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Instrumental records indicate a close relationship between the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) on interannual to decadal time scales. However, few studies have examined possible links between them on centennial/millennial time scales. In Northeast China, modern observations show that the immigration of temperate forest trees such as Pinus(pine) and Quercus(oak) into cold temperate boreal forest is sensitive to changes in winter temperature. Here we present a continuous high‐resolution pollen record from Lake Moon in the central part of the Great Khingan Mountain Range, Northeast China. The record reveals increasing contents of Pinusand Quercuspollen after ~6.0 ka cal. BP, which may indicate a gradual weakening of the EAWM. It is broadly coupled with an increasing El Niño frequency since the middle Holocene, and we observe a statistically significant correlation between the percentages of Pinusand Quercusand a time series of El Niño events. On the centennial to millennial time scale, the results of wavelet analysis and band‐pass filtering show that the occurrence and development of El Niño have also promoted a weaker EAWM after ~6.0 ka cal. BP, which is inversely correlated with the variation of the ca. 500‐year cycle originated from changes in solar output. These results imply that the climate transition in the mid‐Holocene is caused by the change of variations in solar activity and amplified by ocean circulation El Niño‐Southern Oscillation to influence the East Asian Monsoon system, especially the EAWM, and finally change the vegetation in Great Khingan Mountain Range. A pollen record from Lake Moon in Northeast China in Holocene implies the shrinkage of the EAWM after 6 ka BPThe teleconnection between the EAWM and El Niño events is obvious in HoloceneSolar activity may be main driving force of the ENSO and the EAWM on centennial/millennial time scale since mid‐Holocene

In this paper, we used numerical calculation and simulation to investigate the differential resistance of GaN-based laser diodes (LDs) with and without polarization effect. We confirmed the existence of a kink at the vicinity of threshold current in the differential resistance curve of GaN-based LDs and found that the kink polarity can be reversed dependent on the polarization effect. The serial parasitic diodes should be included in the theoretical analysis of the equivalent circuit of the LD devices. We determined that the superposition effects of the n-side, active, and p-side regions of the LDs caused the kink and its polarity. We also found that the differential resistance before and after the threshold was dominated by the p-side region and its gradual reduction is related to an electron overflow into p-side. Finally, we studied the effects of cavity facet reflectivity on the kink.

The honeycomb sandwich structure reflector panel is a multilayer structure formed by three-layer aluminum plate and two-layer honeycomb bonded by epoxy resin adhesive, and its thermal deformation behavior is complicated. In this study, the thermal deformation behavior of the reflector panel is studied by a combination of experiment and finite element simulation.

The wheat cultivars AC Majestic, AC Splendor, and AC Karma were developed and licensed for production in western Canada in the mid-1990s. Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important pathogen of wheat throughout North America. Virulent isolates of P. triticina are selected and increase following the release of wheats with specific resistance genes, which eventually reduces the effectiveness of the resistance. Knowledge of the genes that condition leaf rust resistance in wheat makes it easier to add additional resistance genes to breeding germplasm. The objective of this study was to identify the leaf rust resistance genes in these three cultivars. The three cultivars were crossed with the susceptible wheat 'Thatcher', and the F1 plants were backcrossed to 'Thatcher'. The backcross F2 (BCF2) families were tested for segregation of leaf rust resistance in seedling tests with specific P. triticina isolates. The BCF2 families were also tested for segregation of leaf rust resistance as adult plants in a field rust nursery that had been inoculated with a mixture of P. triticina virulence phenotypes. 'AC Majestic' was determined to have the seedling resistance gene Lr16 and the adult plant resistance gene Lr13. 'AC Splendor' was determined to have Lr13, Lr16, and the adult plant resistance gene Lr34. 'AC Karma' was determined to have Lr13, Lr16, and the adult plant resistance gene LrTb. All three cultivars had genes Lr13 and Lr16, which reflect a lack of genetic diversity for leaf rust resistance in western Canada spring wheats. The results of the study indicate that additional leaf rust resistance genes need to be crossed into the spring wheat germplasm to provide new cultivars with high levels of leaf rust resistance.

Hierarchically ordered mesoporous metallosilicate MCM‐41 molecular sieves have been synthesized. The redox‐active metals Ti, V, Cr and Mn were incorporated in the framework, as characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. These materials have extraordinary morphologies in terms of their diverse and remarkable shapes and impressive surface patterns, such as centipede‐like, rope, vesicle and gyroidal spheroid, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The spatial relationship between the channel axis and the morphologies of the mesoporous silicates was investigated. The morphology formation of metallosilicates could be affected by the properties of the incorporated transition metal species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hierarchically ordered mesoporous metallosilicate MCM-41 molecular sieves have been synthesized. The redox-active metals Ti, V, Cr and Mn were incorporated in the framework, as characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. These materials have extraordinary morphologies in terms of their diverse and remarkable shapes and impressive surface patterns, such as centipede-like, rope, vesicle and gyroidal spheroid, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. The spatial relationship between the channel axis and the morphologies of the mesoporous silicates was investigated. The morphology formation of metallosilicates could be affected by the properties of the incorporated transition metal species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An atomic intermixing layer, 25 nm in width, has been identified by highresolution transmission electron microscopy HRTEM and energydispersive Xray spectroscopy EDS analysis at the ceramicmetal interface of a hydroxyapatite HA coatingtitanium implant prepared by an ionbeamassisted deposition IBAD technique and post–heattreatment process. The detailed interfacial microstructure revealed a gradient evolution of both the structure and composition of the interfacial phases from the titanium substrate to HA coatings. An enhancement of the tensile bond strength was found and was attributed to the possible chemical bonding at the ceramicmetal interface. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 52, 115–118, 2000.

Abstract: The gene encoding phenylacetaldehyde reductase (PAR), a useful biocatalyst for producing chiral alcohols, was cloned from the genomic DNA of the styrene-assimilating Corynebacterium sp. strain ST-10. The gene contained an opening reading frame consisting of 1,158 nucleotides corresponding to 385 amino acid residues. The subunit molecular weight was calculated to be 40,299, which was in agreement with that determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was sufficiently expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli cells for practical use and purified to homogeneity by three-column chromatography steps. The predicted amino acid sequence displayed only 20–29% identity with zinc-containing, NAD+-dependent, long-chain alcohol dehydrogenases. Nevertheless, the probable NAD+- and zinc-binding sites are conserved although one of the three catalytic zinc-binding residues of the zinc-containing, long-chain alcohol dehydrogenases was substituted by Asp in PAR. The protein contains 7.6 mol zinc/mol tetramer. Therefore, the enzyme was considered as a new member of zinc-containing, long-chain alcohol dehydrogenases with a particular and broad substrate specificity.

Abstract: A new enzymatic resolution process was established for the production of l-threo-3-[4-(methylthio)phenylserine] (MTPS), an intermediate for synthesis of antibiotics, florfenicol and thiamphenicol, using the recombinant low-specificity d-threonine aldolase from Arthrobacter sp. DK-38. Chemically synthesized dl-threo-MTPS was efficiently resolved with either the purified enzyme or the intact recombinant Escherichiacoli cells overproducing the enzyme. Under the optimized experimental conditions, 100 mM (22.8 g l−1) l-threo-MTPS was obtained from 200 mM (45.5 g l−1) dl-threo-MTPS, with a molar yield of 50% and a 99.6% enantiomeric excess.

Abstract: The gene dak1 encoding a dihydroxyacetone kinase (DHAK) isoenzyme I, one of two isoenzymes in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe IFO 0354 strain, was cloned and sequenced. The dak1 gene comprises 1743 bp and encodes a protein of 62 245 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence showed a similarity to a putative DHAK of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and DHAK of Citrobacter freundii. The dak1 gene was expressed at a high level in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity and characterized. The acetone powder of recombinant E. coli cells was used to produce dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

The gene encoding low specificity D-threonine aldolase, catalyzing the interconversion of D-threonine/D-allo-threonine and glycine plus acetaldehyde, was cloned from the chromosomal DNA of Arthrobacter sp. strain DK-38. The gene contains an open reading frame consisting of 1,140 nucleotides corresponding to 379 amino acid residues. The enzyme was overproduced in recombinant Escherichia coli cells and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation and three-column chromatography steps. The recombinant aldolase was identified as a pyridoxal enzyme with the capacity of binding 1 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per mol of subunit, and Lys59 of the enzyme was determined to be the cofactor binding site by chemical modification with NaBH4. In addition, Mn2+ ion was demonstrated to be an activator of the enzyme, although the purified enzyme contained no detectable metal ions. Equilibrium dialysis and atomic absorption studies revealed that the recombinant enzyme could bind 1 mol of Mn2+ ion per mol of subunit. Remarkably, the predicted amino acid sequence of the enzyme showed no significant similarity to those of the currently known pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzymes, indicating that low specificity D-threonine aldolase is a new pyridoxal enzyme with a unique primary structure. Taken together, low specificity D-threonine aldolase from Arthrobacter sp. strain DK-38, with a unique primary structure, is a novel metal-activated pyridoxal enzyme.

Induction of mucosal tolerance by inhalation of soluble peptides with defined T cell epitopes is receiving much attention as a means of specifically down-regulating pathogenic T cell reactivities in autoimmune and allergic disorders. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the Lewis rat by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) and Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is mediated by CD4⁺ T cells specific for the MBP amino acid sequences 68-86 and 87-99. To further define the principles of nasal tolerance induction, we generate three different MBP peptides (MBP 68-86, 87-99 and the non-encephalitogenic peptide 110-128), and evaluated whether their nasal administration on day -11, -10, -9, -8 and -7 prior to immunization with guinea pig MBP (gp-MBP)+CFA confers protection to Lewis rat EAE. Protection was achieved with the encephalitogenic peptides MBP 68-86 and 87-99, MBP 68-86 being more potent, but not with MBP 110-128. Neither MBP 68-86 nor 87-99 at doses used conferred complete protection to gp-MBP-induced EAE. In contrast, nasal administration of a mixture of MBP 68-86 and 87-99 completely blocked gp-MBP-induced EAE even at lower dosage compared to that being used for individual peptides. Rats tolerized with MBP 68-86+87-99 nasally showed decreased T cell responses to MBP reflected by lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-γ ELISPOT assays. Rats tolerized with MBP 68-86+87-99 also had abrogated MBP-reactive IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA expression in lymph node cells compared to rats receiving MBP 110-128 nasally, while similar low levels of MBP-reactive transforming growth factor-β and IL-4 mRNA expressing cells were observed in the two groups. Nasal administration of MBP 68-86+87-99 only slightly inhibited guinea pig spinal cord homogenate-induced EAE, and passive transfer of spleen mononuclear cells from MBP 68-86+87-99 tolerized rats did not protect naive rats from EAE. Finally, we show that nasal administration of MBP 68-86+87-99 can reverse ongoing EAE induced with gp-MBP, although higher doses are required compared to the dosage needed for prevention. In conclusion, nasal administration of encephalitogenic MBP peptides can induce antigen-specific T cell tolerance and confer incomplete protection to gp-MBP-induced EAE, and MBP 68-86 and 87-99 have synergistic effects. Non-regulatory mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for tolerance development after nasal peptide administration.

Induction of mucosal tolerance by inhalation of soluble peptides with defined T cell epitopes is receiving much attention as a means of specifically down-regulating pathogenic T cell reactivities in autoimmune and allergic disorders. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the Lewis rat by immunization with myelin basic protein (MBP) and Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is mediated by CD4+ T cells specific for the MBP amino acid sequences 68-86 and 87-99. To further define the principles of nasal tolerance induction, we generated three different MBP peptides (MBP 68-86, 87-99 and the non-encephalitogenic peptide 110-128), and evaluated whether their nasal administration on day -11, -10, -9, -8 and -7 prior to immunization with guinea pig MBP (gp-MBP) + CFA confers protection to Lewis rat EAE. Protection was achieved with the encephalitogenic peptides MBP 68-86 and 87-99, MBP 68-86 being more potent, but not with MBP 110-128. Neither MBP 68-86 nor 87-99 at doses used conferred complete protection to gp-MBP-induced EAE. In contrast, nasal administration of a mixture of MBP 68-86 and 87-99 completely blocked gp-MBP-induced EAE even at lower dosage compared to that being used for individual peptides. Rats tolerized with MBP 68-86 + 87-99 nasally showed decreased T cell responses to MBP reflected by lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. Rats tolerized with MBP 68-86 + 87-99 also had abrogated MBP-reactive IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA expression in lymph node cells compared to rats receiving MBP 110-128 nasally, while similar low levels of MBP-reactive transforming growth factor-beta and IL-4 mRNA expressing cells were observed in the two groups. Nasal administration of MBP 68-86 + 87-99 only slightly inhibited guinea pig spinal cord homogenate-induced EAE, and passive transfer of spleen mononuclear cells from MBP 68-86 + 87-99-tolerized rats did not protect naïve rats from EAE. Finally, we show that nasal administration of MBP 68-86 + 87-99 can reverse ongoing EAE induced with gp-MBP, although higher doses are required compared to the dosage needed for prevention. In conclusion, nasal administration of encephalitogenic MBP peptides can induce antigen-specific T cell tolerance and confer incomplete protection to gp-MBP-induced EAE, and MBP 68-86 and 87-99 have synergistic effects. Non-regulatory mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for tolerance development after nasal peptide administration.

The 2B/X2.8 double-ribbon flare of 30 March, 1982 is investigated using Ha, white light, X-rays, and microwaves. The X-ray burst seems to consist of two components, i.e., an impulsive component showing a long chain of peaks and a thermal component (T ~ 2 × 107 K).

Asp10 of L-2-haloacid dehalogenase from Pseudomonas sp. YL was proposed to act as a nucleophile to attack the alpha-carbon of L-2-haloalkanoic acids to form an ester intermediate, which is hydrolyzed by nucleophilic attack of a water molecule on the carbonyl carbon (Liu, J.-Q, Kurihara, T., Miyagi, M., Esaki, N., and Soda, K. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18309-18312). We have found that the enzyme is paracatalytically inactivated by hydroxylamine in the presence of the substrates monochloroacetate and L-2-chloropropionate. Ion spray mass spectrometry demonstrated that the molecular mass of the enzyme inactivated by hydroxylamine during the dechlorination of monochloroacetate is about 74 Da greater than that of the native enzyme. To determine the increase of the molecular mass more precisely, we digested the inactivated enzyme with lysyl endopeptidase and measured the molecular masses of the peptide fragments. The molecular mass of the hexapeptide Gly6-Lys11 was shown to increase by 73 Da. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of this peptide revealed that the increase is due to a modification of Asp10. When the enzyme was paracatalytically inactivated by hydroxylamine during the dechlorination of L-2-chloropropionate, the molecular mass of the hexapeptide was 87 Da higher. Hydroxylamine is proposed to attack the carbonyl carbon of the ester intermediate and form a stable aspartate beta-hydroxamate carboxyalkyl ester residue in the inactivated enzyme.

L-2-Haloacid dehalogenase (EC 3.8.1.2) catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of L-2-haloacids to produce the corresponding D-2-hydroxy acids. We have analyzed the reaction mechanism of the enzyme from Pseudomonas sp. YL and found that Asp10 is the active site nucleophile. When the multiple turnover enzyme reaction was carried out in H2(18)O with L-2-chloropropionate as a substrate, lactate produced was labeled with 18O. However, when the single turnover enzyme reaction was carried out by use of a large excess of the enzyme, the product was not labeled. This suggests that an oxygen atom of the solvent water is first incorporated into the enzyme and then transferred to the product. After the multiple turnover reaction in H2(18)O, the enzyme was digested with lysyl endopeptidase, and the molecular masses of the peptide fragments formed were measured by an ionspray mass spectrometer. Two 18O atoms were shown to be incorporated into a hexapeptide, Gly6-Lys11. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of this peptide revealed that Asp10 was labeled with two 18O atoms. Our previous site-directed mutagenesis experiment showed that the replacement of Asp10 led to a significant loss in the enzyme activity. These results indicate that Asp10 acts as a nucleophile on the alpha-carbon of the substrate leading to the formation of an ester intermediate, which is hydrolyzed by nucleophilic attack of a water molecule on the carbonyl carbon atom.

Abstract: Low-specificity l-threonine aldolase, catalyzing the reversible cleavage/condensation reaction between l-threonine/l-allo-threonine and glycine plus acetaldehyde, was purified to homogeneity from Pseudomonas sp. NCIMB 10558. The enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of approximately 145 kDa and consists of four identical subunits with a molecular mass of 38 kDa. The enzyme, requiring pyridoxal- 5′-phosphate as a coenzyme, is strictly l-specific at the α position, whereas it can not distinguish between threo and erythro forms at the β position. Besides the reversible cleavage/condensation of threonine, the enzyme also catalyzes the reversible interconversion between glycine plus various aldehydes and l-β-hydroxy-α-amino acids, including l-β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)serine, l-β-(3,4-met‐hylenedioxyphenyl)serine and l-β-phenylserine, providing a new route for the industrial production of these important amino acids.

Abstract:  A cDNA clone (1.7 kb) isolated from a cDNA library of in-vitro germinated pollen from the potato species Solanum berthaultii contains an open reading frame of 465 amino acid residues. The predicted protein sequence has typical sequence characteristics of the catalytic subunit of the cyclic-nucleotide dependent protein kinases isolated from yeasts and animals, and the gene has been provisionally termed SBPK, (Solanum berthaultii protein kinase) A transcript of about 1.9 kb was detected on a northern blot in developing anthers, mature pollen, and in-vitro germinated pollen, but not in other plant tissues. The expression in anthers corresponds to the late uninucleate stage of microspore development. Isolation and nucleotide sequencing of a SBPK genomic clone revealed the kinase transcribed region to be interrupted by two introns, both close to the 5′end of the open reading frame, one upstream and one downstream of the start codon. Chimeric genes were constructed by fusing the coding sequence in the antisense orientation to the promoter of a strong late-expressed pollen gene, LAT52, and introduced in potato. Transformants fell into two classes, one displaying a typical antisense phenotype, and a second type arising from a cosuppression event. Both types of transformant gave rise to increased proportions of defective pollen, although the cosuppression effect was more severe. The results indicate that this anther-expressed protein kinase is essential for pollen development in potato.

Fluoroacetate dehalogenase (EC 3.8.1.3) catalyzes the dehalogenation of fluoroacetate and other haloacetates. The amino acid sequence of fluoroacetate dehalogenase from Moraxella sp. B is similar to that of haloalkane dehalogenase (EC 3.8.1.5) from Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 in the regions around Asp-105 and His-272, which correspond to the active site nucleophile Asp-124 and the base catalyst His-289 of the haloalkane dehalogenase, respectively (Krooshof, G. H., Kwant, E. M., Damborský, J., Koca, J., and Janssen, D. B. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 9571-9580). After multiple turnovers of the fluoroacetate dehalogenase reaction in H218O, the enzyme was digested with trypsin, and the molecular masses of the peptide fragments formed were measured by ion-spray mass spectrometry. Two 18O atoms were shown to be incorporated into the octapeptide, Phe-99-Arg-106. Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of this peptide revealed that Asp-105 was labeled with two 18O atoms. These results indicate that Asp-105 acts as a nucleophile to attack the alpha-carbon of the substrate, leading to the formation of an ester intermediate, which is subsequently hydrolyzed by the nucleophilic attack of a water molecule on the carbonyl carbon atom. A His-272 --> Asn mutant (H272N) showed no activity with either fluoroacetate or chloroacetate. However, ion-spray mass spectrometry revealed that the H272N mutant enzyme was covalently alkylated with the substrate. The reaction of the H272N mutant enzyme with [14C]chloroacetate also showed the incorporation of radioactivity into the enzyme. These results suggest that His-272 probably acts as a base catalyst for the hydrolysis of the covalent ester intermediate.

The wave numerical simulation accuracy can be improved by assimilating remotely sensed wave observations. In addition to the nadir, significant wave height (SWH), the Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) onboard Chinese‐French Oceanic SATellite (CFOSAT) provides two additional columns of wave spectra observations within wavelengths from 70 to 500 m. A model based on a deep neural network (DNN) is developed to retrieve the total SWH from the partially wave spectra observed by SWIM. The DNN model uses the parameters from both the SWIM spectra and the nearest nadir as the inputs, and the DNN is trained on the SWH from cross‐matched altimeter observations. The DNN‐based acquisition of the SWH is verified to achieve a high accuracy. A set of assimilation experiments are performed based on MFWAM and show promising results. Compared to the assimilation of SWIM nadir SWHs only, the addition of the newly obtained SWIM SWH notably enhances the positive impacts of assimilation, not only proving the effectiveness and accuracy of the DNN model but also demonstrating the unique potential of SWIM in wave assimilation. Assimilation is an effective method of improving the accuracy of wave models by using remotely sensed wave heights. The Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) onboard Chinese‐French Oceanic SATellite (CFOSAT) is a new and unique instrument that can provide more wave observations than traditional altimeters. Therefore, SWIM has the potential to have positive impacts on wave forecasting. However, the additional observations from SWIM can cover only partial wave energy spectra within wavelengths of 70–500 m. Therefore, a model for retrieving the total wave height from partially observed wave spectra is critical before we can assimilate SWIM observations into wave models. A model for retrieving the total wave height is developed based on a deep neural network, a widely used technique in artificial intelligence. Assimilation experiments are carried out to test the effectiveness of the newly obtained total wave heights. Satisfactory results are found, indicating that the total wave heights from our model significantly improve the wave simulation accuracy. These findings also demonstrate the capability of SWIM as an effective wave monitoring instrument that can likely exert highly positive impacts on the accuracy of wave forecasts. A deep neural network (DNN) model is developed for the acquisition of significant wave heights from Chinese‐French Oceanic SATellite (CFOSAT) Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) spectraAdditional positive impacts are found in the assimilation of the Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) box significant wave height (SWH) from the DNN compared to the assimilation of nadir SWH only A deep neural network (DNN) model is developed for the acquisition of significant wave heights from Chinese‐French Oceanic SATellite (CFOSAT) Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) spectra Additional positive impacts are found in the assimilation of the Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) box significant wave height (SWH) from the DNN compared to the assimilation of nadir SWH only

The accuracy of a wave model can be improved by assimilating an adequate number of remotely sensed wave heights. The Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) and Scatterometer (SCAT) instruments onboard China‐France Oceanic SATellite provide simultaneous observations of waves and wide swath wind fields. Based on these synchronous observations, a method for retrieving the SWH over an extended swath is developed using the deep neural network approach. With the combination of observations from both SWIM and SCAT, the SWH estimates achieve significantly increased spatial coverage and promising accuracy. As evidenced by the assessments of assimilation experiments, the assimilation of this “wide swath SWH” achieves an equivalent or better accuracy than the assimilation of the traditional nadir SWH alone and enhances the positive impact when assimilated with the nadir SWH. Therefore, insights into the better utilization of wave remote sensing in assimilation are presented. Data assimilation is an effective way to improve wave numerical simulations, and its impact is related to both the quality and the quantity of wave observations. China‐France Oceanic SATellite (CFOSAT) carries two instruments, namely, Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) and a scatterometer (SCAT), which are designed to provide along‐track wave parameters and wind observations over a wide swath, respectively. By combining observations from both instruments, we propose a method to estimate the significant wave height (SWH) over a wide swath (typically ±100 km on each side of the nadir track) that aims to achieve an accuracy as good as the SWIM nadir and an improved spatial coverage. The method is developed by using the deep neural network approach. With the advantage of both a significantly increased spatial coverage and reasonable accuracy, the wide swath SWH has the potential to enhance the positive impacts of wave assimilation. Assimilation experiments demonstrate that the wide swath SWH achieves impacts as good as the assimilation of the SWIM nadir SWH and enhances the accuracy of the wave model when assimilated together with the nadir SWH. Hence, synchronous observations from CFOSAT will facilitate relevant applications in operational wave forecasting. An innovative method for extending significant wave height (SWH) from nadir to a wide swath is presentedA deep neural network model is developed based on simultaneous observations from the nadir beam and wind scatterometer of the CFOSATSignificant positive impacts are found in the assimilation of the “wide swath” SWH compared to the assimilation of the Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring nadir only An innovative method for extending significant wave height (SWH) from nadir to a wide swath is presented A deep neural network model is developed based on simultaneous observations from the nadir beam and wind scatterometer of the CFOSAT Significant positive impacts are found in the assimilation of the “wide swath” SWH compared to the assimilation of the Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring nadir only

The steady-state composition profiles of ternary azeotropic mixtures in a continuous distillation column were investigated with feed compositions on the ridge or in the valley of the boiling temperature surfaces of the systems. The success of the crossing ridges and valleys was presented experimentally. The overheads and the bottoms are in the different regions divided by the ridge or the valley. Crossing paths are not tangent to the ridge or the valley but go through it in an inclined direction. The temperature along the column changes monotonically when the composition profile crosses the ridge or the valley.

LS-DYNA software was used to establish the three-dimensional finite element simulation calculation model of cylindrical shell, and the effect of different mass flanges on the strain growth within the elastic response range of shell was analyzed and compared. The research found that: when the flange mass was changed, the radial and circumferential strain first peak value of shell basically did not change, while the axial first peak value changed greatly. The variation trend of strain growth response in radial direction and axial direction is basically the same, but the influence of axial strain growth is larger. Compared with the larger mass flange, the smaller mass flange may cause larger strain growth of the shell. Different flange mass only affects the time of strain growth and different frequency parts of excitation strain response, but hardly affects the appearance time of the "dangerous time domain". The longer the dangerous time domain is, the smaller the strain growth factor is.

Background: Asphyxiated neonates often have myocardial depression which is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Cardioprotective effects of cyclosporine have been observed in adult patients and animals with myocardial infarction. However, the cardioprotective effect of cyclosporine in neonates has not yet been studied.Objectives: We hypothesize that cyclosporine will improve cardiac function and reduce myocardial injury in asphyxiated newborn piglets.Methods: Thirty-six piglets (1-4 days-old) were acutely instrumented for continuous monitoring of cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure. After stabilization, normocapnic alveolar hypoxia (10-15% oxygen) was instituted for 2h followed by reoxygenation with 100% (0.5h), then 21% (3.5h) oxygen. Piglets were block-randomized to receive intravenous boluses of cyclosporine A (2.5, 10 or 25 mg/kg) or normal saline (control) at 5 min of reoxygenation (n=8/group). Cardiomyocyte mitochondria were assessed for morphology and markers of injury.Results: Hypoxic piglets had cardiogenic shock (cardiac output 40-48% of baseline), hypotension (mean arterial pressure 30mmHg) and acidosis (pH 7.04). Cyclosporine-treatment caused bell-shaped improvements in cardiac output and systemic oxygen delivery (p< 0.05 vs. controls). Although histological features of myocardial injury were not different among groups, severe damage was observed in mitochondria of control piglets but attenuated in that of cyclosporine (10 mg/kg) treatment. Markers of mitochondrial injury including cytosol cytochrome-c and lipid hydroperoxides were significantly decreased and mitochondrial aconitase activity was preserved in cyclosporine-treated piglets compared to controls (all P< 0.05).Conclusions: Post-resuscitation administration of cyclosporine causes preservation of cardiac function and attenuates cardiac mitochondrial injury in newborn piglets following asphyxia-reoxygenation.

Introduction: Asphyxiated neonates commonly have multi-organ failure. Cyclosporine has recently been shown to improve systemic hemodynamics, however, its effects on the regional circulation have not yet been studied. We hypothesize that cyclosporine in asphyxiated newborn piglets will dose-dependently improve regional hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism.Methods: Piglets (1-4 days-old) were acutely instrumented for continuous monitoring of common carotid (CA), superior mesenteric (SMA) and renal (RA) arterial flows. After stabilization, normocapnic alveolar hypoxia (10-15% oxygen) was instituted for 2h followed by reoxygenation with 100% oxygen for 0.5h, then 21% for 3.5h. Piglets were blockrandomized to receive one of three cyclosporine intravenous boluses (2.5, 10 or 25 mg/kg) or placebo (normal saline, control) after 5 minutes of 100% reoxygenation (n=8/group). Blood samples were collected for co-oximetry analysis and oxygen transport calculation. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA.Results: All piglets had decreased regional blood flow (CA 52-64%, SMA 34-56%, RA 25-35% compared to respective baseline), hypotension (mean arterial pressure 30mmHg) and acidosis (pH 7.04) at 2h of hypoxia. Cyclosporine (2.5 and 10 mg/ kg) treatment at reoxygenation caused dose-related improvements in SMA flow and oxygen delivery. Cyclosporine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased RA flow and oxygen delivery (P< 0.05 vs. controls). While CA flows were not different among groups, cyclosporine (25 mg/kg) had significantly higher CA oxygen delivery than controls.Conclusion: In newborn piglets following asphyxiareoxygenation, post-resuscitation administration of cyclosporine caused differential and dose-related improvements of regional perfusion.

Introduction: Myocardial depression following asphyxia of the newborn is a significant cause of mortality. Cyclosporine reduces myocardial damage in adult patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction. However, the potential cardioprotective effects of cyclosporine in neonates have not yet been studied. We hypothesize that cyclosporine in asphyxiated newborn piglets will improve cardiac function, systemic hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism.Methods: Thirty-six piglets (1-4 days-old) were instrumented for continuous monitoring of cardiac output and systemic arterial pressures. After stabilization, normocapnic alveolar hypoxia (10-15% oxygen) was instituted for 2h followed by reoxygenation with 100% oxygen for 0.5h, then 21% for 3.5h. Piglets were block randomized to receive one of three cyclosporine intravenous boluses (2.5, 10 or 25 mg/kg) or placebo (normal saline, control) after 5 minutes of 100% reoxygenation (n=8/group). Blood samples were collected for analysis of blood gases and plasma troponin. Statistical analysis performed using ANOVA.Results: All piglets demonstrated cardiogenic shock (cardiac output 45% of baseline), hypotension (systemic arterial pressure 30mmHg) and acidosis (pH=7.04) at the end of 2h of hypoxia. Cyclosporine treatment at reoxygenation caused dose-related improvements in cardiac output and oxygen delivery compared to controls (both P< 0.05). Cyclosporine at 10 mg/kg significantly improved stroke volume compared to controls, demonstrating preservation of cardiac function. Plasma troponin, a marker of myocardial damage, was significantly higher in controls than that of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg cyclosporine treatment groups.Conclusion: We first demonstrated that the post-resuscitation administration of cyclosporine caused dose-related preservation of cardiac function in newborn piglets following asphyxia-reoxygenation.