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Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore maternity care experiences of African immigrant women during the perinatal period including factors affecting access to and use of care. Methods: We used Sandelowski's (2010) qualitative descriptive approach to examine how African immigrant women from various countries of origin and with diverse ethnic backgrounds experienced and navigated the maternity care system in the United States during pregnancy and childbirth. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 African immigrant women living in the Columbus, Ohio area. Participants were recruited using purposive and snowball sampling between February 2021 and May 2021. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a reflexive thematic analysis approach. Findings: Four major themes defined the experiences of our study participants: access to information, patient–clinician relationships, experiences of discrimination , and costs of maternity care. Clinical Implications: Findings highlight key barriers to providing quality and acceptable maternity care to African immigrant women at multiple levels. This group's unique barriers underlie the importance of incorporating their diverse experiences into maternity care models and clinical practice. Further research is needed to evaluate and improve maternity care for African immigrant women. This study explored maternity care experiences of 15 African immigrant women from 9 African countries. African immigrant women comprise a diverse group whose experiences may be shaped by their interaction with maternity care systems in their countries of origin. Lack of access to information about maternity care and related resources undermines the experiences of African immigrant women with maternity care. Encouraging open communication and listening to African immigrant women with attentiveness during maternity care is important for understanding their unique needs and challenges so that they can be better supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing phosphorus (P) application in corn (Zea mays L.) silage production systems to align with crop P requirements while sustaining soil test P (STP) levels can help mitigate environmental risks and enhance farm profitability. The objectives of this study were to characterize P balances of corn silage fields in New York, their drivers, relationships between P balances and field STP and nitrogen (N) balances, as well as the impact of manure application practices on balances. Field‐level balances (supply–uptake) for P and N were derived for 994 field observations across eight dairy farms and 5 years. On average, P balances were low (11 kg P ha−1) with a wide range across farm averages (−11 to 30 kg P ha−1). Across farms, P was applied at higher rates to fields with adequate STP than to lower STP fields, indicating potential opportunities for reallocation of P within farms. Phosphorus balances were positively related to N balances. Manure nutrient utilization indicated that N‐based applications would lead to large positive P balances in all farms. Phosphorus‐based manure applications could cover on average 51% of corn N requirements under current farm manure application practices. This could be increased up to 85% when maximizing the utilization of manure inorganic N. Management alternatives to prevent excessive P balances include improving diet formulation to reduce P excretion, reducing animal density, exporting manure, implementing manure treatment technologies that conserve N and/or remove P, combining appropriate rates of manure and fertilizer, and maximizing manure inorganic N utilization in field applications. Core Ideas: Phosphorus and nitrogen balances were derived for 994 corn silage field observations in New York.Phosphorus balances were low, on average, but with a wide range across farms and fields.Phosphorus supply with manure was the largest driver of balances.Phosphorus balances were positively related to N balances.Manure nutrient utilization showed that P‐based applications could supply up to 85% of corn N requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Causal Roadmap outlines a systematic approach to asking and answering questions of cause and effect: define the quantity of interest, evaluate needed assumptions, conduct statistical estimation, and carefully interpret results. To protect research integrity, it is essential that the algorithm for statistical estimation and inference be prespecified prior to conducting any effectiveness analyses. However, it is often unclear which algorithm will perform optimally for the real-data application. Instead, there is a temptation to simply implement one's favorite algorithm, recycling prior code or relying on the default settings of a computing package. Here, we call for the use of simulations that realistically reflect the application, including key characteristics such as strong confounding and dependent or missing outcomes, to objectively compare candidate estimators and facilitate full specification of the statistical analysis plan. Such simulations are informed by the Causal Roadmap and conducted after data collection but prior to effect estimation. We illustrate with two worked examples. First, in an observational longitudinal study, we use outcome-blind simulations to inform nuisance parameter estimation and variance estimation for longitudinal targeted minimum lossbased estimation. Second, in a cluster randomized trial with missing outcomes, we use treatment-blind simulations to examine type-I error control in two-stage targeted minimum loss-based estimation. In both examples, realistic simulations empower us to prespecify an estimation approach with strong expected finite sample performance, and also produce quality-controlled computing code for the actual analysis. Together, this process helps to improve the rigor and reproducibility of our research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Loneliness has a rising public health impact, but research involving neuropathology and representative cohorts has been limited. METHODS: Inverse odds of selection weights were generalized from the autopsy sample of Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center cohorts (N = 680; 89 ± 9 years old; 25% dementia) to the US‐representative Health and Retirement Study (N = 8469; 76 ± 7 years old; 5% dementia) to extend external validity. Regressions tested cross‐sectional associations between loneliness and (1) Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular pathology; (2) five cognitive domains; and (3) relationships between pathology and cognition, adjusting for depression. RESULTS: In weighted models, greater loneliness was associated with microinfarcts, lower episodic and working memory in the absence of AD pathology, lower working memory in the absence of infarcts, a stronger association of infarcts with lower episodic memory, and a stronger association of microinfarcts with lower working and semantic memory. DISCUSSION: Loneliness may relate to AD through multiple pathways involving cerebrovascular pathology and cognitive reserve. Highlights: Loneliness was associated with worse cognition in five domains.Loneliness was associated with the presence of microinfarcts.Loneliness moderated cognition–neuropathology associations.Transportability methods can provide insight into selection bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to dementia, but the distribution of SES within a neighborhood may also matter. METHODS: Data from 460 (47% Black, 46% White) older adults from the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project were linked to census tract–level data from the National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA). Neighborhood SES included two composites reflecting disadvantage and affluence. Neighborhood racial income inequality was the ratio of median incomes for White versus Black residents. Generalized estimating equations examined associations between neighborhood factors and cognitive domains. RESULTS: Neighborhood racial income inequality was uniquely associated with worse cognitive health, and these associations did not differ by participant race. Neighborhood disadvantage was only associated with worse cognitive health among Black participants. DISCUSSION: Both the level and racial distribution of SES within a neighborhood may be relevant for dementia risk. Racial differences in the level and impact of neighborhood SES contribute to dementia inequalities. Highlights: Black participants lived in neighborhoods with lower socioeconomic status (SES) than White participants, on average.Neighborhood SES and racial income inequality were associated with worse cognition.Effects of neighborhood racial income inequality did not differ across racial groups.Effects of neighborhood SES were only evident among Black participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a more nuanced understanding of the elements constituting refugees' cultural and social capital to help education providers and policymakers develop a non-deficit view of refugees. Such an understanding, informed by empirical research, ought to shape the type of support that is offered to this cohort to facilitate successful participation in higher education. This paper deploys the concepts of cultural and social capital, habitus and field as articulated within Bourdieu's theory of practice. The findings of this study favour an 'asset view' of refugees within the higher educational context. Using a qualitative research design, 20 participants who come from a refugee background were interviewed. It was found that cultural identity and embeddedness within community has a varied influence on the higher educational experience of people from a refugee background in Australia. Additionally, diverse learning environments and, even, generic support structures, help provide a positive higher educational experience for refugees. These findings complement current research suggesting that people who come from a refugee background possess a range of cultural and social capital which can be assets to their higher educational endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaeophorosis, infection by the filarial worm Elaeophora schneideri, is a parasitic disease of wild ungulates in North America; however, our understanding of the relevance of E. schneideri to moose (Alces alces) morbidity and mortality is incomplete. Between March 2020 and July 2022, necropsy and histopathology were performed on 61 Shiras moose (Alces alces shirasi) in Idaho, US. Among the 41 adults (greater than 1 yr old), 21 moose were from northern Idaho, and 20 were from southeastern Idaho. Elaeophorosis was diagnosed in 24% (10 of 41). All 10 infected moose were from southeastern Idaho; none of the 21 moose from northern Idaho were infected. No juvenile moose (nine from northern and 11 from southeastern Idaho) were infected. Microfilariae were detected histologically in 9 of 10 infected moose, most consistently in brain tissue associated with lesions indicative of ischemic injury to the neuroparenchyma attributed to occlusion of arterioles and capillaries by microfilariae or fibrin thrombi, including edema, necrosis, and glial nodules. Microfilariae found in other tissues of the head, including the eye, tongue, and pinnae of some animals, as well as in lung, heart, liver, and kidney, typically were associated with inflammation. Three of the 10 infected moose had cropped ears attributed to elaeophorosis, and four exhibited abnormal behavior, which may have been due to neuropathology associated with E. schneideri microfilariae in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this minireview, we examine the impacts of hurricanes and other extreme weather events on cancer survivors, focusing on structural and social determinants of health. We briefly explore influences on biological, psychosocial, and behavioral outcomes and discuss risk and resilience factors in cancer survivorship during and after hurricanes. Our goal is to inform future directions for research that can identify areas in which we can most efficiently improve cancer outcomes and inform changes in health systems, clinical practice, and public health policies. This timely minireview provides researchers and clinicians with an overview of challenges and opportunities for improving disaster preparedness and response for cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is the primary question addressed by this study? This paper summarizes the evidence in support of distinct subtypes within the population of older adults who attempt suicide when both traditional and cognitive risk-factors are considered. • What is the main finding of this study? Risk factors for early-onset suicidal behavior even in old age resemble those for suicidal behavior seen in young adulthood, including childhood adversity and life-long decision-making difficulties. In contrast, a dementia prodrome is one of the most promising but understudied candidates for risk of late-onset suicidal behavior, especially in the context of other risk factors. • What is the meaning of the finding? Among older adults, age at first suicide attempt may be important in determining risk factors for suicidal behavior. This clinical viewpoint article aims to draw attention to a yet unexplored factor influencing suicidal behavior: age of onset of suicidal behavior. To tackle the substantial heterogeneity among depressed older attempters, we suggest consideration of at least two distinct pathways to suicidal behavior in late life based on when the first suicidal crisis occurred. Specifically, we discuss the current state of research and the rationale behind the suggested early–late-onset categorization of late-life suicidal behavior. We summarize available evidence so far on early-onset and late-onset attempters, and the potential heterogeneity in the interplay of risk/precipitating factors. Certain risk factors for suicide, such as impulsivity and borderline traits, decrease with age, while memory and broader cognitive impairments increase with age. Research indicates that familial/social exposure to suicidal behavior, childhood trauma, impulsivity, maladaptive personality traits, longstanding interpersonal difficulties, and legal problems are found predominantly in attempters experiencing their first suicidal crisis between youth and early midlife. In contrast, dementia prodrome is one of the most promising but understudied candidates for late-onset suicide risk, especially in the context of other risk factors. Moreover, personality traits conferring increased vulnerability to late-onset suicidal behavior (such as high conscientiousness) are not the same as ones classically identified in younger attempters and in older suicide attempters who have early-onset suicidal behavior (such as neuroticism and Cluster B traits). We discuss methodological points about studying age of onset of suicidal behavior, outline clinical implications, share ideas for future directions, and call for research on this understudied topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogens important to aquatic animal health is of increasing concern but vastly understudied. Antimicrobial therapy is used to both treat and prevent bacterial disease in fish and is critical for a viable aquaculture industry and for maintenance of wild fish populations. Unfortunately, phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing is technically difficult for bacteria recovered from aquatic animal hosts resulting in challenges in resistance monitoring using traditional methods. Whole-genome sequencing provides an appealing methodology for investigation of putative resistance. As part of the ongoing efforts of the FDA CVM Vet-LIRN to monitor AMR, source laboratories cultured and preliminarily identified pathogenic bacteria isolated from various fish species collected in 2019 from across the United States. Sixty-one bacterial isolates were evaluated using whole-genome sequencing. We present here the assembled draft genomes, AMR genes, predicted resistance phenotypes, and virulence factors of the 61 isolates and discuss concurrence of the identifications made by source laboratories using matrix-assisted laser desorption/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid growth in aquaculture has resulted in high-density production systems in ecologically and geographically novel conditions in which the emergence of diseases is inevitable. Well-characterized methods for detection and surveillance of infectious diseases are vital for rapid identification, response, and recovery to protect economic and food security. We implemented a proof-of-concept approach for virus detection using a known high-consequence fish pathogen, infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV), as the archetypal pathogen. In fish infected with ISAV, we integrated histopathology, virus isolation, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), electron microscopy (EM), in situ hybridization (ISH), and reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-rtPCR). Fresh-frozen and formalin-fixed tissues were collected from virus-infected, control, and sham-infected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Microscopic differences were not evident between uninfected and infected fish. Viral cytopathic effect was observed in cell cultures inoculated with fresh-frozen tissue homogenates from 3 of 3 ISAV-infected and 0 of 4 uninfected or sham-infected fish. The ISAV genome was detected by shotgun metagenomics in RNA extracted from the medium from 3 of 3 inoculated cell cultures, 3 of 3 infected fish, and 0 of 4 uninfected or sham-infected fish, yielding sufficient coverage for de novo assembly. An ISH probe against ISAV revealed ISAV genome in multiple organs, with abundance in renal hematopoietic tissue. Virus was detected by RT-rtPCR in gill, heart, kidney, liver, and spleen. EM and metagenomic WGS from tissues were challenging and unsuccessful. Our proof-of-concept methodology has promise for detection and characterization of unknown aquatic pathogens and also highlights some associated methodology challenges that require additional investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Neighborhood characteristics are increasingly implicated in cognitive health disparities, but no research has investigated how the historical context of neighborhoods shapes these disparities. METHODS: Four hundred sixty‐four Black (55%) and White older adults (Mage = 63.6) were drawn from the Michigan Cognitive Aging Project, a community‐based, prospective study of older adults. Participants' addresses at baseline (2017–2020) were geocoded and linked to 2000–2017 measures of neighborhood socioeconomic status (NSES): disadvantage [NDis] and affluence [NAff]. Latent class growth analysis (LCGA) characterized 18 interpolated year trajectories of NSES across 1344 census tracts. Path analysis examined whether NSES trajectory classes mediated the association between race and a global cognition composite. RESULTS: LCGA identified three NDis and two NAff trajectory classes, which were associated with participant race. Only one NDis class was associated with cognition, and it mediated the association between the Black race and cognition. DISCUSSION: Disinvestment in neighborhoods may be particularly salient in race disparities in cognitive function. Highlights: Race is implicated in the likelihood of living in more disadvantaged neighborhoods.Historical trends in neighborhood disadvantage are associated with cognitive function in older adulthood.Identifying patterns of neighborhood change may inform neighborhood‐level interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australian schooling is characterised by high levels of choice and competition, and education policymaking promotes the dissemination of information to assist families to choose a school. The aim of this study is to examine whether current information sharing is adequate for informing school choice for young people seeking vocational education and training (VET) opportunities. We examined secondary school websites in Western Australia, a state that is experiencing severe skills shortages, to ascertain the nature and extent to which information about VET in secondary schools is publicly available. Our findings showed that information about VET programs is largely invisible on school websites, as well as on the state jurisdiction’s website (Department of Education WA, n.d.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative spinal epidural hematomas (pSEHs) are a rare complication of microdiscectomy surgery. The hematoma may be unnoticed intraoperatively, but timely treatment may prevent permanent neurologic impairment. Airway management in patients with a full stomach is generally performed with rapid sequence intubation and general anesthesia. Awake spine surgery without intravenous analgesia or sedation may be beneficial in patients with a full stomach who are at higher risk for pulmonary aspiration with general anesthesia due to a loss of non-per-oral (NPO) status. The authors propose that it can also be performed in cases of urgent/emergent postsurgical epidural hematoma evacuation. Methods: We present the airway management of a 41-year-old man who underwent a minimally invasive microdiscectomy with normal strength immediately after surgery but developed progressive weakness with right foot dorsiflexion, right extensor hallucis longus muscle weakness, and progressive right lower extremity ascending numbness over the course of the first 2 hours after surgery due to an epidural hematoma. Results: The patient underwent urgent awake epidural hematoma evacuation with a spinal anesthetic. Afterward, the patient recovered neurological function and was discharged the following morning. Clinical Relevance: pSEHs are a rare complication of microdiscectomy surgery. The purpose of this article is to describe the novel use of awake spine surgery in emergent epidural hematoma evacuation and demonstrate its feasibility. Conclusions: In emergencies, when a patient is not NPO, awake spine surgery can safely be performed with no sedation, ensuring the patient can protect their airway and avoid the risk of aspiration. Level of Evidence: 3. Case Report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research has demonstrated the negative impact of racism on health, yet the measurement of racial sentiment remains challenging. This article provides practical guidance on using social media data for measuring public sentiment. Methods: We describe the main steps of such research, including data collection, data cleaning, binary sentiment analysis, and visualization of findings. We randomly sampled 55,844,310 publicly available tweets from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2021 using Twitter's Application Programming Interface. We restricted analyses to US tweets in English using one or more 90 race-related keywords. We used a Support Vector Machine, a supervised machine learning model, for sentiment analysis. Results: The proportion of tweets referencing racially minoritized groups that were negative increased at the county, state, and national levels, with a 16.5% increase at the national level from 2011 to 2021. Tweets referencing Black and Middle Eastern people consistently had the highest proportion of negative sentiment compared with all other groups. Stratifying temporal trends by racial and ethnic groups revealed unique patterns reflecting historical events specific to each group, such as the killing of George Floyd regarding sentiment of posts referencing Black people, discussions of the border crisis near the 2018 midterm elections and anti-Latinx sentiment, and the emergence of COVID-19 and anti-Asian sentiment. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the utility of social media data as a quantitative means to measure racial sentiment over time and place. This approach can be extended to a range of public health topics to investigate how changes in social and cultural norms impact behaviors and policy. A supplemental digital video is available at http://links.lww.com/EDE/C91 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: We compared gender disparities in later‐life memory, overall and by education, in India and the United States (US). METHODS: Data (N = 7443) were from harmonized cognitive assessment protocols (HCAPs) in the Longitudinal Aging Study of India‐Diagnostic Assessment of Dementia (LASI‐DAD; N = 4096; 2017‐19) and US Health and Retirement Study HCAP (HRS‐HCAP; N = 3347; 2016‐17). We derived harmonized memory factors from each study using confirmatory factor analysis. We used multivariable‐adjusted linear regression to compare gender disparities in memory function between countries, overall and by education. RESULTS: In the United States, older women had better memory than older men (0.28 SD‐unit difference; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.35). In India, older women had worse memory than older men (−0.15 SD‐unit difference; 95% CI: −0.20, −0.10), which attenuated with increasing education and literacy. CONCLUSION: We observed gender disparities in memory in India that were not present in the United States, and which dissipated with education and literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: Clinical features among patients with refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) and initial shockable rhythms of ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia are not well-characterized. METHODS: We compared clinical characteristics and coronary angiographic findings between patients with refractory OHCA (incessant ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia after =3 direct-current shocks) and those without refractory OHCA. RESULTS: Between 2014 and 2018, a total of 204 patients with ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia OHCA (median age 62; males 78%) were divided into groups with (36%, 74/204) and without refractory arrest (64%, 130/204). Refractory OHCA patients had longer cardiopulmonary resuscitation (23 versus 15 minutes), more frequently required =450 mg amiodarone (34% versus 3.8%), and had cardiogenic shock (80% versus 55%) necessitating higher adrenaline dose (4.0 versus 1.0 mg) and higher rates of mechanical ventilation (92% versus 74%; all P<0.01). Of 167 patients (82%) selected for coronary angiography, 33% (n=55) had refractory OHCA (P=0.035). Significant coronary artery disease (=1 major vessel with >70% stenosis) was present in >70% of patients. Refractory OHCA patients frequently had acute coronary occlusion (64% versus 47%), especially left circumflex (20% versus 6.4%) and graft vessel (7.3% versus 0.9%; all P<0.05) compared with those without refractory OHCA. Refractory OHCA group had higher in-hospital mortality (45% versus 30%, P=0.036) and greater new requirement for dialysis (18% versus 6.3%, P=0.011). After adjustment, refractory OHCA was associated with over 2-fold higher odds of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 2.28 [95% CI, 1.06-4.89]; P=0.034). CONCLUSIONS: Refractory ventricular fibrillation/pulseless ventricular tachycardia OHCA was associated with more intensive resuscitation, higher rates of acute coronary occlusion, and poorer in-hospital outcomes, underscoring the need for future studies in this extreme-risk subgroup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Amyloid‐PET and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) associations in older adults have variously been interpreted as separate or dependent processes. In this study, we examine evidence for a temporal relationship between amyloid‐PET and WMH and investigate how both contribute to cognitive decline in a baseline cognitively unimpaired (CU) sample. Method: We analyzed longitudinal WMH and PACC3 cognition in n = 240 Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention participants who were CU at cognitive baseline with ≥1 amyloid‐PET and T2‐FLAIR scan. Amyloid burden was assessed using [C‐11]Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) PET and a multi‐ROI DVR value; DVR>1.19 = PiB+. WMH lesion volume was segmented and summed by the Lesion Segmentation Tool (LST) version 1.2.3 in SPM12 from T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted FLAIR scans; TIV‐adjusted WMH >2.06 = WMH+. Sampled iterative local approximation (SILA) modeling aligned biomarker levels to positivity duration scale (years = 0 at biomarker+ threshold). To investigate how amyloid burden relates to WMH trajectories, time at each WMH scan was operationalized four ways: age, ∼WMH+ duration, years_since_baseline_scan, and ∼PiB+ duration. We compared model fits and interaction effects for the various PiB status*time interactions (mixed effects models; retaining significant quadratic time terms; random slopes and intercepts). We also examined whether PACC3 age‐related trajectories differed by PiB/WMH +/‐ groups (at last scan). Result: More women were WMH+ and APOE4 was more common among PiB+ (see also Table1). Significant interactions using age or years_since_baseline_scan suggested slightly faster WMH accumulation in PiB+ vs PiB‐ at older ages. In parallel models, WMH+ duration*PiB status and PiB+ duration*PiB status did not show differences between PiB+ and PiB‐ WMH trajectories. Time operationalized as WMH+ duration yielded the best fitting model (see Table2 and Fig1A‐D). PACC3 decline was fastest in the PiB+/WMH+ group, followed by PiB+/WMH‐ (Fig1E). PiB+ was more common than WMH+ and tended to precede it when both were present (Table1; Fig1F). Conclusion: In this baseline CU sample, WMH+ was less common and occurred later in life, on average, than PiB+. Associations between amyloid burden and WMH trajectories were driven by older ages, suggesting potential unidentified age‐related mediators in this relationship. Presence of both amyloid and WMH was associated with fastest preclinical cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This work characterized longitudinal changes in cerebrovascular health in humans with and without presence of small vessel disease (SVD) and amyloid‐β using different neuroimaging techniques. Method: Participants (n = 41) were biomarker characterized into three groups: amyloid and SVD negative (A‐V‐; "control"), SVD positive (A‐V+), and amyloid positive (A+V‐). All were cognitively unimpaired except two participants clinically diagnosed with MCI (A‐V+) and dementia (A+V‐) (Table 1). MRI: Vascular imaging: Whole‐brain 4D‐Flow data were acquired to characterize cerebrovascular health. Two MRI time‐points were used to establish 4D‐Flow‐based longitudinal changes. Measurements were extracted from intracranial arteries and veins and included blood flow, vessel pulsatility index, and trans‐capillary pulse wave delay (TPWD). TPWD was defined as the time shift between arterial and venous cardiac waveforms. Structural imaging: TIV‐normalized WMH volumes were segmented from T2‐FLAIR images and used as surrogate for SVD. V+/‐ thresholds were determined from Gaussian Mixture Model on 930 participants. PET: Amyloid‐β burden was assessed using 11C‐PiB PET imaging. Amyloid positivity was established as mean cortical PiB DVR >1.16. Vascular changes were assessed using Kruskal‐Wallis followed by multiple comparisons (P<0.05 significance). Result: After ∼4.5 years, middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) blood flow decreased significantly more in amyloid than SVD groups, while vessel pulsatility increased significantly more in amyloid compared to SVD (Fig.1). TPWD shortened significantly in SVD compared to amyloid and control groups. All groups showed a decreased in blood flow, increased in vessel pulsatility and shortening of TPWD with time. At the time of the last MRI visit, MCAs blood flow was somewhat higher in SVD compared to amyloid and control groups, but not significantly (Fig.2). Vessel pulsatility was similar between groups, yet slightly higher in SVD and amyloid groups. TPWD was significantly shorter in SVD compared to the amyloid group. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the feasibility to measure longitudinal cerebrovascular changes using 4D‐Flow MRI in the context of SVD and AD biomarker positive groups. Preliminary results indicate 4D‐Flow‐based vascular markers can detect differences between SVD and amyloid groups both longitudinally and cross‐sectionally. Cerebrovascular changes in A+ suggest decreased metabolism and increased macro‐vessel stiffness, while findings in SVD positive supports stiffness of the micro‐circulation and capillaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]