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The article discusses the scientific and social challenges of the radiological protection community from 2011 onwards and their effect on the increase of nuclear power plants for electricity generation. The construction of nuclear power plants has reportedly always raised local issues and opposition, with positive decisions on such matters taking time. It is stated that governments should clearly define values, roles and responsibilities, consult with stakeholders and avail of state-of-the-art science before making decisions.

The article discusses designs for fourth generation nuclear reactors and challenges in radiation protection. Several nations, including the U.S., Great Britain, and Japan cooperated to form the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). The GIF was established to create a framework for designing nuclear energy systems that provide sustainable energy, meet clean air standards, minimize nuclear waste, present economic advantages and reduce possibilities of core damage or terrorism. Among the reactor designs discussed are gas-cooled fast reactors (GFRs), lead-cooled fast reactors (LFRs) and supercritical-water-cooled reactors (SCWRs). The authors discuss how stakeholder involvement, risk assessment and scientific development will affect radiation protection.