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Pouteria splendensis the only native species of Sapotaceae in Chile, a species once placed in the monotypic genus Gayellaand known as G. valparadisaea, but for a long time treated as a Pouteria. In a phylogenetic analysis, this species was placed in an Australasian clade, not with its presumed relatives in South America. We used Bayesian inference under a relaxed molecular clock in BEAST, nuclear ribosomal DNA (ETS, ITS), the nuclear gene RPB2, indel information, and 201 terminals to find the closest relative of P. splendensand to estimate the age of the disjunction between Australasia and South America. The taxon has an isolated phylogenetic position, being part of the cladeʼs backbone, and is placed with weak support as sister to Van‐royena, another monotypic genus, but endemic to Australia. Our results justify reinstatement of Gayellawith its single species G. valparadisaea. Gayellahas a unique combination of morphological features including alternate, opposite or 3‐whorled leaves, often on the same plant, a usually 6‐lobed, rotate corolla with revolute corolla lobes giving the flower a star‐like appearance, lacerate to dentate staminodes, and yellow‐orange‐red fruit with plano‐convex cotyledons and an exserted radicle below the cotyledon commissure. The split between Gayellaand Van‐royenais estimated to the late Eocene at about 40.0 Ma (50.5–25.3 Ma). The hypothesis that the presence of Gayellain South America is a result of vicariance is consistent with the timing of the geological splits of southern Gondwana, as well as with evidence from fossil pollen, but long‐distance dispersal is an alternative explanation that cannot be excluded. Gayellais restricted to an area with a Mediterranean‐type climate in coastal central Chile, where it occurs in rocky places, ravines, and gullies, usually below 100 m altitude within reach of sea mist. Gayella valparadisaeais a rare plant, listed as Endangered (EN) in Chile, but it does not occur in any protected area. Considering the isolated phylogenetic position of this old lineage, we urge the Chilean authorities to increase the efforts towards protection of this species.

Classifications of the pantropical plant family Sapotaceae based solely on morphology have historically recognized between 125 and 53 genera. Phylogenetic analyses using molecular data have repeatedly demonstrated that broad concepts of two large genera belonging to subfamily Chrysophylloideae, Chrysophyllumand Pouteria, are untenable and their narrowed delimitations have restricted them to the Neotropics. A recent phylogenetic study proposed further amendments by resurrecting the genera Achrouteria, Cornuella, Lucuma, Martiusella, Nemaluma, Prieurellaand Ragala, and questioned the status of three generally accepted genera, Chromolucuma, Pradosiaand Sarcaulus. We test this suggested classification using expanded sampling that comprises 122 terminals, including material of 29 of the 34 name‐bringing species for generic names historically regarded as synonyms of Chrysophyllumand Pouteria. We used sequence data from ribosomal nrDNA (ETS, ITS), the nuclear gene RPB2, two cpDNA spacers (petN‐psbM, trnH‐psbA), and indel information to estimate phylogenetic relationships in a Bayesian framework using BEAST. All sequences were newly realigned to test reproducibility, and 26 morphological characters were mapped on the resulting tree. Our analyses recovered three African genera embedded within a large Neotropical clade of Chrysophylloideae. We found strong support for the reinstatement of the seven genera listed above as well as for four other genera, viz. Chloroluma, Englerella, Labatia, and Peteniodendron. This subsequently leads to further amendments of Chrysophyllumand Pouteria, which are now limited to include 25–30 and 7 species, respectively. However, one clade that includes many name‐bringing lineages largely corresponds to Pouterias.l., a group that needs further phylogenetic research to unravel relationships and generic limits. The hypothesis that Chrysophyllum cuneifoliumhad an inter‐continental hybrid origin involving genomes from Africa and South America is rejected because it is shown to have been based on erroneous results obtained from a contaminated DNA aliquot. A total of 73 genera are currently recognised in Sapotaceae, 21 of which are Neotropical members of Chrysophylloideae. We update the nomenclature and synonymy of 75 species, make 36 new combinations, and designate lectotypes for 31 names.

The Senecioneae are one of the largest tribes of Asteraceae, with more than 3000 species and a global distribution. They also contain a large number of invasive species such as fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis), cape ivy (Delairea odorata), and ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris). Although sequence data are available for many species, published phylogenies are for the most part restricted to specific subgroups, and the most broadly sampled phylogenies have limited coverage in depth. Fifty‐two of 126 native Australian or introduced species remain unsequenced. As a consequence, the phylogenetic relationships of introduced and native Australian taxa remain difficult to assess, hampering research in biocontrol. We inferred ribosomal and chloroplast phylogenies of the Senecioneae incorporating all available data for the four most frequently sequenced gene regions (nrITS, nrETS, psbA‐trnH, trnL) and generated sequence data for 32 additional species to inform the assembly of biocontrol test lists. Our results indicate that nine newly sequenced species currently classified as Senecioare phylogenetically distant from that genus. Although initially unexpected, the inferred affiliations of eight of these species are also supported by morphology, biogeography and chromosome numbers, together providing strong evidence in favour of taxonomic changes. Three species are added to previously phylogenetically isolated and monotypic Lordhowea, and the new genus Scapiseneciois created to accommodate five species characterised by a rosette habit with scapose capitulescences occurring in alpine to subalpine habitats of southeastern Australia.

The Western Australian members of the broombush complex, Melaleuca uncinata R.Br., are revised. Eleven species of the complex are recognised, of which seven are newly described: M. atroviridis Craven & Lepschi, M.exuvia Craven & Lepschi, M.interioris Craven & Lepschi, M.osullivanii Craven & Lepschi, M.scalena Craven & Lepschi, M.vinnula Craven & Lepschi, M.zeteticorum Craven & Lepschi. An identification key is provided, and the Western Australian distribution of each species is mapped. The occurrence of hybridisation between members of the complex is reported. The broombush species with which the Western Australian underground orchid, Rhizanthella gardneri Rogers (Orchidaceae), is associated are discussed.

Phylogenetic positions of the Australian endemic taxa Actites megalocarpa and Sonchus hydrophilus within the subtribe Sonchinae were determined on the basis of ITS sequences of nuclear rDNA and the psbA–trnH(GUG) intergenic spacer of chloroplast DNA. Both ITS and cpDNA phylogenies suggest that the monotypic genus Actites is not closely related to the members of Sonchus section Asperi, as previously suggested. Rather, this study indicates that it is more closely related to the members of Sonchus sections Maritimi (S.maritimus) and Arvenses (S. arvensis). It also suggests that S. maritimus from section Maritimi is one of the closest relatives of Actites in Australia, although an alternative origin from section Arvenses is possible. Actites and Embergeria, once treated as congeneric taxa, appear to have originated independently in Australia and New Zealand, respectively. Sonchus hydrophilus is closely related to the S. asper complex, S. oleraceus and S. kirkii. This study suggests that S. kirkii may be involved in the origin of S. hydrophilus in Australia.

Leptospermum amboinensewas shown to exist in two chemical varieties, the oil of one chemotype being entirely sesquiterpenoid and that of the second predominantly monoterpenoid, while L. ?amboinensegave an oil which was monoterpenoid in character and contained geranial (13%) and sabinene (13%) as major components. The principal components of the oil of L. emarginatumwere α‐eudesmol (7 – 17%), β‐eudesmol (17 – 26%) and γ‐eudesmol (9 – 18%). L. grandiflorumgave an oil which from a coastal location contained up to 50% of α‐, β‐ and γ‐eudesmol and from inland locations ca. 5% α‐, β‐ and γ‐eudesmol. There is a range of oil compositions within L. liversidgei, varying from oils that are high in citronellal (ca. 44%) and contain virtually no neral/geranial (the more common variety), to oils that contain very little citronellal and high amounts of neral (20%) and geranial (35%). The oil of L. petersoniiwas found to occur in chemical varieties, with much variation in most of them. Variety 1 contained aldehydes, ranging from high citronellal and low neral/geranial to low citronellal and high neral/geranial. Two oil chemotypes, comprising mainly hydrocarbons, were identified. One chemotype, corresponding to Penfold's ‘variety A’, contained mainly monoterpenes, while a newly discovered chemotype contained mainly sesquiterpenes, with either β‐caryophyllene or globulol/viridiflorol/spathulenol as major components. The existence of a further chemotype, corresponding to Penfold's ‘variety B’, containing geranyl acetate (21 – 38%) and geraniol (21 – 29%), was also confirmed. A study of the cotyledon and seedling leaf volatiles of a form of L. petersonii, the parent of which was rich in citronellal and neral/geranial, showed that both cotyledons and seedling leaf volatiles consisted of only sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, being δ‐elemene, bicycloelemene, β‐elemene, germacrene‐D and bicyclogermacrene. It was not until the seedling had 15 nodes (ca. 170 mm tall) that citronellal and neral/geranial were found in the leaves above the fifth node. Leptospermum rotundifoliumproduced an oil in which the principal components were α‐pinene (16 – 25%) and 1,8‐cineole (21 – 28%). The oil from L. wooroonoorancontained comparable amounts of mono‐ and sesquiterpenes, the main monoterpenes being α‐pinene (4 – 11%), β‐pinene (4 – 9%), sabinene (9 – 19%), β‐caryophyllene (5 – 7%) and humulene (11 – 20%). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Leptospermum amboinense was shown to exist in two chemical varieties, the oil of one chemotype being entirely sesquiterpenoid and that of the second predominantly monoterpenoid, while L. ?amboinense gave an oil which was monoterpenoid in character and contained geranial (13%) and sabinene (13%) as major components. The principal components of the oil of L. emarginatum were α-eudesmol (7 – 17%), β-eudesmol (17 – 26%) and γ-eudesmol (9 – 18%). L. grandiflorum gave an oil which from a coastal location contained up to 50% of α-, β- and γ-eudesmol and from inland locations ca. 5% α-, β- and γ-eudesmol. There is a range of oil compositions within L. liversidgei, varying from oils that are high in citronellal (ca. 44%) and contain virtually no neral/geranial (the more common variety), to oils that contain very little citronellal and high amounts of neral (20%) and geranial (35%). The oil of L. petersonii was found to occur in chemical varieties, with much variation in most of them. Variety 1 contained aldehydes, ranging from high citronellal and low neral/geranial to low citronellal and high neral/geranial. Two oil chemotypes, comprising mainly hydrocarbons, were identified. One chemotype, corresponding to Penfold's ‘variety A’, contained mainly monoterpenes, while a newly discovered chemotype contained mainly sesquiterpenes, with either β-caryophyllene or globulol/viridiflorol/spathulenol as major components. The existence of a further chemotype, corresponding to Penfold's ‘variety B’, containing geranyl acetate (21 – 38%) and geraniol (21 – 29%), was also confirmed. A study of the cotyledon and seedling leaf volatiles of a form of L. petersonii, the parent of which was rich in citronellal and neral/geranial, showed that both cotyledons and seedling leaf volatiles consisted of only sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, being δ-elemene, bicycloelemene, β-elemene, germacrene-D and bicyclogermacrene. It was not until the seedling had 15 nodes (ca. 170 mm tall) that citronellal and neral/geranial were found in the leaves above the fifth node. Leptospermum rotundifolium produced an oil in which the principal components were α-pinene (16 – 25%) and 1,8-cineole (21 – 28%). The oil from L. wooroonooran contained comparable amounts of mono- and sesquiterpenes, the main monoterpenes being α-pinene (4 – 11%), β-pinene (4 – 9%), sabinene (9 – 19%), β-caryophyllene (5 – 7%) and humulene (11 – 20%). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fifteen related species of Leptospermum (L. arachnoides, L. crassifolium, L. deuense, L. epacridoideum, L. glabrescens, L. grandifolium, L. lanigerum, L. macrocarpum, L. nitidum, L. petraeum, L. riparium, L. spectabile, L. sphaerocarpum, L. thompsonii, L. turbinatum) yielded essential oils in which α-, β- and γ-eudesmol were usually the prominent components. Only the oils of L. deuense and L. turbinatum contained α-pinene at >30%, while 1,8-cineole was present at >10% only in the oils of L. glabrescens, L. spectabile and L. turbinatum. The two β-triketones, flavesone and leptospermone, were found in the oil of L. glabrescens in amounts of 1% and 28%, respectively. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of a series of Leptospermum species belonging to Group 8 of our classification have been examined. L. micromyrtus Miq., L. minutifolium C.T. White, one chemotype of L. myrtifolium Sieber ex DC., L. rupestre Hook. f., and L. sejunctum Joy Thomps. produced oils rich in sesquiterpenes, α-, β- and γ-eudesmol being the most significant compounds. L. myrtifolium existed in two chemotypes, the second of which contained (E,Z)-farnesal (5.8%), (E,E)-farnesal (12.9%), 2,3-dihydro-(E)-farnesol (10.3%) and (E,E)-farnesol (26.5%) as its principal components. One chemotype of L. novae-angliae Joy Thomps. contained (E)-nerolidol (50%) as a major component, while L. rupicola Joy Thomps. contained α- and β-pinene as principal components (totalling approximately 50%). L. continentale Joy Thomps., L. gregarium Joy Thomps., L. juniperinum Sm., a second chemotype of L. novae-angliae, L. obovatum Sweet, both varieties of L. scoparium J. R. Forst & G. Forst. and L. squarrosum Gaertn. contained a mixture of mono- and sesquiterpenes, usually with the latter predominating. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of eight species of Leptospermum, L. deanei Joy Thomps., L. glaucescens Schau., L. laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell. L. lamellatum Joy Thomps., L. myrsinoides Schltdl., L. semibaccatum Cheel, L. trinervium (Sm.) Joy Thomps. and L. venustum A. R. Bean were examined. L. myrsinoides was the only species to contain α-, β- and γ-eudesmol. α-Pinene was the principal component in the oils of one chemotype each of L. deanei, L. trinervium and L. lamellatum. Bicyclogermacrene was a principal component one chemotype of both L. deanei and L. trinervium, while with L. laevigatum the main sesquiterpenoid components were β-caryophyllene and aromadendrene. The remainder of species produced oils in which sesquiterpenes predominated but with no one compound being significantly a major component. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of eight species of Leptospermum, L. deaneiJoy Thomps., L. glaucescensSchau., L. laevigatum(Gaertn.) F. Muell. L. lamellatumJoy Thomps., L. myrsinoidesSchltdl., L. semibaccatumCheel, L. trinervium(Sm.) Joy Thomps. and L. venustumA. R. Bean were examined. L. myrsinoideswas the only species to contain α‐, β‐ and γ‐eudesmol. α‐Pinene was the principal component in the oils of one chemotype each of L. deanei, L. trinerviumand L. lamellatum. Bicyclogermacrene was a principal component one chemotype of both L. deaneiand L. trinervium, while with L. laevigatumthe main sesquiterpenoid components were β‐caryophyllene and aromadendrene. The remainder of species produced oils in which sesquiterpenes predominated but with no one compound being significantly a major component. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fifteen related species of Leptospermum(L. arachnoides, L. crassifolium, L. deuense, L. epacridoideum, L. glabrescens, L. grandifolium, L. lanigerum, L. macrocarpum, L. nitidum, L. petraeum, L. riparium, L. spectabile, L. sphaerocarpum, L. thompsonii, L. turbinatum) yielded essential oils in which α‐, β‐ and γ‐eudesmol were usually the prominent components. Only the oils of L. deuenseand L. turbinatumcontained α‐pinene at >30%, while 1,8‐cineole was present at >10% only in the oils of L. glabrescens, L. spectabileand L. turbinatum. The two β‐triketones, flavesone and leptospermone, were found in the oil of L. glabrescensin amounts of 1% and 28%, respectively. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of a series of Leptospermumspecies belonging to Group 8 of our classification have been examined. L. micromyrtusMiq., L. minutifoliumC.T. White, one chemotype of L. myrtifoliumSieber ex DC., L. rupestreHook. f., and L. sejunctumJoy Thomps. produced oils rich in sesquiterpenes, α‐, β‐ and γ‐eudesmol being the most significant compounds. L. myrtifoliumexisted in two chemotypes, the second of which contained (E,Z)‐farnesal (5.8%), (E,E)‐farnesal (12.9%), 2,3‐dihydro‐(E)‐farnesol (10.3%) and (E,E)‐farnesol (26.5%) as its principal components. One chemotype of L. novae‐angliaeJoy Thomps. contained (E)‐nerolidol (50%) as a major component, while L. rupicolaJoy Thomps. contained α‐ and β‐pinene as principal components (totalling approximately 50%). L. continentaleJoy Thomps., L. gregariumJoy Thomps., L. juniperinumSm., a second chemotype of L. novae‐angliae, L. obovatumSweet, both varieties of L. scopariumJ. R. Forst & G. Forst. and L. squarrosumGaertn. contained a mixture of mono‐ and sesquiterpenes, usually with the latter predominating. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of Leptospermum brachyandrum(F. Muell.) Druce, L. luehmanniiF. M. Bailey, L. madidumA. R. Bean subsp. madidum, L. purpurascensJoy Thomps., L. speciosumSchauer, L. whiteiCheel and L. pallidumA. R. Bean have been examined. All species produce α‐pinene as the major component. This was accompanied by lesser amounts of β‐pinene, β‐caryophyllene, aromadendrene, humulene and spathulenol. 1,8‐Cineole was present usually in amounts of less than 10%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of species of Leptospermumallied to L. blakelyihave been examined. L. brevipes, L. neglectum, L. parvifolium, L.sp. (Woodgate, P. I. Forster, PIF 13959) produced oils which were monoterpene in character, with α‐pinene usually being the major component. The oil yield in these species was up to 0.7%. L. blakelyi, L. multicaule, L. namadgiensisand L. sericatumgave oils which were sequiterpenoid in character. These species usually gave oil trace yields (0.2%). L. divaricatumand L. microcarpumboth showed mixed monoterpenoid and sequiterpenoid forms. The oil yields for the mixed and sequiterpenoid forms was <0.1%, while for the monoterpenoid form the yield was up to 0.6%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of species of Leptospermum allied to L. blakelyi have been examined. L. brevipes, L. neglectum, L. parvifolium, L. sp. (Woodgate, P. I. Forster, PIF 13959) produced oils which were monoterpene in character, with α-pinene usually being the major component. The oil yield in these species was up to 0.7%. L. blakelyi, L. multicaule, L. namadgiensis and L. sericatum gave oils which were sequiterpenoid in character. These species usually gave oil trace yields (0.2%). L. divaricatum and L. microcarpum both showed mixed monoterpenoid and sequiterpenoid forms. The oil yields for the mixed and sequiterpenoid forms was &lt;0.1%, while for the monoterpenoid form the yield was up to 0.6%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oils of Leptospermum brachyandrum (F. Muell.) Druce, L. luehmannii F. M. Bailey, L. madidum A. R. Bean subsp. madidum, L. purpurascens Joy Thomps., L. speciosum Schauer, L. whitei Cheel and L. pallidum A. R. Bean have been examined. All species produce α-pinene as the major component. This was accompanied by lesser amounts of β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, humulene and spathulenol. 1,8-Cineole was present usually in amounts of less than 10%. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.