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Background: Medicinal plants have been vital for human health for many years due to their restorative properties. Phytochemicals contribute to medicinal plants' healing power, including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, exudates, terpenes, alkaloids, and phenolics. Several medicinal herbs used by the local community have unknown phytochemical compositions. Knowing the phytochemical composition helps identify bioactive compounds that can be further developed into pharmaceutical drugs. Hence, this study aims to look into the phytochemical composition of Vernonia iodocalyx and Myrica. salicifolia, which is extensively used in Tanzanian traditional medicine. Methodology: The extracts from methanol and petroleum ether were obtained through the Soxhlet extraction technique. Preliminary phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods, while GC-MS analysis was used for in-depth analysis of the identified phytochemicals. Results: According to the test tube reaction method data, methanolic extract outperformed petroleum ether extracts regarding phytochemical compositions. GC-MS analysis revealed that Vernonia iodocalyx and Myrica salicifolia contained 21 and 22 phytochemicals, respectively. Out of the identified phytochemicals, 7 from Vernonia iodocalyx and 5 from Myrica salicifolia have been reported to possess different bioactive compounds essential for drug synthesis. Conclusion: Methanolic leaf extract of both Vernonia iodocalyx and Myricasalicifolia has the satisfactory number of phytochemicals. Hence, these plants are recommended for the isolation of active compounds for pharmacological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of carbon nanostructured material for biomedical application has gained a lot of interest in recent years. Herein, the preparation of carbon dots (CDs) using Allium sativum L. leaf extract were demonstrated using hydrothermal process. The CDs were characterized using various techniques including UV-Vis, DLS, FT-IR, XPS and TEM methods. The green synthesized CDs were mostly spherical with diameter of 2.1 ±0.6 nm with high colloidal stability. Good antioxidant activity versus DPPH was observed using the prepared CDs. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity effect of carbon CDs was investigated using MTT strategy. Moreover, the prepared CDs were applied as scavengers of reactive oxygen species in osteoarthritis (OA). For clinical applications, the green source CDs demonstrated positive effects in terms of antioxidant, anti-osteoarthritis, and cytotoxicity properties. The obtained results have the potential to offer fresh perspectives on the treatment of different inflammatory diseases caused by reactive oxygen species. Additionally, the CDs were used to determine Fe(III) by fluorescence (FL) procedure. The decrease of FL intensity allowed to measure Fe(III) in a wide linear range (10 nM-0.5 mM) with a low detection limit of 4.0 nM. These findings show that the prepared CDs have great potential for various applications. [Display omitted] • CDs were prepared using the hydrothermal treatment of Allium sativum L. leaf extract. • Remarkable antioxidant activity versus DPPH was obtained using the fabricated CDs. • The prepared CDs can be employed as effective carrier for osteoarthritis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate anti-multidrug resistance (MDR) activity and safety of the bioactive fraction (CL11) from Codiaeum luzonicum crude leaf extract. Methods: Cytotoxic activity of CL11 against MDR and non-resistant colon cancer cells was assessed using MTT assay. Mode of cell death was investigated by annexin V-propidium iodide staining, TUNEL, and JC-1 assays. To examine mechanism of action, the effect on the expression and function of the MDR-implicated protein P-glycoprotein was tested using Western blotting and calcein assay, respectively. Results: CL11 had an EC50 of 0.18, 1.03 and 38.52 µg/mL against HCT-15, HCT-15/Dox and HCT116, respectively. Cytotoxicity was mediated by inhibition of P-glycoprotein function and expression. The mode of cell death involved mitochondrial membrane depolarization and was mostly non-apoptotic at EC50 concentrations against HCT-15 and HCT-15/Dox. Conclusions: Fraction CL11 of Codiaeum luzonicum induces non-apoptotic cell death in MDR cancer cells by overcoming MDR through inhibition of P-glycoprotein expression and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss has a great nutritional value and delicious taste. A 90-days experimental trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary leaf extract of neem tree Azadirachta indica as a feeding supplement on the growth performance and proximate composition of O. mykiss. Four experimental diets were designed as T 1 (with 5% A. indica leaf extract), T 2 (with 7% of A. indica leaf extract), T 3 (with 10% A. indica leaf extract), and T 4 (control group feed with a regular diet with 0% A. indica leaf extract). The average initial weight of fry 0.4 ± 0.14 g was stocked at 25 fish/tank with two replicates per treatment (4 × 2 = 8). After 90 days of the experimental trial, One-way ANOVA showed significant differences in final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate among the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The highest final body weight (48.10 g) and weight gain (47.70 g) was observed in T2 with 7% A. indica leaf extract, which was significantly different from the other treatments (p < 0.05). The lowest FCR was recorded in T2 (1.90), which was significantly different compared to other treatment groups (p < 0.05). Inclusion of A. indica leaf extract in formulated feed for rainbow trout had significant effects in the hepatosomatic index, viscerosomatic index and Fulton's condition factor (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the survival rate of rainbow trout fry treated with different experimental diets (p > 0.05). The phenomenal regression indicates that 7.5% A. indica inclusion is optimum for best growth performance for rainbow trout under a controlled environment. Thus, the present study suggests that the dietary leaf extract has performed an excellent nutritional supplement by enhancing growth performance and health conditions of rainbow trout in the hatchery conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 105-day experimental trial was conducted to assess different levels of dietary Aleo vera extract supplementation on water quality parameters, proximate composition, growth performance and haematological parameters of fry Oreochromis niloticus. Four different percentages of dietary leaf extract powder of Aleo vera (ALE) with a basal feed, designated as, i.e., T0 (Control group; without ALE), T1 (1% ALE), T2 (2% ALE), and T3 (3% ALE). Fish fry was reared in concrete tanks (7.0 m, 1.6 m, 1.0: L, W, H; water volume 11.2 m3/tank), with an average initial weight 4.04 ± 0.03 g/ fry, and each treatment was triplicated. Fry was randomly distributed at a stocking rate of 450 individuals/ tanks. The water quality parameters revealed that temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrates were found in a promising range as given by FAO/WHO limits. However, the record values obtained for Electric Conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), and alkalinities were not found in all tanks' suitable range according to FAO/WHO limits. The results revealed a significant impact of different percentages of dietary ALE supplementation on fry's body composition and haematological parameters. Moreover, the final body weight, final body length, average daily weight gain (g), net weight gain (g) and specific growth rate (%) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in T1 and T2 compared with T0 and T3 treatments. The poorest feed conversion ratio was recorded in the T2 group compared with other treatments. Thus, the current study provides information about the nutritional quality of Nile tilapia culturing in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• SCLE is an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel. • Inhibition efficiency reaches 83.5% with SCLE 0.3 g L−1. • Surface analysis confirm the SCLE adsorption. • The adsorption of SCLE on the steel surface fits the Langmuir isotherm model. • The inhibitory action is performed by neutral and protonated species. The efficiency of Syzygium cumini leaf extract (SCLE) as a corrosion inhibitor was evaluated for carbon steel in 0.5 mol L−1 H 2 SO 4 by potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. It was clearly demonstrated that the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of leaf extract, due to a decrease in the cathodic currents and blocking of the active corroding sites. The presence of organic molecules from the SCLE on the carbon steel surface was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The adsorption of species on the alloy surface was modeled using the Langmuir isotherm. A decrease in the carbon steel acid corrosion in the presence of SCLE was also confirmed through contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to synthesize zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles via green approaches using leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus. UV–vis and FT-IR tests confirmed the existence of biomolecules, active materials, and metal oxides. The X-ray diffraction structural study exposes the ZnO nanoparticles formation with hexagonal phase structures. SEM and TEM analysis reveal surface morphologies of ZnO nanoparticles and most of them are spherical with a size range of 10 nm. ZnO nanoparticles were revealed strong antimicrobial activity against both bacterial and fungal strains. The germination of seeds and vegetative growth of Sesamum indicum has been greatly improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Cole- optera: Curculionidae) is one of the most destructive insects of stored grain pest in Iran and many parts of the world. Using plant extracts such as walnut extract as an alternative stored pest control strategy has no irreparable consequences on the environment, human health and livestock products. In this study, we evaluated the contact, fumigant and antifeedant activities of Juglans regia leaf extract to control of S. oryzae. The contact toxicity showed that the highest concentration of walnut extract (0.1 g/ml) was the most effective concentration (66.66%) at different days after treatment. The LC50 value was calculated equal to 0.012 (0.0020.481) g/ml. The results of fumigant toxicity of walnut extract during different days showed that the mortality was dependent upon the concentration so that the highest amount of mortality was observed in the 0.1 (g/ml) concentrations on the 7th, 10th and 14th days after treatment with 43.33%, 56.66% and 76.66%, respectively. The antifeedant toxicity revealed that weight of rice kernels was decreasing with the increasing of walnut extract concentration and weight loss was slightly increased from 0.1 (g/ml) to 0.00001 (g/ml) concentrations. Our results imply that the leaf extracts of J. regia can be introduced as an effective insecticide against S. oryza. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Utilization of Morinda lucida for the treatment of ailments such as malaria, diarrhea, infertility in women, and dysentery in many countries including Nigeria is on increase due to its efficiency, availability, and affordability. However, its cytogenotoxicity has not been elucidated. This study investigated the phytochemical constituents and possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of M. lucida leaf extract in Swiss albino male mice using bone marrow micronucleus and sperm morphology assays. Methods: Plant materials was collected, thoroughly washed, and air-dried at room temperature prior to maceration. The extract was assessed for the presence of the phytochemical compounds. Swiss albino male mice (Mus musculus) (n=4) were treated with different concentrations of this extract (400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg) while distilled water was used as negative control. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that the extract contains saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and tannins. We observed micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE)of 3.20%, 1.10%, and 1.95% at different concentrations of 400 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg, and 1200 mg/kg respectively in the treated animals. The result showed no significant increase in the frequency of abnormalities (p < 0.05) when compared to the negative control; however, in separate analysis of mono-micronucleated PCE and mono-micronucleated NCE per group, a significant increase at 400 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg concentrations was observed. The sperm anomalies decreased with increase in concentration. Conclusions: This study recommends 800 mg/kg concentration of the plant extract; however, it should be further and properly investigated as it contains some pharmaceutical components that can be used for pharmacological purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two field experiments were established at the Agricultural Experimental Station of the National Research Centre at Nubaria, Beheira Governorate, Egypt to study the herbicidal potential of the leaf extract of Eucalyptus citriodora at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% compared to two hand hoeing, unweeded treatments and the chemical herbicides Bentazon + Clethodium, Bentazon + Fluazifop-P-butyl and Butralin on pea plants and associated weeds. The results indicated that two hand hoeing achieved the maximum weed depression as expressed by the dry matter of total weeds. The dry matter of total weeds decreased by 95.08 to 94.77% as compared with unweeded treatment 50 and 70 days after sowing (DAS) followed by Butraline (93.93-94.65%), Bentazon + Clethodium (93.26-94.07%), Bentazon + Fluazifop- -P-butyl (91.82-92.77%) and leaf extract of Eucalyptus at 25% (91.61-91.95%). Furthermore, the reduction in weed development was accompanied by enhanced pea growth and yield. The results revealed that two hand hoeing was the best treatment to increase plant height, shoot dry weight and SPAD value at 50 and 70 DAS. Also, two hand hoeing produced the maximum values of pod length and number of seeds/pod. The results also indicated that Bentazon + Clethodium treatment gave observable values [recorded 72.96% in pod yield (ton · fed.-1) over that of unweeded control] of number of pod/plant, weight of pod/plant, seed yield/fed and protein percentage. Also, the results revealed great increases in the growth of pea as well as yield due to treatment with E. citriodora dry leaf extract at 25%. [recorded 64.8% in in pod yield (ton · fed.-1) over that of unweeded control]. So, the results indicated using Bentazon + Clethodium as well as E. citriodora dry leaf extract at 25% to control weeds associated with pea plants. The authors suggested application of E. citriodora dry leaf extract at 25% in controlling weeds associated with pea plants as a safe method that avoids environmental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the acaricidal, ovicidal, and repellent effects of the Tagetes patula Linn. (Asteraceae) leaf extract against both the adult female and egg stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae) under laboratory conditions. The Tagetes patula ethanolic leaf extract [TpEtOH70%] was screened for adulticide and ovicide bioassays in order to consider its acute toxicity. One sublethal concentration was used to assess egg-laying capacity (fecundity), repellent, and oviposition deterrent activities. The chemical characterization was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify the TpEtOH70% bioactive components. Results showed that the LC50 value of TpEtOH70% leaf extract predicted by Probit analysis against T. urticae adult females at 24 h was 0.99%. The TpEtOH70% leaf extract showed a significant toxic effect as the highest mean mortality rates (± SE) of the treated adult females was 88.9 ± 3.7%. However, the TpEtOH70% leaf extract was insignificant in affecting the egg-laying capacity of the adult females treated with a sublethal dose of 0.5% even after 72 h. The TpEtOH70% leaf extract was classified repellent since the repellent index (RI) value was lower than 1 - SD. In addition, it had a high oviposition deterring effect based on a 100% reduction of the total number of eggs. The TpEtOH70% leaf extract had a significant ovicidal effect on T. urticae eggs, with 56.04% reduction in hatching. Five bioactive compounds from various classes of phytochemicals were identified in the TpEtOH70% leaf extract and the major compound was phytol (62.72%). This pioneering investigation reveals the adulticidal, ovicidal, and repellent activities of the TpEtOH70% leaf extract against T. urticae. A combination of multiple modes of action of different plant components may act alone or in synergism to delay the development of mite resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To synthesize bio-inspired gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the leaf extract of Justicia adhatoda and evaluate the anti-cancer activity on human lung cancer cell line (A549). Methods: Synthesis of AuNPs was done using an aqueous leaf extract of Justicia adhatoda as a green route. The bio-synthesized AuNPs were confirmed and characterized by using various spectral studies such as UV-Vis spectrum, Scanning Electron Microscope with EDAX, Transmission Electron Microscope, Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscope analysis and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. The cell viability was determined by MTT reduction assay. In addition, cytomorphology and the nuclear morphological study of A549 cell line was observed under fluorescence microscope. Results: UV-Vis spectrum showed surface plasmon resonance peak at 547 nm, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope studies showed the monodispersed spherical shape and its average size in the range of 40.1 nm was noticed. Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscope analysis confirmed that the C=O group of amino acids of proteins had strong ability to bind with the surface of nanoparticle. Interestingly, our results also demonstrated inhibited proliferation of A549 cell line by MTT (IC50 value: 80 μg/mL). Cell morphology was observed and cell death was caused by apoptosis as revealed by propidium iodide staining. Conclusions: The current study proves the anticancer potential of bio-synthesized AuNPs. Thus, synthesized AuNPs can be used for the treatment of human lung cancer cell (A549) and it can be exploited for drug delivery in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pluchea indica (L.) Less. or Indian camphorweed leaves have been used as a traditional herbal medicine in addition to being consumed in various vegetable dishes throughout India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and America. The chemical composition and some biological activities have been studied using extracts of these leaves; however, the effects of the maturation stage and geographical origin have not been studied in depth. The concentrations of 6 active compounds, 3- O -caffeoylquinic acid, 4- O -caffeoylquinic acid, 5- O -caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4- O -dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5- O -dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5- O -dicaffeoylquinic acid, were determined in the leaf extracts from three different maturity stages of P. indica collected from three locations in Thailand using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolic content and in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition of the leaf extracts were also studied in addition to the antioxidant properties, including the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt free radical scavenging capabilities and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Notably, the juvenile leaf shoot extracts contained significantly higher concentrations of the bioactive and phenolic compounds and showed stronger inhibition of α-glucosidase activity compared to every stage of the mature leaves. The antioxidant capacities of the juvenile leaves also surpassed those of the mature leaves. Taken together, these data suggest that juvenile P. indica leaves may be a more suitable choice for further development as a functional food and other nutraceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraeucosmetus pallicornis (Dallas) is a new pest in Indonesia which decreases rice production and quality. This pest causes the grains to become flat, hollow, brownish, break easily when milled, and bitter. This research represents the first study on Calotropis gigantea extract as an oviposition deterrent and ovicide against P. pallicornis. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions using four extract concentrations i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%. The oviposition deterrent effect was determined by counting the number of eggs laid and hatched. Percent reproductive control (PRC) and ovicidal activity was calculated using Tennyson's formula. Results indicated that all concentrations of C. gigantea leaf extract reduced the number of eggs laid and hatched. The PRC also showed a gradual reduction of oviposition of the P. pallicornis and the ovicidal activity ranged between 86.5 and 100%. The extract concentration which showed the highest potential as an oviposition deterrent and ovicide against P. pallicornis was in the range of 1.0-2.0%. The overall results indicated that C. gigantea leaf extract has the potential to be used as an oviposition deterrent and ovicide against P. pallicornis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficiency in the treatment of leaf rust of wheat was examined for plant leaf extracts of Neem and Moringa at varied concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 ml correspondingly. All treatments decreased fungal growth in vitro by greater than 90%. The germination of spores was decreased by 91.99% in the presence of neem leaf extract at 150 ml concentration. The percentage of pustules/leaf was reduced by foliar spray of the same treatments on seedlings of the wheat plant. The wheat plants show the greatest response against the pathogen of leaf rust by plant extract second foliar application on the 4th day of infection. Spray application of 150 ml, 100 ml of neem leaf extracts, and 150 ml of Moringa leaf extracts at wheat seedlings, rust development completely prevented four days after leaf rust inoculation The application of treatments of all extract on wheat plants at the mature stage significantly reduced the disease (ACI, average infection coefficient) and increase the efficacy of plant extracts application as compared to control but Neem 150 ml treatment was most effective in all. The chlorophyll and phenol content in wheat plants represented a higher increase. In the case of the first or second-spray application, while the grain yield components of 1000 kernel weight had improved, the second-spray application was more efficient in that respect. To manage leaf rust disease in Bahawalpur, it may thus be inferred that plant extracts are beneficial for a safer biological control compared to synthetic fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Moringa oleifera (MO) is an important dietary component for many populations in West Africa and the Indian subcontinent. In addition to its highly nutritious value, almost all parts of this plant have been widely used in folk medicine in curing infectious, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and other diseases. Evidence-based research supported its versatile medicinal properties; however, more rigorous research is required to establish it in cancer therapy. As such, in this study we aim to investigate the in vitro anticancerous effect of Moringa oleifera's aqueous leaf extract.Methods: Moringa extract was prepared by soaking pulverized leaves in hot water mimicking the people's mode of the leaf drink preparation. Several assays were used to study the effect of different percentage concentrations of the extract on viability of A549 cells; levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) generated; as well as percentage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released at different time points. In addition to mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptotic events were assessed using western blotting for apoptotic markers and immunoflourescent flourescent labeled inhibitor of caspases (FLICA) assay.Results: MO extract treatment resulted in a significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (1 hour) and ATP levels (3 hours), followed by an increase in (6 hours) ROS, caspase activation, proapoptotic proteins expression (p53, SMAC/Diablo, AIF), and PARP-1 cleavage. This eventually resulted in decreased GSH levels and a decrease in viability. The cytotoxic effect was prevented upon pretreatment with antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine. MO decreased as well the viability of HepG2, CaCo2, Jurkat, and HEK293 cells.Conclusion: Our findings identify a plant extract with an anticancerous effect on cancer cell lines. MO extract exerts its cytotoxic effect in A549 cancer cells by affecting mitochondrial viability and inducing apoptosis in an ROS-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of water extracts of Chenopodium album leaves and roots on the growth of grass weed (Setaria viridis) and broad leaf weed (Corchorus olitorius) grown with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in greenhouse pots were studied in the National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. In this experiment fresh leaf and root extracts and their corresponding dry leaf and root extracts at different concentrations were used. There were significant inhibitions in the dry weights of S. viridis and C. olitorius by all extracts at the flowering stage of beans and at harvest. The inhibition effect of all C. album extracts on both weeds (dry weight/pot) depended on the extracted plant organ (leaf or root), its fresh or dry form as well as its concentrations. The inhibition caused by the leaf extract was much higher on weed growth than that of root extract. A higher concentration of fresh leaf extract (25%) had the highest significant inhibition effect. The results also indicated that C. olitorius was more sensitive to the extracts than S. viridis. On the other hand, the inhibition effect of the extracts on the growth of both weeds was accompanied by increased bean growth and yield/plant. The analysis of both leaf and root extracts of C. album revealed that the total content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the leaf extract was more than triple that of the root extract. The results suggested that the fresh leaf extract of C. album may be a possible tool for the development of weed control using natural herbicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DBD) in Indonesia, which occurs every year, has become a problem for the Indonesian society. Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector of this disease. During this time the larvae of Aedes aegypti only has one exterminator is abate. In the long time exposure of single type insecticide will cause resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to find new bioinsectiside which is expected to have effects such as abate. The aims of this study are to offer technology, dosage, formulation and toxicity of new bioinsecticide granules toxin from ectract of papaya ( Carica papaya ) seed and leaf modified against Aedes aegypti larvae. Method preparation of the extract by percolation method with 70% ethanol for seeds, and with water-ethanol 70% for leaf. Bioassay with active ingredients with thin layer chromatography. Formulation for 300 g Granules are: active substances papaya seed and leaf modified: 90%, seed flour 5%, filler: 5%. This was an experiment using a completely randomized design with 6 treatment groups. Each group contained 20 third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti . Concentrations of granules are 0, 30, 60, 90. 120, 150 ppm, with Temephos 1% as a positive control. Data was analyzed using Probit analysis. Results The result of phytochemical analysis contains secondary metabolites compounds of saponin, flavonoid and triterpenoid. Toxicity (LC 50 ) in this study is reported 107 ppm; 48 hours and LC 90 : 150 ppm, 48 hours. Conclusion New Bioinsecticide Granules Toxin from extract of Papaya ( Carica papaya ) Seed and leaf Modified Against Aedes aegypti larvae possess technology, dosage, formulation, and larvicidal remarkable. Further investigations are needed to elucidate active ingredient responsible for larvacidal activity should be identified and utilized in preparing a commercial product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng is a major invasive plant in China causing great economic losses. Considerable effort has been expended searching for new and innovative methods for integrative management of this species. In this study, an E. adenophorum extract was tested for antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) using the local lesion assay method, and also characterized. The E. adenophorum leaf extract was able to strongly inhibit TMV infection, with electron microscopic observations indicating that the virus particles had been disaggregated. The active components in the extract are thermostable, stable at acidic pH, and largely not dialyzable. Tobacco seedlings treated with the extract exhibited significantly elevated superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities. Our results—the first reported observations of antiviral activity from leaf extracts of E. adenophorum — suggest that this species is a promising source of antiviral substances for practical use. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory potential of leaf extract of Skimmia anquetilia by in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory models. Methods: Acute toxicity study was carried out to determine the toxicity level of different extract using acute toxic class method as described in Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development Guidelines No.423. Carrageenan (1% w/w) was administered and inflammation was induced in rat paw. The leaf extracts of Skimmia anquetilia were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by in-vitro human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method and in-vivo carrangeenan-induced rat paw edema method. Results: The in-vitro membrane stabilizing test showed petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CE), ethyl acetate (EE), methanol (ME) and aqueous extracts (AE) showed 49.44%, 59.39%, 60.15%, 68.40% and 52.18 % protection, respectively as compared to control groups. The in-vivo results of CE, EE and ME showed 58.20%, 60.17% and 67.53% inhibition of inflammation after 6h administration of test drugs in albino rats. The potency of the leaf extracts of Skimmia anquetilia were compared with standard diclofenac (10 mg/kg) which showed 74.18% protection in in-vitro HRBC membrane stabilization test and 71.64% inhibition in in-vivo carrangeenan-induced rat paw edema model. The ME showed a dose dependent significant (P< 0.01) anti-inflammatory activity in human red blood cell membrane stabilization test and reduction of edema in carrageenan induced rat paw edema. Conclusions: The present investigation has confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of Skimmia anquetilia due to presence of bioactive phytoconstitutes for the first time and provide the pharmacological evidence in favor of traditional claim of Skimmia anquetilia as an anti-inflammatory agent. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: To determine the antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, cytotoxic, and phytochemical properties of ethanol extracts of leaves of Voacanga globosa (Blanco) Merr. (V. globosa). Methods: The extracts were tested against bacteria and fungus through disc diffusion assay; against protozoa through growth curve determination, antiprotozoal and cytotoxicity assays. Results: The extract revealed antibacterial activities, inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus, and Salmonella typhimurium. Antifungal assay showed that it inhibited Candida albicans. The antiprotozoal assay against Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica showed that V. globosa can inhibit the parasites, wherein the action can be comparable to metronidazole. With the in situ cell death detection kit, Trichomonas vaginalis and Entamoeba histolytica exposed to V. globosa leaf extract was observed to fluoresce simultaneously in red and yellow signals signifying apoptotic-like changes. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the chemical composition of plant extract containing alkaloids, saponins, 2-deoxysugars, and hydrolysable tannins. Conclusions: Thus, this study provides scientific evidence on the traditional use of V. globosa leaf extract in treating microbial diseases. Further, the leaf extract can possibly be used to produce alternative forms of antimicrobials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

All parts of Morus alba offer great therapeutic potential, but are they beneficial to the whole organism, particularly with respect to aging? We evaluated the effect of an ethanol extract of mulberry leaves on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. The extract significantly extended mean lifespan by 17% from 17.6 to 20.6 days. This compares well to the effect of ethosuximide, a drug used to treat seizures in humans, which increased adult lifespan by 35%. This novel activity suggests that mulberry leaves have the potential to retard the aging process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To determine the ovicidal and repellent activities of methanol leaf extract of Ervatamia coronaria (E. coronaria) and Caesalpinia pulcherrima (C. pulcherrima) against Culex quinquefasciatus (Cx. quinquefasciatus), Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) and Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi). Methods: The ovicidal activity was determined against three mosquito species at various concentrations ranging from 50–450 ppm under the laboratory conditions. The hatch rates were assessed 48 h after treatment. The repellent efficacy was determined against three mosquito species at three concentrations viz., 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/cm2 under the laboratory conditions. Results: The crude extract of E. coronaria exerted zero hatchability (100% mortality) at 250, 200 and 150 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi, respectively. The crude extract of C. pulcherrima exerted zero hatchability (100% mortality) at 375, 300 and 225 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. Stephensi, respectively. The methanol extract of E. coronaria found to be more repellenct than C. pulcherrima extract. A higher concentration of 5.0 mg/cm2 provided 100% protection up to 150, 180 and 210 min against Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi, respectively. The results clearly showed that repellent activity was dose dependent. Conclusions: From the results it can be concluded the crude extracts of E. coronaria and C. pulcherrima are an excellent potential for controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus, Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi mosquitoes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study that deals with the efficacy of leaf extract and seed oil of seabuckthorn on healing process of experimentally created cutaneous wound in rabbit model. The study used excisional-cutaneous wound model to examine wound healing activity of methanolic extract of SBT leaves and seed oil in 12 rabbits which were divided into 4 groups. Clinical observations, haematological parameters and wound contraction were used as parameters to judge the effect of topical application.

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Nowadays different methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles are under consideration due to their useful applications in different fields. These include physical and chemical methods but both of these are time-consuming, expensive and environmentally toxic. Biological methods are of great advantage due to their non-toxic and large scale synthesis. In the present study, leaves extract of Melia azedarach L. was used as a reducing agent of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Bio-reduction was monitored by colour change using UV–Visible spectroscopy which revealed absorption peak at λ max 482 nm. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were utilized to identify characteristics of synthesized particles. The synthesized particles were spherical with size ranging from 34 to 48 nm. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against commonly found bacteria was assessed to find their potential use in silver containing antibacterial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: The larvicidal potential of Andrographis echioides and Cadaba trifoliata leaf extract was tested separately against larvae of Aedes aegypti and also tested mixture of these two plant extracts for synergistic effect against the larvae. Methods: Pulverized leaves of A. echioides and C. trifoliata were subjected separately to soxhlet extraction using organic solvent of ethanol. These two plant extracts were examined separately against 4th instar larvae of A.aegypti with gradually increasing concentration i.e. from 50 to 250mg/l using WHO protocol. To observe the synergistic effect, extracts of these two plants were mixed at different concentrations and tested against the larva. The 24h LC50 values of individual plant extract and mixed extracts were determined following probit analysis. Results: A. echioides extract shows more lethal effect than C. trifoliata extract towards larvae of A.aegypti with LC50 values of 108.3 and 123.4 mg/l, respectively, whereas, synergistic larvicidal effect was found to be even more effective than the plant extract tested separately in terms of LC50 being 68.3 mg/l. Conclusions: From the results, it is evident that synergistic effect of A. echioides and C. trifoliata can be considered as a more powerful arsenal for the control of A.aegypti than the usage of these two extract separately. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]