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In order to fill this research gap, the authors undertook an analysis of the problem specified in the title in the context of public elementary schools in Białystok. First, a dogmatic approach was taken, which involved a detailed analysis of selected provisions of educational law. Second, an empirical approach was applied by reviewing documents in the form of statutes from 44 out of 47 elementary schools, focusing on the degree of implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, Goal 4a. The research was based on criteria developed by the authors, grounded in the available literature, which focused on four key aspects considered essential for assessing the level of achievement of the stated goal. These criteria include ensuring the physical and psychological safety of students, internal and external aspects of security, safety education, and cooperation of schools with institutions charged with the provision of safety. The analyses partially confirmed the hypothesis that the examined national regulations and the statutes of public elementary schools are only minimally aligned with SDG 4a. These findings shed light on the existing theoretical and practical challenges related to the effective implementation of international educational standards at the local level and may serve as inspiration for further research.

This paper addresses the important current problem of illegal crossing of a national border, which since autumn 2021 has been particularly intense on the Belarusian–Polish section of the border. It has been serious enough to pose a security threat not only to Poland, but also to the rest of Europe. This article contains a discussion of the solutions provided for in the 1999 Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus that concern illegal border crossing and associated crimes, i.e. organization of illegal migration and violation of the period of prohibition of entry into the territory of the country. For the purposes of the article, it was assumed that the scope of the regulations in question is casuistic and restrictive, and provides little guarantee of protection of the national border of Belarus. The legal analyses that were conducted generally confirmed the assumed evaluation of these solutions.

Various laboratory parameters are commonly used to assess the efficacy of biological treatment (BT). The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between platelet (PLT) indices: (mean platelet volume (MPV), plateletcrit (PCT), platelet distribution width (PDW)), C-reactive protein (CRP) and endoscopic picture in the course of infliximab induction regimen in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. The study enrolled 46 patients with UC – 32 men and 16 women. They were administered infliximab (standard induction therapy). Laboratory tests (CRP and PLT indices) and colonoscopy were performed in all patients during the induction regimen – at 0, 2, and 6 weeks and in follow-up six weeks after the completion of induction therapy. The study revealed a statistically significant decrease in CRP and PLT, and an increase in MPV, together with improvement of endoscopic picture (p <0.001) (MAYO score, MAYO endoscopic subscore) in all patients. PCT and PDW values remained in normal ranges before BT and after the finish of the induction regimen. PCT correlated positively with CRP before the introduction of BT (p = 0.018). In addition, positive correlations between PCT and PLT count were noticed before infliximab induction regimen and in follow-up after the finished of therapy (p <0.001). Additionally, a negative correlation between PLT count and MPV prior to the first dose of infliximab was observed (p=0.032). Our data suggest that PLT indices could be useful biomarkers for determining active UC and for assessing the efficacy of BT. From what we know, this is the first survey devoted to PLT parameters in Polish patients with UC.

Introduction.Efficacy of biological treatment (BT) is a key issue among inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Laboratory markers and endoscopic procedures are basic diagnostic tools in the assessment of response to biological agents in the course of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC).

DDS based on cholesterol, ketoester, and NIPAAm, designed for the delivery of DOX.The ketoester and arrangement of blocks are crucial for anticancer activity.PNPs not only act as transporters but also sensitize the cell to DOX.High cytotoxicity of DOX-loaded PNPs was achieved despite low doses of the drug.PNPs have the proper size, shape, and ζ potential for efficient drug delivery.

Herein, we report the formation of drug delivery systems from original thermoresponsive block copolymers containing lipid-based segments. Two acrylate monomers derived from palmitic- or oleic-acid–based diacylglycerols (DAGs) were synthesized and polymerized by the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) method. Well-defined DAG-based polymers with targeted molar masses and narrow molar mass distributions were next used as macro-chain transfer agents (macro-CTAs) for the polymerization of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) or N-vinylcaprolactam (NVCL). The obtained amphiphilic block copolymers were formed into polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) with and without encapsulated doxorubicin and characterized. Their biological assessment indicated appropriate cytocompatibility with the representatives of normal cells. Furthermore, compared to the free drug, increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis or necrosis induction in breast cancer cells was documented, including a highly aggressive and invasive triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line.

A case of tracheocoele as a complication after decanniulation in a patient after brain trauma is presented. Within twelve months after decanniulation patient was operated three times to close the tracheocutaneous fistula without good effect. A pretracheal air cyst was recognized after the radiological examinations. Tracheocoele was evacuated with its tract. No recurrences were observed.

Background: In recent years, targeted drug delivery strategies have received special attention from the scientific world due to advantages such as more effective therapy and reduction of side effects. The principle of operation is delayed excretion from the bloodstream of the drug delivery system compared to the drug itself, as well as facilitated penetration into diseased cells thanks to the use of ligands recognized by appropriate receptors. Particularly interesting drug carriers are amphiphilic copolymers that form nano-sized micelles with a drug, which can release the drug at a specific place in the body under the influence of appropriate stimuli. Results: We describe the synthesis of the diblock polymer, poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)-b-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) using RAFT/MADIX (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer/MAcromolecular Design by Interchange of Xanthate) controlled polymerization affording polymers with good dispersity according to SEC (Size-Exclusion Chromatography). Some post-modifications of the polymer with folic acid were then performed as evidenced by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), UV–Vis (UltraViolet–Visible) and FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared)spectroscopy, and TGA (ThermoGravimetric Analysis). The formation of stable micellar systems from polymers with and without the drug, 5-fluorouracil, was confirmed by DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering) and zeta potential measurements, and TEM (Transmission Eelectron Microscopy) imaging. Finally, the cloud point of the polymers was investigated, which turned out to be close to the temperature of the human body. Most importantly, these micellar systems have been explored as a drug delivery system against colon cancer, showing increased cytotoxicity compared to the drug alone. This effect was achieved due to the easier cellular uptake by the interaction of folic acid and its receptors on the surface of cancer cells. Conclusions: The presented results constitute a solid foundation for the implementation of a nano-sized drug delivery system containing folic acid for practical use in the treatment of drug-resistant cancer, as well as more effective therapy with fewer side effects. Graphical Abstract:

The aim of this study was the analysis of the umbilical cord serum sHLA-G levels in pregnancies complicated by severe preeclampsia and/or IUGR. Patients and Methods. The study was carried out on 12 preeclamptic patients with appropriate-for-gestational-age weight infants, 14 pregnant patients with severe preeclampsia complicated by IUGR, 7 normotensive patients with isolated IUGR, and 22 healthy controls with uncomplicated pregnancies. Results. Our study revealed higher umbilical serum levels of sHLA-G in preeclamptic pregnancies complicated by IUGR and decreased in the preeclamptic women with the normal fetal growth. The pregnant normotensive patients with isolated IUGR revealed the same levels of sHLA-G as observed in healthy pregnant controls. Conclusions. Lower levels of sHLA-G observed in preeclamptic pregnancies without IUGR may lead to excessive maternal immune reaction against the fetus. Higher levels of sHLA-G in preeclamptic pregnancies with IUGR may reflect the excessive releasing of this molecule to protect fetus, but it may be insufficient to balance disturbed fetomaternal immune relationship. The lack of association with normotensive pregnancies complicated by isolated IUGR may suggest that a different pathomechanism is involved in the impairment of intrauterine fetal growth in both patient groups with pregnancies complicated by isolated IUGR and in the course of preeclampsia.