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Abstract—: The work, based on microdata, analyzes the role of air transport in shaping the business activity of Russian settlements. The focus is primarily on cities in which the dynamics of air passenger traffic is largely shaped by government subsidies. Gross revenue in constant prices of enterprises of all types operating in a locality is considered as an indicator of economic activity. Based on the concept of the Cobb–Douglas production function, several variants of models have been formed to assess this effect. In order to analyze the stability of the obtained estimates, versions of models with only air transport, as well as models with the full range of available modes of transport for a populated area, were considered. As the main result, estimates of the elasticity of the gross revenue of a populated area based on passenger traffic in air transport were obtained.

Abstract—: The article analyzes the results of the latest survey of Russian enterprises in the real sector, conducted by the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Data are provided on the adaptation of Russian enterprises to economic sanctions of Western countries. The opinions of enterprises on the most pressing macroeconomic problems are reflected. Information is presented on the relationship between enterprises and banks, as well as on the availability of loans. The assessments of enterprises regarding the dynamics of the exchange rate of the ruble against the US dollar and the euro are considered. An analysis of the situation with labor resources was made. It is shown how the ideas of corporate social responsibility are implemented in Russia.

Abstract—: The article analyzes the results of the latest survey of Russian enterprises in the real sector, conducted by the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Information is presented on the impact of economic sanctions against Russia on domestic enterprises. The opinions of enterprises about the role of the state and the level of bureaucracy in the economy are reflected. Data on the investment activity of enterprises and sources of investment financing are provided. The assessments of enterprises regarding the level of competition with foreign manufacturers in modern conditions are considered. An analysis of the situation in the field of processing industrial waste is made.

In this study, the semianalytical method of lines (MoLs) is extended to characterize the chiroptical behavior of a multilayered dielectric metasurface at the ultraviolet (UV) regime, where the majority of chiral samples exhibit their dichroic absorption features. The proposed reflection coefficient transformation approach provides the reflection and transmission coefficients at each plane of the multilayered structure. Additionally, a method for obtaining optical chirality ( $C$ ) augmentation in the nanophotonic system when illuminated with circularly polarized light is put forward. Two novel dielectric metasurfaces with the ability to generate accessible superchiral near-field hot spots have been designed and examined using the proposed method as proof of concept. The electric and magnetic dipole modes are forced to overlap spatially and spectrally, enabling uniform sign amplification in $C$ that is locally as high as 212-fold and 226-fold in hot spot cites, respectively.

Abstract—: The paper considers the problem of evaluating the effectiveness of subsidies for air transport in Russia in terms of attracting additional passenger traffic. The study primarily focuses on regional air routes bypassing the city of Moscow. An extensive database on air routes in Russia, the amount of subsidies to air carriers, and regional macroeconomic indicators for 2012–2021 was used to estimate the effects. Statistical hypotheses are tested using panel data models and logistic regression. The results of the analysis show that there is a statistically significant effect of subsidizing air routes in Russia in terms of changes in passenger traffic. At the same time, the response to subsidies on various air routes is different. Several typical clusters have been identified among them, which differ in the degree of passenger traffic elasticity to subsidies. Based on the binary choice model, a “reverse” test was formulated to assess the statistical significance of subsidies, which also confirmed the drawn conclusions.

Abstract—: The article analyzes the results obtained by a regular survey of Russian enterprises in the real sector conducted by the Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences (IEF RAS). Information is provided on the impact of economic sanctions against Russia on enterprises. The opinions of enterprises on the macroeconomic problems that create the greatest difficulties for them are reflected, data are given on the methods of adapting them to the crisis due to the sanctions. The assessments of enterprises regarding the importance of the exchange rate of the ruble against the dollar and the euro are considered, an analysis is made of the current relationship between Russian enterprises and banks. The viewpoints held by enterprises on the situation with tax incentives in the Russian economy, as well as on the relevance of the ESG agenda and the impact of climate change on their activities are presented. The article also studies desirable measures of state support promoting the practical implementation of ESG principles as well as the existence of enterprises’ own systems of climate risk management.

Abstract—: The article analyzes the results obtained by a regular survey of Russian enterprises in the real sector conducted by the Institute of Economic Forecasting, Russian Academy of Sciences. The consequences of economic sanctions against Russia for enterprises are assessed. The views of enterprises on the desirable measures of anticrisis policy aimed at countering sanctions are outlined. Methods for adaptation to sanctions that are applied by the enterprises themselves are described. The opinion expressed by enterprises about the role of the state in the economy is presented. The situation with the investment activity of enterprises is considered. Data on the purchases of Russian and foreign equipment are given, as well as comparative assessments of the quality of this equipment. The views of Russian enterprises on the relevance of the climate agenda are presented, as well as their attitude to the ESG principles. The share of Russian enterprises that publish financial statements on risks associated with climate change as well as nonfinancial statements in the field of sustainable development is estimated. The proportion of enterprises that set themselves the goal of reducing their carbon footprint is revealed.

Abstract—: The paper analyzes and comments on the results of a regular survey of Russian enterprises in the real sector, which was conducted by the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The opinions of enterprises about the acuteness of various macroeconomic problems in Russia are given. The assessments of enterprises about the quality of the anticrisis policy of the state during the pandemic are presented. The information about the relationship between Russian enterprises and banks is reflected. The situation with the tax burden of enterprises is studied. The need of enterprises in labor force and labor migrants is considered. The potential for output growth without additional investments is estimated. The views of Russian enterprises on resource and energy saving as well as on the global sustainable development goals are presented. The data on the actions of enterprises in the field of environmental insurance are reflected.

Abstract—: The article presents the results of research using the DSGE model, which includes such sectors of the economy as real sector enterprises, households, financial intermediaries, and the monetary regulator. In turn, the household sector is represented by groups of savers and borrowers. Financial intermediaries transform temporarily idle funds of households into loans to enterprises of the real sector, and financial wedges can arise in this link preventing the flow of capital. In the manufacturing sector, there are extractive industries for which the production level is set exogenously in order to adequately reflect the impact of the OPEC+ agreement. A feature of the proposed model is a firm-specific capital approach, which assumes that the owners of the fixed capital are the firms that make investment decisions. In our opinion, this little-studied class of DSGE models is more relevant to the Russian realities than traditional general equilibrium models.

Optical sensors typically provide compact, fast and precise means of performing quantitative measures for almost any kind of measurand that is usually probed electronically. High-contrast grating (HCG) resonators are known to manifest an extremely sharp and sensitive optical resonance and can constitute a highly suitable sensing platform. In this paper we present two advanced high-contrast grating designs improving the sensing performances of conventional implementations. These configurations, namely pedestaland half-buriedHCGs, allow to enhance the shift of the photonic resonance while maintaining the spectral features of the standard configuration. First, the spectral feature of the HCGs was numerically optimized to express the sharpest possible resonance when the structure is immersed in serum. Second, the sensing properties of conventional and advanced HCG implementations were studied by modelling the biological entities to be sensed as a thin dielectric coating layer of increasing thickness. Pedestal HCGs were found to provide a ∼12% improvement in sensitivity and a six-fold improvement in resonance quality factor (Q-factor), while buried HCGs resulted in a ∼58% improvement in sensitivity at the expense of a slightly broader resonance. Such structures may serve as an improved sensitive biosensing platform for near-infrared spectroscopy.

Abstract—: The paper analyzes and comments on the results of a regular survey of Russian enterprises in the real sector, which was conducted by the Institute for National Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The assessments of enterprises regarding the quality of the anticrisis policy of the state during the pandemic are presented. The information on the investment activity of Russian enterprises and on the sources of its financing is reflected. The opinions of enterprises on the importance for them of the exchange rate of the ruble against the US dollar and the euro, as well as on the desired dynamics of this rate are presented. The problem of the use of outsourcing by Russian enterprises and the presence of geographically separate subdivisions is investigated. The activity of Russian enterprises on the processing of their waste into secondary raw materials and on their use in primary production is considered.

Phase retrieval is a noninterferometric quantitative phase imaging technique that has become an essential tool in optical metrology and label-free microscopy. Phase retrieval techniques require multiple intensity measurements traditionally recorded by camera or sample translation, which limits their applicability mostly to static objects. In this work, we propose the use of a single polarization-dependent all-dielectric metasurface to facilitate the simultaneous recording of two images, which are utilized in phase calculation based on the transport-of-intensity equation. The metasurface acts as a multifunctional device that splits two orthogonal polarization components and adds a propagation phase shift onto one of them. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate the technique in the wavefront sensing of technical samples using a standard imaging setup. Our metasurface-based approach fosters a fast and compact configuration that can be integrated into commercial imaging systems.

How much coal will India need to transport in future and is the rail network poised to handle that requirement are two important questions for the emerging economy. To find answers to these questions, this study creates a distribution model of coal freight traffic on Indian Railways, analyzing the sufficiency of infrastructure for future economic needs. Using data on spatial distribution of coal mines, coal traffic volumes and rail sectional capacities, this study creates sectional capacity maps as main visual tool for analysis. Sections with bottlenecks are identified for next ten years’ coal transport need of the country. The simulation done in this study finds 15% under-delivery for the 900mT coal demand in the country by 2030 due to transport bottlenecks. Based on this analysis, the article presents the conclusions on possible influence of existing conditions of coal transportation on India’s economy in the long-term period and also considers the role of dedicated freight.JEL Codes:E17, L92, L98, R41, R42

We propose and study a microstructure based on a dielectric cuboid placed on a thin metal film that can act as an efficient plasmonic lens allowing the focusing of surface plasmons at the subwavelength scale. Using numerical simulations of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) field intensity distributions, we observe high-intensity subwavelength spots and formation of the plasmonic nanojet (PJ) at the telecommunication wavelength of 1530 nm. The fabricated microstructure was characterized using amplitude and phase-resolved scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy. We show the first experimental observation of the PJ effect for the SPP waves. Such a novel, to the best of our knowledge, and simple platform can provide new pathways for plasmonics, high-resolution imaging, and biophotonics, as well as optical data storage.

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Results of experimental research of bending of steel sheet blanks on hammer with standard ram and ram with fillets are presented. The increasing of impact time (up to 1.5 times) and reducing of angle of springback (up to 7 times) by using of ram with fillets is obtained. Obtained data will be used for developing of optimal parameters of ram with fillets for increasing dimensional quality of produced parts.

The modulation of phagocyte responses is essential for successful performance of biomaterials in order to prevent negative outcomes associated with inflammation. Herein, we developed electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds doped with the novel potent c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitors 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime (IQ-1) and 11H-indeno[1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one O-(O-ethylcarboxymethyl) oxime(IQ-1E) as a promising approach for modulating phagocyte activation. Optimized electrospinning parameters allowed us to produce microfiber composite materials with suitable mechanical properties. We found that embedded compounds were bound to the polymer matrix via hydrophobic interactions and released in two steps, with release mostly controlled by Fickian diffusion. The fabricated scaffolds doped with active compounds IQ-1and IQ-1Eeffectively inhibited phagocyte inflammatory responses. For example, they suppressed human neutrophil activation by the biomaterials, as indicated by decreased neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Ca2+mobilization. In addition, they inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-κB/AP-1 reporter activity in THP-1Blue cells and interleukin (IL)-6 production in MonoMac-6 cells without affecting cell viability. These effects were attributed to the released compounds rather than cell–surface interactions. Therefore, our study demonstrates that doping tissue engineering scaffolds with novel JNK inhibitors represents a powerful tool for preventing adverse immune responses to biomaterials as well as serves as a platform for drug delivery.

Abstract—: The article examines the factors determining the transport accessibility of territories, as well as provides a brief overview of possible approaches to the calculation of the complex indicator of transport accessibility and the method of its calculation. Using this methodology, a quantitative assessment of the transport accessibility of the regions of the Russian Federation is obtained.

A hyperbolic material (HM) is an optical material that exhibits a unique property of having anisotropy with simultaneously different signs of the permittivity tensor components. Such a property leads to novel optical phenomena. HM can host highly localized bulk plasmon polaritons and directional surface waves with the large wavevectors required in various applications in nano-guiding, sensing, and imaging. Research on HMs has been intensified in the last decade thanks to progress in nanofabrication and advances with two-dimensional materials. This paper reviews the recent developments in novel structures and materials with hyperbolic materials such as metasurfaces, hypercrystals, waveguides, and cavities. Furthermore, various applications that take advantage of the unique optical phenomena of HMs are covered, including negative refraction and photonic spin Hall effect for optical signal sorting, super-resolution, refractive index sensing, and mid-infrared vibrational spectroscopy.

The article describes the influence of the agglomerative factor on the development of certain territories, and methodology for the calculation of such effects based on Russian data is offered. The agglomeration effects were quantitatively assessed by applying the above-mentioned methodology.

The paper analyzes and comments on the results of a regular survey of Russian enterprises in the real sector, which was conducted by the Institute of National Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It presents the assessments which the enterprises gave to the federal and regional authorities for the quality of their economic policies. The paper reflects the views of the Russian enterprises on the role that the state must play in the economy. The viewpoint of the enterprises regarding the level of bureaucracy and corruption in various state authorities is presented. The data on the current investment activity of the enterprises and their short-term investment intentions are presented. The impact of the ruble exchange rate on the production activity of the enterprises is considered. The assessments of the enterprises about the current level of competition with foreign producers in Russian markets are reflected. The current situation with the labor demand of the enterprises is assessed.

The photonic spin Hall effect in transmission is a transverse beam shift of the out-coming beam depending on polarization of the incoming beam. The effect can be significantly enhanced by materials with high anisotropy. We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of the photonic spin Hall effect in a multilayer hyperbolic metamaterial at visible wavelengths (wavelengths of 520 and 633 nm). The metamaterial is composed of alternating layers of gold and alumina with deeply subwavelength thicknesses, exhibiting extremely large anisotropy. The angle-resolved polarimetric measurements showed the shift of 165 μm for the metamaterial of 176 nm in thickness. Additionally, the transverse beam shift is extremely sensitive to the variations of the incident angle changing theoretically by 270 μm with 1 milli-radian (0.057°). These features can lead to minituarized spin Hall switches and filters with high angular resolution.

The results of a regular poll of Russian companies in the real sector carried out by the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences have been analyzed and commented on. The companies’ opinions on which macroeconomic problems in modern Russia they consider to be the most urgent have been presented. The data has been given on the methods the companies use to solve their production, financial, and marketing problems, as well as on the frequency of using these methods. The companies’ answers to questions on how mutual sanctions between the West and Russia have affected their activities have been considered for the fourth time. The estimates of the companies on the quality of the Russian machines and equipment, as well as a comparison of the quality of the Russian equipment with foreign analogs have been presented. The opinions of companies on the economic policy of the regional authorities have been studied. Information about the character and level of cooperation between the Russian companies and banks has been given. The current situation with provision of the companies with the labor resources has been presented.

Increasing interest in nanomaterials can be explained by their broad involvement in many fields of industry and medicine. It is known that carbon black and crysotile asbestos behave like nanosized objects. They are wide spread in environment and have close contact with living organisms. The aim of our study was to define the effects of carbon black and crysotile asbestos on structures of the developing organism.

This paper has analyzed and commented on the results of the regular survey of Russian real sector enterprises, which was conducted by the Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The views of enterprises on the quality of economic policy of federal and regional authorities have been presented. Estimates have been obtained that reflect the dynamics of investment activity of enterprises and the dynamics of investment financing from various sources, as well as the need of enterprises to modernize production. The opinions of enterprises about the desirable dynamics of the ruble exchange rate are given. The current situation with the provision of enterprises with human resources has been reflected. Enterprises’ answers to questions about whether they have territorially detached subdivisions and their use of outsourcing have been considered.

A low-absorption adhesion layer plays a crucial role for both localized and propagating surface plasmons when ultrathin gold is used. To date, the most popular adhesion layers are metallic, namely, Cr and Ti. However, to the best of our knowledge, the influence of these adhesion layers on the behavior of propagating plasmon modes has not been thoroughly investigated nor reported in the literature. It is therefore important to study the effect of these few- to several-nanometers-thick adhesion layers on the propagating plasmons because it may affect the performance of plasmonic devices, in particular, when the Au layer is not much thicker than the adhesion layers. We experimentally compared the performances of the ultrathin gold films to show the pivotal influence of adhesion layers on highly confined propagating plasmonic modes, using Cr and 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) adhesion layers and without any adhesion layer. We show that the gold films with the APTMS adhesion layer have the lowest surface roughness and the short-range surface plasmon polaritons supported on the Au surface exhibit properties close to the theoretical calculations, considering an ideal gold film.