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Background and objectives: Providing information on protein structure and functionality is essential for evaluating the potential of specific agricultural commodities to be utilized as plant‐based protein sources. Amino acid composition, secondary structure, surface charge, thermal, and functional properties of proteins isolated from five local lentil landraces were investigated. Secondary objective of the study was to investigate if a relationship exists between the amino acid composition and the physicochemical or functional properties of the isolates. Findings: Aspartic acid and glutamic acid were found to be the dominant amino acids in the isolates while they were poor in methionine. Denaturation temperatures of isolates ranged between 96–108°C and their secondary structure mainly consisted of β‐sheet. Emulsion capacity, emulsifying activity (EAI), and emulsion stability indices (ESI) of isolates were found to be between 403.8–468.2 g oil/g protein, 18.8–24.2 m2/g, and 43.4–125.5 min, respectively. Foaming capacity of the isolates changed between 71% and 91% whereas their least gelation concentration varied between 110 and 150 g/L. Conclusions: Yusufhan isolate which had relatively higher acidic amino acid content showed the highest net charge and solubility at acidic pH. Tigris isolate which had higher hydrophobic amino acid content compared to the other isolates showed relatively high thermal stability, EAI and ESI. Significance and novelty: Findings of the study make a contribution toward the potential use of local lentil landraces as sources for extracting protein‐based ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to assess the impact of foliar application of plant growth regulators (IAA and GA 3) and trace elements (ZnSO 4 and boric acid) on shoot and root length and nodulation efficiency in Lentil (Lens culinaris). Results indicated that significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher shoot and root length, nodule numbers plant−1 (77.0 ± 1.93 cm, 25.0 ± 1.10 cm and 31.0 ± 1.82, respectively) were recorded with foliar application of IAA @50 ppm concentration followed by IAA @ 25 ppm as compared to IAA@100 ppm and control treatment at fruiting stage of lentil. Similar trends have been seen with the application of GA 3. At fruiting stage of lentil, significant (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced shoot length (21.35%), root length (11.76%) and nodule number plant−1 (180%) was observed with the foliar application of GA 3 @50 ppm over the control treatment of lentil. Present study demonstrated that shoot and root length, nodule numbers plant−1 was markedly reduced at higher concentration. In the case of zinc sulphate and boric acid, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher shoot and root length, nodulation efficiency was recorded with zinc sulphate (ZnSO 4) @ 50 ppm and boric acid @ 50 ppm in contrast to ZnSO 4 @100 ppm and control treatment. Current study reported first time, results indicate that impact of plant growth regulators, and trace elements on nodulation and growth in lentil are totally concentration-dependent. Further, research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and the optimum application concentrations for an improved crop performance under field conditions. [Display omitted] • Lentil is one of the principal pulse crop. • Mostly agricultural land used by cereals under intensive cropping system. • Study showed the impact of growth regulators and trace elements on lentil crop. • At lower concentration of IAA, GA 3 and trace elements showed higher plant growth. • Plant growth and nodulation efficiency of lentil are concentration dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Phaseolus vulgaris and Lens culinaris are two legumes with different distribution centers that were introduced in Spain at different times, but in some regions L. culinaris has been traditionally cultivated and P. vulgaris did not. Here we analysed the rhizobia isolated from nodules of these two legumes in one of these regions. MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed that all isolated strains matched with Rhizobium laguerreae and the phylogenetic analysis of rrs , atpD and recA genes confirmed these results. The phylogenetic analysis of these core genes allowed the differentiation of several groups within R. laguerreae and unexpectedly, strains with housekeeping genes identical to that of the type strain of R. laguerreae presented some differences in the rrs gene. In some strains this gene contains an intervening sequence (IVS) identical to that found in Rhizobium strains nodulating several legumes in different geographical locations. The atpD , recA and nodC genes of all isolated strains clustered with those of strains nodulating L. culinaris in its distribution centers, but not with those nodulating P. vulgaris in theirs. Therefore, all these strains belong to the symbiovar viciae, including those isolated from P. vulgaris , which in the studied region established effective symbiosis with the common endosymbiont of L. culinaris , instead to with its common endosymbiont, the symbiovar phaseoli. These results are particularly interesting for biogeography studies, because they showed that, due its high promiscuity degree, P. vulgaris is able to establish symbiosis with local symbiovars well established in the soil after centuries of cultivation with other legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lentil is conventionally grown as a rain fed crop, mostly in the Middle East; it's a rich source of protein for human feeding. Yield, seed quality, adaptability and chalky spot syndrome of fifteen lentil genotypes and five lentil cultivars were evaluated in the South-Eastern Anatolia of Turkey. Yield and yield trails as well as seed quality such as protein content, seed rate with chalky spotted and germination rate for of all genotypes were varied significantly. Seed yield were varied from 1337 to 2142 kg/ha among the genotypes. While cultivar 'Sakar' produced the maximum yield and cultivar 'BM 848' produced the minimum seed yield. It was also revealed that genotypes 'ILL10975', 'FLIP2010-94L' and cultivar 'Sakar' was found the most sensitive to cold. Lentil crops with chalky spotted were detected in Adiyaman location and its rate ranged from 42% to 13%. Genotype x environment interaction was significant for seed yield and different stability parameters were computed for genotype adaptability. Ecovalance (W²i) and stability variance (σ²i) were low value in genotypes ILL 3375 and Kafkas, but Firat 87 had high values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates aberrations caused by barium and vanadium on meristematic cells of Lens culinaris Medik. Barium and vanadium ions at various concentrations (0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M, and 1.0 M) were exposed to the seeds of the plant at fixed time interval (12 h). After seedlings, with a microscopic examination images were captured about the root tips. Those images showed that several abnormalities occurred on the plant such as chromosome breakings, chromosome dispersion, bridge chromosome, chromosome adherence, ring chromosome. Variety and number of abnormalities were counted and compared to each other statistically. The results show an increase in abnormalities caused by for both ions with increasing treatment time. Chromosome adherence and chromosome breaking have reverse relationship in which number of occurrence for one of them decreases with increase on other one. Fish bone and chromosome adherence have a positive relationship in which number of one increases with the raise in other's number. Exposed metals have caused formation of ligands with proteins which can prevent the persistence of metal ions in DNA protein cross-links that are involved in DNA formation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity and population structure of 268 Lens culinaris symbiotic rhizobia collected from 40 cultivated fields in the main lentil production regions in Morocco were estimated. Three chromosomal housekeeping genes ( recA , glnII and atpD ) and one common symbiotic gene (nodC) were sequenced and analyzed in order to identify the local symbionts of lentil. The molecular phylogeny of the concatenated housekeeping genes clustered more than 95% of the isolates in one main clade together with Rhizobium laguerreae species. R. laguerreae represents the main symbiont of cultivated lentil in Morocco and, for the first time, a large sample of individuals is obtained for this species. There is a significant and high genetic differentiation of bacterial populations among the four regions for their symbiotic gene, and much lower for their housekeeping genes. The reasons why R. laguerreae is so frequently recovered in our study is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed color and size are the major traits influencing consumer's acceptability and market class of lentils worldwide. In this paper we assessed the in vitro antioxidant capacity of whole seeds, hulls, and cotyledons of five lentil varieties in relation to their phenolic profile. The samples were evaluated for total polyphenol content and different phenolic classes, such as condensed tannin content, total monomeric anthocyanins, and phenolic acids. Individual phenolic compounds, including flavonols, flavanols, flavones, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids, were further quantitatively investigated by HPLC-DAD. Total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by ABTS and ORAC assays, and a direct measurement (ABTSdir) was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the bioactive compounds present in the whole-meal flours without extraction. The five genotypes showed considerable variations in their phenolic content and profile as well as antioxidant activities. The results showed a preferential accumulation of phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity in the hulls compared to cotyledons. Delphinidin and cyanidin were the most abundant flavonoids in the hulls, while epicatechin and catechin were the most concentrated in the cotyledons. A highly significant correlation was observed between ABTS, ORAC and ABTSdir and total polyphenols. The antioxidant capacities were highly correlated with several individual phenolics detected in hulls and cotyledons. The overall results showed that the lentil fractions and extracts with higher phenolics had also higher antiradical activity which was independent on seed size and color. Identifying lentil genotypes with diverse phenolic profile in cotyledons and whole seeds could meet diverse consumers preferences and health requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research study evaluate and identify the most suitable and high yielding genotypes of Lens culinaris for the salt marsh habitat of Swat in moist temperate sort of agro climatic environment of Pakistan. A total of fourteen genotypes were cultivated and analyzed through Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). These genotypes were AZRC-4, NL-2, NL4, NL-5, NL-6, NARC-11-1, NARC-11-2, NARC-11-3, NARC-11-4, 09503, 09505, 09506, P.Masoor-09 and Markaz-09. Different parameters i.e., germination rate, flowering, physiological maturity, plant height, biological grain yield, seed weight, pods formation and its height, pods per plants and protein content were focused specially throughout the study. Preliminary the Lentil genotypes have significant variability in all the major morpho-agronomic traits. The days to germination, 50% flowering and 100 seed weight ranged from 7 to 9, 110 to 116 days, and from 5.4 to 7.3 gm respectively. Biological yield and grain yield ranged from 5333 to 9777 kg ha −1 and 1933 to 3655 kg ha −1 respectively. Whereas, protein contents ranged from 23.21% to 28.45%. It was concluded that the genotype AZRC-4 is better varity in terms of grain yield plus in 100 seed weight and moreover, 09506 genotype was significant under salt marsh habitat in early maturing for the Swat Valley, Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chalky spot syndrome is a serious seedquality problem in red lentil in the southeast Anatolia of Turkey. This research was carried out to determine the chalky spot rate and its effect on the seed germination in twenty lentil genotypes. Germination tests as three groups performed; (i) seeds from damaged location were cleaned, and two groups were divided as damaged and non-damaged, (ii) all seeds from damaged location, and (iii) seeds from nondamaged location. Chalky spot rate among genotypes ranged from 11.0 to 42.92%. Mean of germination speed in damaged seeds was 46.88%, and ranged from 20 to 66% in damaged seeds. Mean of germination speed in non-damaged seeds was 84.5%. Chalky spotted seed rate strongly reduced germination rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free, esterified, and insoluble-bound phenolics were extracted from selected lentil cultivars. Total phenolics, flavonoids and proanthocyanidin contents were determined. Catechin, epicatechin and procyanidins B were predominant in all fractions of all tested samples as evaluated using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS n . Methyl vanillate, procyanidin dimer A, and prodelphinidin dimer A were identified and quantified in lentils for the first time. Procyanidin dimer A was detected only in the insoluble-bound form, methyl vanillate was present in the esterified and insoluble-bound one and prodelphinidin dimer A was found in all forms. The presence of unrevealed compounds present only in the insoluble-bound form shows that ignoring the presence of phenolics linked to the cell wall of lentils may underestimate their potential health benefits. The antioxidant activities and the inhibition of cupric ion-induced human low-density lipoprotein peroxidation and peroxyl radical induced supercoiled plasmid DNA strand scission demonstrated that lentil seeds may be considered as a functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mature seeds of lentil ( Lens culinaris Medik.) were previously reported to contain an insecticidal cysteine-rich peptide, likely of the albumin-1 subunit b type. The purpose of this work was to determine the amino acid sequence of this insecticidal lentil peptide in an Eston lentil extract by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), after reduction of the disulfide bridges, alkylation of the cysteine residues and hydrolysis by pronase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and endoproteinase Asp-N. Sequences of key fragments were supported by monoisotopic mass measurements and by sequence ions from collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments with a MALDI-TOF/TOF analyzer (MS/MS analysis). The new 37 amino acid sequence revealed strong similarities to a histidine-containing pea PA1b peptide and to soybean leginsulins but with a unique segment of RSSA in the middle. The lentil PA1b peptide sequence agreed completely with that derived from a L. culinaris genomic DNA sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to determine the bacterial diversity and the identity of rhizobia nodulating lentil in Bangladesh, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, recA, atpD and glnII) and nodulation genes (nodC, nodD and nodA) of 36 bacterial isolates from 25 localities across the country. Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses based on 16S rRNA sequences showed that most of the isolates (30 out of 36) were related to Rhizobium etli and Rhizobium leguminosarum. Only these thirty isolates were able to re-nodulate lentil under laboratory conditions. The protein-coding housekeeping genes of the lentil nodulating isolates showed 89.1–94.8% genetic similarity to the corresponding genes of R. etli and R. leguminosarum. The same analyses showed that they split into three distinct phylogenetic clades. The distinctness of these clades from closely related species was also supported by high resolution ERIC-PCR fingerprinting and phenotypic characteristics such as temperature tolerance, growth on acid-alkaline media (pH 5.5–10.0) and antibiotic sensitivity. Our phylogenetic analyses based on three nodulation genes (nodA, nodC and nodD) and cross-inoculation assays confirmed that the nodulation genes are related to those of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae, but clustered in a distinct group supported by high bootstrap values. Thus, our multi-locus phylogenetic analysis, DNA fingerprinting and phenotypic characterizations suggest that at least three different clades are responsible for lentil nodulation in Bangladesh. These clades differ from the R. etli–R. leguminosarum group and may correspond to novel species in the genus Rhizobium. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Lentil is an important component of farming systems in many countries. It enriches soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and green manuring, and serves as a source of dietary protein and other essential micronutrients in human nutrition. Rust, caused by the fungus Uromyces viciae-fabae, is damaging to lentil crops and limits production in many countries. A general review of lentil rust was published in 1998. In the present review, an account of the current state of research on lentil rust, caused by U. viciae-fabae, is provided. The review deals with lentil rust symptoms, economic importance, taxonomy, geographic distribution of the disease, host range, physiologic races, mechanism of attack, epidemiology and disease management, as well as some elements of future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Lentils are salt sensitive low cost, high-quality protein crop, cultivated in many part of the world. In this work lentils were cultivated using increased soil salinity conditions to evaluate the nutritive and bioactive compounds of the edible part of different lentil varieties. Growth and nutritive properties of each local variety were compared to its own control (lentils cultivated in no saline soil, <4 dS/m) and to the same local variety sold in the market. Salinity improved nutritive properties (proteins, minerals, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, carotenoids, flavonoids and total phenols) and led to the synthesis of dimeric and trimeric cyanidins. Additionally, the antioxidant capacity assays (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and ferrozine) of the edible seeds, all showed increases for all three varieties. In conclusion, these three lentil varieties can be cultivated, on marginal lands including semi-arid areas where soil salinity can reach 8 dS/m which is beneficial where water is scarce or has a high salinity. At the same time the functional properties of the final product may be improved. The resistant varieties might be used in breeding programs to develop salinity resistant lentil cultivars with high nutritive values. Image 1 • Lentil nutritive properties were evaluated with saline conditions. • Salinity resulted in significant positive changes of nutritive properties. • Antioxidant capacity and compounds were affected by NaCl. • Dimeric and trimeric cyanidins were found in salt-grown lentil seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To present a detailed pharmacognostic study of the Lens culinaris Medikus (Fabaceae) seeds, a food grain used as Dhal in India. Methods: The macroscopy, microscopy, fluorescence analysis of powdered drug, physicochemical analysis, preliminary testing and other WHO recommended methods for standardization were investigated. Results: Seeds are greyish brown in colour. Treatment of powdered drug with various chemical reagents showed the presence of proteins, cellulose, lignins and fixed oils. Microscopy of seeds revealed the presence of starch grains in seed. The colour of seed coat changed from brown to greenish grey in day light and brown to black at 254nm when treated with acetic acid. Total ash value of the seeds was found to be 1.86% w/w whereas foreign organic matter was found to be nil. Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins and flavonoids in acetone extract. Conclusions: The present study on pharmacognostic profile of Lens culinaris Medikus seeds provides an important tool in identification and authentication of this plant to researchers in future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]