiloğlu, Roza G., Kappes, Heather Barry, Karabati, Serdar, Karick, Haruna, Keller, Victor N., Kende, Anna, Kervyn, Nicolas, Knežević, Goran, Kovacs, Carrie, Krueger, Lacy E., Kurapov, German, Kurtz, Jamie, Lakens, Daniël, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Neil A., Lins, Samuel, Lipsey, Nikolette P., Losee, Joy E., Maassen, Esther, Maitner, Angela T., Malingumu, Winfrida, Mallett, Robyn K., Marotta, Satia A., Međedović, Janko, Mena-Pacheco, Fernando, Milfont, Taciano L., Morris, Wendy L., Murphy, Sean C., Myachykov, Andriy, Neave, Nick, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nelson, Anthony J., Neto, Félix, Lee Nichols, Austin, Ocampo, Aaron, O’Donnell, Susan L., Oikawa, Haruka, Oikawa, Masanori, Ong, Elsie, Orosz, Gábor, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, Packard, Grant, Pérez-Sánchez, Rolando, Petrović, Boban, Pilati, Ronaldo, Pinter, Brad, Podesta, Lysandra, Pogge, Gabrielle, Pollmann, Monique M. H., Rutchick, Abraham M., Saavedra, Patricio, Saeri, Alexander K., Salomon, Erika, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sekerdej, Maciej B., Sirlopú, David, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., Smith, Michael A., Smith-Castro, Vanessa, Smolders, Karin C. H. J., Sobkow, Agata, Sowden, Walter, Spachtholz, Philipp, Srivastava, Manini, Steiner, Troy G., Stouten, Jeroen, Street, Chris N. H., Sundfelt, Oskar K., Szeto, Stephanie, Szumowska, Ewa, Tang, Andrew C. W., Tanzer, Norbert, Tear, Morgan J., Theriault, Jordan, Thomae, Manuela, Torres, David, Traczyk, Jakub, Tybur, Joshua M., Ujhelyi, Adrienn, van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., van der Hulst, Marije, van Lange, Paul A. M., van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, Vásquez- Echeverría, Alejandro, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, Vázquez, Alexandra, Vega, Luis Diego, Verniers, Catherine, Verschoor, Mark, Voermans, Ingrid P. J., Vranka, Marek A., Welch, Cheryl, Wichman, Aaron L., Williams, Lisa A., Wood, Michael, Woodzicka, Julie A., Wronska, Marta K., Young, Liane, Zelenski, John M., Zhijia, Zeng, and Nosek, Brian A.

Abstract

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p< .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p< .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Qstatistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relatively high and low WEIRDness scores, respectively). Cumulatively, variability in the observed effect sizes was attributable more to the effect being studied than to the sample or setting in which it was studied.

Published
2018
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7. A single mechanism account of duration and rate processing via the pacemaker–accumulator and beat frequency models

Author

Hartcher-O’Brien, Jess, Brighouse, Carolyn, and Levitan, Carmel A

Abstract

•Duration data has dominated time perception theorising.•Pacemaker–accumulator (PA) and beat frequency (BF) models developed as duration models.•Often overlooked, data on rate and covariation of rate and duration is important.•We propose several ways to unify rate and duration processing in PA and BF models.

Published
2016
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8. Does Food Color Influence Taste and Flavor Perception in Humans?

Author

Spence, Charles, Levitan, Carmel, Shankar, Maya, and Zampini, Massimiliano

Abstract

Abstract: In this paper, we review the empirical literature concerning the important question of whether or not food color influences taste and flavor perception in humans. Although a superficial reading of the literature on this topic would appear to give a somewhat mixed answer, we argue that this is, at least in part, due to the fact that many researchers have failed to distinguish between two qualitatively distinct research questions. The first concerns the role that food coloring plays in the perception of the intensity of a particular flavor (e.g., strawberry, banana, etc.) or taste attribute (e.g., sweetness, saltiness, etc.). The second concerns the role that food coloring plays in the perception of flavor identity. The empirical evidence regarding the first question is currently rather ambiguous. While some researchers have reported a significant crossmodal effect of changing the intensity of a food or drink’s coloring on people’s judgments of taste or flavor intensity, many others have failed to demonstrate any such effect. By contrast, the research findings concerning the second question clearly support the view that people’s judgments of flavor identity are often affected by the changing of a food or drink’s color (be it appropriate, inappropriate, or absent). We discuss the possible mechanisms underlying these crossmodal effects and suggest some of the key directions for future research in order to move our understanding in this area forward.

Published
2010
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9. The Influence of Color and Label Information on Flavor Perception

Author

Shankar, Maya, Levitan, Carmel, Prescott, John, and Spence, Charles

Abstract

Abstract: Previous research that has manipulated either the color of, or labeling information associated with, foods and beverages has shown that each of these factors can significantly influence perceptual and preferential responses to them. The present study examined how the simultaneous manipulation of these two cues (color and label) affects perception of, and hedonic responses to, flavor. Thirty participants rated 12 chocolate M&Ms (identical aside from their color), described as coming from a “new line of chocolate products,” for the intensity of their chocolate flavors (“chocolatey-ness”) and their hedonic qualities (“likeability”). In the color-only condition, sighted participants received two green and two brown M&Ms. In the label-only condition, blindfolded participants received two M&Ms that were labeled as being from a “milk chocolate category” and two M&Ms that were labeled as being from a “dark chocolate category.” In the color–label condition, sighted participants received an M&M of each of the four possible color–label combinations. The participants rated brown M&Ms as being significantly more chocolatey than green M&Ms and “dark chocolate”-labeled M&Ms as being significantly more chocolatey than “milk chocolate”-labeled ones. No such effects were observed for the likability data. There was no interaction between the color and label factors. These results illustrate that flavor perception involves the combining of chemosensory information with both visual (color) information and cognitive, expectancy-based (label) inputs.

Published
2009
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10. Separate Timing Mechanisms for Duration and Rate Perception: Evidence and Implications

Author

Brighouse, Carolyn and Levitan, Carmel

Abstract

Temporal perception encompasses several timing properties, including duration and temporal rate. If temporal perception were a unified mechanism, one might predict that differences in perception would apply across properties; thus, a stimulus that seems to persist for a longer duration might also seem to flicker more slowly. Moreover, effects that seem to be largely unisensory for duration might also be expected to be sensory specific for rate. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that the mechanisms that underlie perception of temporal rate work quite differently from those that underlie duration perception, which has important implications for models of time perception.

Published
2014
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