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As electronic circuit integration intensifies, there is a rising demand for dielectric insulators that provide both superior insulation and high dielectric constants. This study focuses on developing high-k dielectric insulators by controlling the phase of the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2(HZO) film with additional doping, utilizing yttrium (Y), tantalum (Ta), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), and aluminum (Al) as dopants. Doping changes the ratio of tetragonal to monoclinic phases in doped HZO films, and Y-doped HZO (Y:HZO) films specifically exhibit a high tetragonal phase ratio and a dielectric constant of 40.9, indicating superior insulating properties compared to undoped HZO films. To clarify the fundamental mechanism driving the enhancement in dielectric properties, we have carried out various analyses combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Through the optimization of the post-deposition annealing (PDA) process and the heterojunction structure with Al2O3, an Al2O3/Y:HZO heterojunction with a high dielectric constant and even lower leakage current compared to a single layer was developed. The thin-film transistor (TFT) with the Au/Ti/amorphous InGaZnO4(a-IGZO)/Al2O3/YHZO/TiN heterojunction structure exhibits low subthreshold swing (SS) values within a narrow gate-source voltage (Vsg) range. This study advances knowledge on how the controlled-phase doped HZO films affect the dielectric constant and leakage current and will contribute to semiconductor technology advancements by overcoming the limitations of conventional high-k dielectric insulators.

EPO analogues are representative glycoprotein drugs composed of heterogeneous, multiple antennary N‐glycans. NESP® and Aranesp® are hyperglycosylated EPO, marketed under the same international nonproprietary name as darbepoetin alfa. The multiple antennary N‐glycans are a key factor that increases the half‐life of the drug in the body, which is closely related to efficacy. Thus, control of N‐glycosylation is important in providing patients with consistent efficacy. This paper reports on the comprehensive characterization of N‐glycosylation of darbepoetin alfa products. The results of N‐glycan analysis of NESP® and Aranesp® showed difference in the ratio of N‐glycans containing N‐acetyllactosamine and O‐acetylated sialic acid. Although there were some differences, the overall N‐glycan structures and profiles were comparable. In particular, darbepoetin alfa products accounted for the largest proportion of tetra‐sialo N‐glycans, greater than 75%. This study increases understanding of N‐glycan profiles and structural information of darbepoetin alfa. Characterization of N‐glycans in Darbepoetin alfa.

Preventing ferroelectric materials from losing their ferroelectricity over a low thickness of several nanometers is crucial in developing multifunctional nanoelectronics. Epitaxially grown 5 at. % yttrium-doped Hf0.5Zr0.5O2(YHZO) thin films exhibit an atomically smooth surface, an ability to maintain ferroelectricity even at a thickness of 10 nm, and excellent insulating properties, making them suitable for use as gate oxides in ferroelectric thin film transistors (FeTFTs). Through the epitaxial growth of a YHZO/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3(LSMO)/SrTiO3(STO) heterostructure, YHZO effectively retains its ferroelectricity and orthorhombic single phase, leading to enhancing electron mobility (∼19.74 cm2V–1s–1) and memory window (3.7 V) in the amorphous InGaZnO4(a-IGZO)/YHZO/LSMO/STO FeTFTs. These FeTFTs demonstrate a consistent memory function with remarkable endurance (∼106cycles) and retention (∼104s). Furthermore, they sustain a constant memory window even under ±6 V bias stress for 104s and exhibit excellent stability even under ±6 V/1 ms pulse cycling for 107cycles. For comparison, a transistor with the same structure was fabricated using epitaxial nonferroelectric LaAlO3(LAO) and epitaxial undoped Hf0.5Zr0.5O2(HZO) as alternatives to YHZO. This study presents a novel approach to exploit the potential of YHZO in FeTFTs, contributing to the development of next-generation logic-in-memory.

The article focuses on the hurdles and burden in the preparation of a marriage from starting to the completion of all rituals of marriage. Topics discussed include gifts exchanged between the bride and the groom's family, booking of outdoor marriage venue and preparation of jewellery, cosmetics and wedding dress.

The purpose of this study was to examine how parents and children of an immigrant family interact with each other in their process of acculturation to become fashion consumers in a new culture. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 young adults to study the differences and interactions between parents and children of Korean-American families in relation to fashion-related values, attitudes and behaviors. A strong relationship between the values of parents and children was found in the Korean-American families interviewed. Two roles of fashion in relation to the acculturation process of Korean-American families were identified in this study. The two roles are, first as an indicator and second as a facilitator of acculturation. The results of this study provide a better understanding of intergenerational interaction in immigrant families who are leading transnational lives and the significance of fashion in their acculturation process as a medium of culture. This information will be useful in developing intervention programs that mediate acculturation of Korean-Americans, as well as other immigrant families. The process and characteristics of fashion-related behavior, one's ethnic identity and the value adoption of Korean-Americans were identified through this study.

This study aimed to examine the Swedish fashion industry as a case through which to analyze the fashion industry from the systems perspective of creativity research. The Swedish fashion industry, which is in the advanced stage of the fashion-industry life cycle, may be considered a model for newly industrialized countries' fashion industries. In this study, various aspects of the Swedish fashion industry have been reviewed in order to examine its structure as an institutionalized system. A total of 12 interviews with professionals working in the Swedish fashion industry were analyzed along with the literature, in order to identify the factors influencing the Swedish fashion industry's creative and cultural development. The case of Sweden shows the importance of a strong institutionalized field as well as a culture that is supportive of the growth of creativity in the fashion industry.

AbstractOrgdot is a South Korean social enterprise specializing in the fashion business. A limited liability company established in March 2009, it was certified as a Seoul-style social enterprise in October 2010. At the end of 2011, Orgdot had 18 employees working in its head office and at the Seoul-based factory.Orgdot’s primary business objective is to improve the environment and the level of labor contentment by promoting ethical fashion. In terms of labor, Orgdot enhances the job satisfaction of sewing industry laborers by providing sustainable, decent jobs for designers and production experts through the direct operation of its factory. By establishing a network between emerging designers and sewing factories, Orgdot has re-invigorated the sewing industry and helped creative, emerging designers establish their own businesses. This practice ensures reliable incomes for the designers and the factories, enhancing the job satisfaction of both the sewing factory laborers and designers. In addition, Orgdot plans to reduce environmental pollution by using eco-friendly materials and increasing the public’s awareness of the importance of eco-friendliness. Through these activities, Orgdot aims to ultimately promote an ethical fashion lifestyle.Orgdot’s business is largely divided into 3 divisions: B2B, B2C and the Platform divisions. The B2B division, whose purpose is to supply eco-friendly and ethically produced uniforms, supplies goods to enterprises through planning, design and production. Its primary products are T-shirts, hooded sweatshirts, jackets, bags, and cheering towels. It produces and supplies uniforms for players in both private and governmental Korean organizations. The B2B business enables customers to contribute to social benefit by purchasing eco-friendly and ethically manufactured goods. Their business clients can improve their corporate images by highlighting their interests in social responsibility. Hence, the B2B business is a substantial revenue source for Orgdot.The B2C division develops apparel products, promotes and manufactures them in ethical and eco-friendly ways, and sells them to customers. It has developed and currently produces eco-friendly bags (8 types in 2 styles) and USB flash drives with hardwood shells (2 types). The tote bag labeled “Once I was a plastic bottle” is made from recycled plastic bottles. These bags have vivid colors and are reversible, and 1,500 of them have been sold. In 2010, the B2C division of Orgdot ex panded by 67% in comparison to 2009. Although the trade volume of the B2C division is less than that of the B2B division, its primary objective is to enhance customers’ awareness of the importance of ethical consumption through the development and sale of products with competitive designs. In particular, the Orgdot online shop connected to Orgdot’s blog provides a range of information on ethical and eco-friendly consumption, enabling more consumers to purchase ethically produced goods.The Platform division focuses on local communities. Its primary objective is to create a healthy fashion ecosystem by supporting young designers’ label-launching activities. Orgdot is conducting a Regional Innovative Specialization project supported by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy in partnership with Hansung University, the Seoul Chamber of Commerce & Industry, and the Specialized Sewing Manufacturers’ Group (SSMG). This project’s objective is to construct a production and distribution platform for designing and sewing, provide sample rooms that are easily accessible by designers, encourage companies to purchase eco-friendly raw and subsidiary materials, and help them produce goods in small quantities. It also plans to supply regular work for sewing factories and to open online and offline stores, supplying customers with goods at reasonable distribution charges. Moreover, it plans to adopt techniques such as “crowd sourcing”, which enables customers to choose designs for products that they want to produce, promoting the stockless production of goods.Due to the rapid increase in sales over the past two years, Orgdot plans to expand its factory and recruit more employees. These new jobs will offer five-day work weeks and will provide basic national insurance coverage. Moreover, by developing more products and materials, and through continuous expansion of the B2B and B2C divisions, Orgdot is determined to maintain the current level of increasing sales. Orgdot aims to produce at least 80% of its goods through ethical (i.e., fair labor or eco-friendly) processes in accordance with the guidelines for ethical products and to develop various fabrics. This will minimize its limitations in producing ethical/eco-friendly products and will offer Orgdot an advantage over its competitors. To establish a platform for producing ethical goods, Orgdot is recruiting emerging designers for the Regional Innovative Specialization (RIS) project, which is supported by the Korean government and is being run as a consortium by Orgdot. This project is an incubator for emerging designers that allows them to display their creative skills, and it attempts to create a network that links emerging designers with local garment factories. Moreover, it aims to establish a system that enables the production of samples and goods in small quantities.Considering the relatively low public awareness in South Korea of the social and environmental issues in apparel manufacturing, the efforts of social enterprises such as Orgdot in the fashion industry are encouraging. An enterprise in South Korea that makes a positive social impact, or at least demonstrates an increased awareness of social issues, is important in light of the Korean fashion industry’s significant position in the global economy. The Asian Big Five countries, which include Korea, served as a base for apparel manufacturing until the 1990s. These countries are now recognized as examples of successful industrial upgrading that characterizes them as focused on product development and design. The Korean fashion industry has also been considered a model for many developing countries seeking to upgrade their industry. The increased awareness and emphasis on social issues in the Korean fashion industry may have an impact beyond national boundaries and may transmit changes to other developing countries.

Background:Diabetic motor neuropathy is expressed as the loss of function and the contracture of the intrinsic muscles of the foot, leading to the classic claw toe deformity. This deformity predisposes the foot to ulcerations on the dorsum or tip of the toes or an interdigital ulcer over a condyle between the toes. We present our results of a modified resection arthroplasty for the treatment of this difficult problem. Materials and Methods:In this study, 72 toes (57 feet) with a deformity in the second to fifth toe accompanied by chronically infected ulcers were involved. All patients underwent modified resection arthroplasty of the PIP or DIP joint depending on the ulcer location. The second toe was involved in 27 cases (38%), the third toe in 11 cases (15%), the fourth toe in 19 cases (26%), and the fifth toe in 15 cases (21%). With the exception of 4 patients, all had a positive culture, including 7 cases of MRSA. The mean followup was 28.7 ± 8.1 months. Results:The mean wound healing time was 25.6 ± 6.2 days. Three cases eventually required toe amputation but there was no proximal spread of infection. No recurrence of a claw toe or ulcer occurred in the remaining toes. Conclusion:We believe that modified resection arthroplasty for toe deformities with chronic infected ulcers in diabetic patients is a good treatment alternative to toe amputation.

The Her-2/neu oncogene, which encodes a growth factor receptor, was implicated in the malignancy of human adenocarcinomas. Antibodies directed to this molecule have been previously shown to have an antitumor effect in vivo. In an attempt to understand the mechanisms of the antitumor activity, we generated 2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), HRO G1 and HRT G1, that recognize different epitopes on Her-2/neu. Both of the mAbs bound HER2/neu on the tumor surface, resulting in phosphorylation of HER2/neu. We also generated IgG2a and IgG2b mAbs from these 2 mAbs, respectively. The results of in vitro studies showed that these anti-Her-2/neu mAbs could not inhibit the growth of the tumor cells that express Her-2/neu molecules by themselves. However, in an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity study using mouse splenocytes as effector cells, HRT mAbs had antitumor activities superior to those of HRO mAbs, indicating that the epitope specificity may also partake in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity with antibody isotype. In a complement-dependent cytotoxicity study, the IgG2a and IgG2b mAbs showed stronger effects than IgG1 isotype mAbs irrespective of the epitope specificities. The results of in vivo studies also showed that HRT mAbs had superior antitumor activity to those of HRO mAbs. The antitumor activity was most prominent in the HRT G2b isotype among HRT mAbs. HRT G1 also showed a moderate antitumor effect, while HRT G2a showed only slight inhibition effect. These data indicate that both the epitope specificity and the differences in Fc region of mAbs could play important roles in the antitumor activities. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Host immune response is known to contribute to the progression of periodontitis, and alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis is associated with enhanced osteoclast activity. Therefore, we evaluated the roles of activated lymphocyte subsets in osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclast precursors were co-cultured with activated lymphocytes (B, CD4⁺ T, CD8⁺ T) in the presence of either macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) alone or M-CSF plus soluble receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (sRANKL), and subsequent differentiation into active osteoclasts was evaluatedby a resorption assay. The activated B and CD4⁺ cells, but not CD8⁺ T cells, induced osteoclast differentiation in the presence of M-CSF alone. In the presence of M-CSF and sRANKL, B cells induced the formation of small but highly active osteoclasts and increased resorption, while CD8⁺ T cells profoundly suppressed osteoclastogenesis. Co-culture using an insert wellor supernatant suggested that both B and CD8⁺ T cells acted on osteoclasts mostly via soluble proteins. Activated B cells expressed many osteoclastogenic factors including RANKL, TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-1α, and MCP-3. CD8⁺ T cells expressed a substantial amount of osteoprotegerin (OPG) along with RANKL. However, blocking antibody to OPG did not reverse the suppression by CD8⁺ T cells, suggesting that other factor(s) are involved. Taken together, activated B cells promoted osteoclastogenesis, while CD8⁺ T cells inhibited the osteoclast formation via direct interaction. The results imply the importance of lymphocyte subpopulations in the development of periodontitis.

In resistive switching memories or artificial synaptic devices, halide perovskites have attracted attention for their unusual features such as rapid ion migration, adjustable composition, and facile synthesis. Herein, the environmentally friendly and highly air stable CsCu2I3perovskite films are used as the active layer in the Au/CsCu2I3/ITO/glass artificial synapses. The device shows variable synaptic plasticities such as long-term and short-term synaptic plasticity, paired-pulse facilitation, and spike-timing-dependent plasticity by combining potentiation and depression along the formation of conductive filaments. The performances of the devices are maintained for 160 days under ambient conditions. Additionally, the accuracy evaluation of the CsCu2I3-based artificial synapses performs exceptionally well with the MNIST and Fashion MNIST data sets, demonstrating high learning accuracy in deep neural networks. Using the novel B-site engineered halide perovskite material with extreme air stability, this study paves the way for artificial synaptic devices for next-generation in-memory hardware.

The catalytic hydroxylation of aliphatic hydrocarbons by m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPBA) has been studied in the presence of elecrtron-deficient iron(III) porphyrin complexes. High yields of alcohol products were obtained with small amounts of ketone formation under mild reaction conditions. The stereospecificity and regioselectivity of the iron porphyrin complexes have been investigated in hydroxylation reactions as well. The hydroxylation of alkanes has been performed in the presence of isotopically 18O-labeled water, H218O, in order to understand the effects of the electronic nature of iron porphyrin complexes, the concentration of H218O, the C–H bond strength of alkanes, and the reaction temperature on the 18O-incorporation from the labeled water into alcohols. We found that the amounts of 18O incorporated into the alcohol products varied in the reactions; these results were interpreted with that the reaction of oxygen atom transfer from a high-valent iron oxoporphyrin complex to alkanes competes with that of oxygen atom exchange between the intermediate and labeled water that leads to 18O-incorporation from H218O into the alcohol products. Deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in the alkane hydroxylations by the iron porphyrin complexes and MCPBA have been studied with a mixture of cyclohexane and cyclohexane-d12. The KIE values obtained in the reactions were found to depend significantly on the nature to the iron porphyrin complexes. The temperature dependence of kH/kDwas also studied from -40 to 25 °C and the parameters of Arrhenius equation (i.e., the pre-exponential factor ratio, AH/AD, and the isotopic difference of C–H and C–D bond activation energies, Ea(D)–Ea(H)) were determined.

Catalytic epoxidation of olefins by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an electronegatively-substituted iron porphyrin complex yielded epoxide products in acetonitrile solution. An iron(III) hydroperoxide porphyrin complex was proposed as a reactive intermediate responsible for the olefin epoxidations.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.