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This article examines selected different roles that the French media performed in the 2017 presidential campaign. Three in particular are highlighted: the media as platforms, as arenas and as players. Each component of this conceptual triad represents a distinctive status in terms of the degree of control exercised by candidates and media in terms of agenda construction and issue framing: candidate-centred communication (platform), mutual interdependence (arena) and relative media autonomy (player). In the concluding section the article evaluates the impact of the media on voters.

This article analyses and evaluates the 2012 presidential campaigns of Nicolas Sarkozy and François Hollande. It argues that these were to a large extent characterized by role reversal: Sarkozy was obliged to adopt the role of challenger, while Hollande assumed the status of incumbent. Yet it is also clear that this role reversal was not complete. Hollande enjoyed many of the advantages of the challenger position, while in contrast Sarkozy suffered from many of the disadvantages of incumbency, notably his mixed policy record in office and a negative public response to his presidential style.

Strobilae from Taenia crassiceps (WFU strain) were obtained from outbred hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus) by feeding them viable metacestodes maintained by intraperitoneal passage in female Balb/c mice. Mature and gravid proglottids from strobilae were recovered from hamster intestines and fixed for light and electron microscopy. By light microscopy, the expected structure of taeniid proglottids was observed. Ultrastructural analysis of ten proglottids showed that testicular follicles and vas deferens contained filiform spermatids, with a single axoneme, and an elongated helicoidal nucleus inserted between the axoneme and the spiraled cortical microtubules. At the apical cone, a single crest-like body was found and mature spermatids also exhibited transverse intracytoplasmic walls. The morphology and characters of the spermatids in T. crassiceps conform to type III spermiogenesis, which has been described in other taeniids.

ATTARD‐MARANINCHI, M.‐F., Le Panier, village corse à Marseille, Autrement, 1997, 157 pp., 89 F., ISSN 0336 5816CAYROL, R., Médias et démocratie: la derive, Presses de Sciences Po, 1997, 115 pp., 75F., ISBN 2 7246 0710 4CLERC, D., Dictionnaire des questions économiques et sociales, Editions de l'Atelier, 1997, 315 pp., 85F., ISBN 2 7082 3284 3CŒURÉ, S. et al.(eds), Marcel Cachin: Carnets 1906–1947: Volume IV 1935–47, CNRS, 1997, 1190 pp., no price indicated, ISBN 2 271 05124 XCOOPER, F., Decolonisation and African Society. The Labour Question in French and British Africa, Cambridge University Press, 1996, 677 pp., £55 hbk, ISBN 0 521 56251 1; £19.95 pbk, ISBN 0 521 56600 2DEBRAY, R., Transmettre, Odile Jacob, 1997, 204 pp., 120F., ISBN 2 7381 0461 4ELKABBACH, J.‐P., 29 mois et quelques jours, Grasset, 1997, 346 pp., 126F., ISBN 2 246 54341 XESTABLET, R., Comment peut‐on être Français? 90 ouvriers turcs racontent, Fayard, 1997, 242 pp., 100F, ISBN 2 213 59962 9FAURÉ, C. (ed.), Encyclopédic politique et historique des femmes, PUF, 1997, 885 pp., 498F., ISBN 213 048 316XFILLIEULE, O., Stratégies de la rue, Presses de Sciences Po, 1997, 435 pp., 265F., ISBN 2 7246 0707 4GAFAITI, H., Les Femmes dans le roman algérien: histoire, discours et texte, L'Harmattan, 1996, 350 pp., 180F., ISBN 2 384 4039 8GEISSER, V., Ethnicité républicaine. Les élites d'origine maghrébine dans le système politique français, Presses de Sciences Po, 1997, 261 pp., 149F., ISBN 2 7246 0732 5GRANGE, J., La Philosophie d'Auguste Comte, PUF, 1996, 447 pp., 198F., ISBN 2 1304 7277XHAUT CONSEIL DE LA FRANCOPHONIE, Etat de la Francophonie dans le monde: données 1995–1996 et 5 études inédites, La Documentation française, 1997, 629 pp., 150F., ISBN 2 11 003683 4INSEE, La France et ses régions: Edition 1997, INSEE, 1997, 226 pp., 89F., ISBN 2 11 066 505 XKALYVAS, S., The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe, Cornell University Press, 1996, 300 pp., £15.95, ISBN 0 8014 3241 3KNIGHT, D., Barthes and Utopia. Space, Travel, Writing, Clarendon Press, 1997, 287 pp., £35, ISBN 0 19 81 5889 0KOFMAN, S., Rue Ordener, Rue Labat, University of Nebraska Press, 1996, 85 pp., £11, ISBN 0 8032 7780 6LEVY, S. (ed.), Surrealism: Surrealist Visuality, Keele University Press, 1996, 173 pp., £35, ISBN 1 8533 1 170 7LLOYD, M. and THACKER, A. (eds), The Impact of Michel Foucault on the Social Sciences and Humanities, Macmillan, 1997, 186 pp., £42.50 hbk, ISBN 0 333 63126; £15.99 pbk, ISBN 0 333 68432 XLYNCH, F. M. B. France, and the International Economy, Routledge, 1997, 227pp., £45, ISBN 0 415 142 199MINISTERE DE LA JUSTICE, Les archives contemporaines de l'administration centrale. Guide de recherches, La Documentation française, 1997, 312 pp., 300F., ISBN 2 11090 299 XMUXEL, A., Individu et mémoire familiale, Nathan, 1996, 226 pp., 139F., ISBN 2 09 190420 1NEBOIT‐GUILHOT, R. and DAVY L. (eds), Les Français dans leur environnement, Nathan, 1996, 382 pp., 199F., ISBN 2 09 190369 8REYNOLDS, S., France between the Wars: Gender and Politics, Routledge, 1996, 280 pp., £16.99, ISBN 0 415 12737 8RITCHIE, A.C., Media French. A Guide to Contemporary French Idiom, with English Translations, University of Wales Press, 1997, 268 pp., £20, ISBN 0 7083 1399 XRONCAYOLO, M., Les grammaires d'une ville. Essai sur la genèse des structures urbaines à Marseille, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1996, 508 pp., 380F., ISBN 2 7132 1195 6ROUGELET, P.R.G., La machine à scandales, Albin Michel, 1997, 261 pp., 98F., ISBN 2 226 09274 9SHERINGHAM, M. (ed.), Parisian Fields, Reaktion Books, 1996, 200 pp., £12.95, ISBN 0 948462 85 XSHLAPENTOKH, D., The French Revolution in Russian Intellectual Life, 1865–1905, Praeger, 1996, 202 pp., £46.50, ISBN 0 275 95573 7The French Revolution and the Russian Anti‐Democratic Tradition. A, Case, of False Consciousness, Transaction Publishers, 1997, 324 pp., £20.95, ISBN 1 56000 244 1TERRIER, D., Les deux âges de la proto‐industrie: les tis‐serands du Cambrésis et du Saint‐Qucntinois, 1730–1880, Editions de I'EHESS, 1996, 311 pp., 150F., ISBN 2 7132 1203 0TOPPIA, J.‐M., Function politique et délit d'ingérence, L'Aube, 1996, 381 pp., no price indicated ISBN 2 87678 270 7TREMOIS, C.‐M., Les Enfants de la liberté. Le jeune cinéma français des années 90, Seuil, 1997, 282 pp., 120F., ISBN 2 02 032309 5TUCK, P., The French Wolf and the Siamese Lamb. The French Threat to Siamese Independence, 1858–1907, White Lotus, distributed by Liverpool University Press, 1995 434 pp., £24.95, ISBN 1 879155 44 3VANDERVORT, B., Victor Griffuelhes and French Syndicalism, 1895–1922, Louisiana State University Press, 1996, 278 pp., $50, ISBN 0 8071 2045 6

1. Sport and CultureGary ARMSTRONG and Richard GIULIANOTTI, eds., Entering the Field‐ New Perspectives on World Football,Berg, 1997, pp.319, £14.99, ISBN 1–85973–198–8 (pbk) Grant JARVIE, ed., Sport in the Making of Celtic Cultures,Leicester University Press 1999, pp.198, ISBN 0–7185–0129–2 (pbk)Andreas MAUS, Drüben‐ Alltagsgeschichten aus Ost und West[with photographies by Burkhard PETER], Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, dtv premium, 1999, pp.214, DM24.00, ISBN3–423–24164–0 (pbk)Neil TRANTER, Sport, Economy and Society in Britain 1750–1914,Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 112, £6.95, ISBN 0–521–57655–5 (pbk), £19.95, ISBN 0–521–57217–7 (hbk)2. Further ReviewsAttila ÁGH, The Politics of Central Europe,Sage Publications 1998, pp.244, £15.99, ISBN 0–7619–5032‐X(pbk)Hartmut BEHR, Zuwanderung im Nationalstaat ‐ Formen der Eigen‐ und Fremdbestimmung in den USA, der Bundesrepublik und Frankreich,Leske + Budrich, 1998, pp.327, DM48.00, ISBN 3–8100–1976–3 (pbk)Robert BIDELEUX and Ian JEFFRIES, A History of Eastern Europe ‐ Crisis and Change,Routledge, 1998, pp.685, £19.99, ISBN 0–415–16112–6 (pbk)Peter GOWAN and Perry ANDERSON, eds., The Question of Europe,Verso, 1997, pp.399, £15.00, ISBN1–85984–142–2 (pbk)Hermann, W. HOEN, The Transformation of Economic Systems in Central Europe,Cheltenham, UK, Northampton, MA.: Edward Elgar 1998, pp. 203+xi, £49.95, ISBN 1–85898–271–5.Robert LADRECH & Philippe MARLIÈRE (eds) Social Democratic Parties in the European Union‐ History, Organization, Policies,Macmillan, 1998, pp.234, £45.00, ISBN 0–333–68940–2 (hbk)Jo LANGHAM‐BROWN (ed.), Media in Europe ‐ The Yearbook of the European Institute for the Media 1998,The European Institute for the Media, 1998, pp.338, DM49.50, ISBN 3–929673–30–4 (pbk)Ronald LUTZ and Matthias ZENG (eds), Armutsforschung und Sozialberichterstattung in den neuen Bundesländern,Leske + Budrich, 1998, pp.323, DM 48.00, ISBN 3–8100–1843–0 (pbk)Martin McCAULEY, Russia since 1914,Longman Companions to History Scries, Longman, 1998, pp.367, £14.99, ISBN 0–582–27639‐X (pbk)Hugh O'DONNELL, Good Times, Bad Times ‐ Soap Operas and Society in Western Europe,Leicester University Press, 1999, pp.247, £16.99, ISBN 0–7185–0046–6 (pbk)Rosalind M.O.PRITCHARD, Reconstructing Education‐ East German School and Universities after Unification,Berghahn Books 1999, pp.249, £40.00, ISBN 1–57181–954–1 (hbk) Thomas SAALFELD, Großbritannien. Eine politische Landeskunde.Opladen: Leske & Budrich 1998, pp 155, DM 18,‐ ISBN 3–8100–2062–1 (pbk)Wolfgang SACHS, Reinhard LOSKE, Manfred LINZ et al, Greening the North: A Post‐Industrial Blueprint for Ecology and Equity,Zed Books 1998, pp 247, £14.95, ISBN 1 85649 508 6 (pbk).Klaus SCHROEDER, Der SED‐Staat ‐ Geschichte und Strukturen der DDR 1949–1989,Carl Hanser Verlag, 1998, 782 pp., DM78.00Janine R. WEDEL, Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe 1989–1998,London: Macmillan 1998, pp.286+xv, £25.00, ISBN 0–333–75328–3.

An indirect, quantifiable method for in vitro measurement of anti-SRBC antibody cytophilic for macrophages is described. The procedure consists of adding dilutions of normal or immune serum to 4 × 106macrophages in 35 mm plastic petri dishes for 1 h at 4°C. The plates are thoroughly washed to remove unbound antibody and 2 × 10751Cr-SRBC are added for 2 h at 4°C. Total cpm in the plates is determined, non-bound 51Cr-SRBC are removed by washing and the plates are re-counted. Percent binding is calculated from these two values. The assay provides data consistent with visual determinations of number of SRBC/100 macrophages but has less variability and is performed more rapidly and easily than the visual method.

BEGAG, A. Dis Oualla!Fayard, 1997 138 pp., 39F., ISBN 2 213 58702 2BOURDIEU, P. Sur la télévision, suivi de l'emprise dujournalismeRaison d'agir Liber éditions, 1996 95 pp., 28.50 F., ISBN 2 912107 00 8BRAUN, B. and COLLIGNON, F. (eds) La France en fichesBréal, 1997 (2nd edition) 335 pp., 165 F., ISBN 2 85394 775 0CARDY, M., EVANS, G., and JACOBS, G. (eds) Narrative Voices in Modern French FictionUniversity of Wales Press, 1997 258 pp., £30, ISBN 0 7083 1394 9CARRÈRE, G. Le transport en FranceQue sais‐je? PUF, 1997 128 pp., 49F., ISBN 2 13 048439 5CAYROL, R. Médias et démocratie: la dérivePresses de Sciences Po, 1997 115 pp., 75F., ISBN 2 7246 0710 4CORBIN, A. Women for Hire: Prostitution and Sexuality in France after 1850Harvard University Press, 1996 478 pp., £11.50, ISBN 0 674 95543 9COTTA, A. La Troisième Révolution françaiseHachette Pluriel, 1995 200 pp., 60F., ISBN 2 01 278808 4DIWO, F. La Télé, si vous saviez,Pion, 1997 175 pp., 98F., ISBN 2 259 18623 8ECHENOZ, J. Un anEditions de Minuit, 1997 110 pp., 65F., ISBN 2 7073 1587 7GRIOTTERAY, A. L'Argent de la télévisionEditions du Rocher, 1996 216 p., 98F., ISBN 2 268 02293 5GOUBERT, P. Un parcours d'historien. Souvenirs 1915–1995Fayard, 1996 315 pp., 138F., ISBN 2 213 59620 4HANDOURTZEL, R. Vichy et l'école, 1940–1944Noêsis, 1997 330 pp., 150F., ISBN 2 911606 11 6HAWTHORNE M. and GOLSAN R.J. (eds) Gender and Fascism in Modern FranceUniversity Press of New England, 1997 229 pp., £13.95, ISBN 097451 814 8HUGHES, A. and INCE, K. (eds) French Erotic Fictions. Women's Desiring Writing, 1880–1990Berg, 1996 191 pp., 12.95, ISBN 1 85973 049 3MAILLOT, P. Les fiancés de Marianne. La société française à travers ses grands acteursLes Editions du Cerf, 1996 234 pp., 195F., ISBN 2 204 05432 1MARKS, E. Marrano as Metaphor: the Jewish Presence in French WritingColumbia University Press, 1996 224 pp., £18.95, ISBN 0 231 10308 5MAUROY, P. Léo LagrangeDenoël, 1997 233 pp., 98F., ISBN 2 207 24546 2MILLIGAN, J.E. The Forgotten Generation. French Women Writers of the Inter‐War PeriodBerg, 1996 236 pp., £14.95, ISBN 1 85973 118Observatoire permanent de la coopération française (OPCF) Rapport 1996Desclée de Brouwer, 1996 162 pp., 120F., ISBN 2 220 03826 2OCKRENT, C. La mémoire du cœurFayard, 1997 321 pp., 110F., ISBN 2 213 03003 0PARSONS, N. Employee participation in Europe: a Case Study in the British and French Gas IndustryAvebury, 1997 186 pp., £32.50 ISBN 1 85972 522 8PÉRICARD, J. Verdun 1916Nouvelle Librairie de France, 1997 612 pp., 85F., no ISBN indicatedPERRY, S. (ed.) Aspects of Contemporary FranceRoutledge, 1997 258 pp., £45, hbk, ISBN 0 415 13179 0; £13.99, pbk, ISBN 0 415 13180 4PETITIER, P. La Géographie de Michelet. Territoire et modèles naturels dans les premières œuvres de MicheletL'Harmattan, 1997 294 pp., no price indicated, ISBN 2 7384 5174 8PITTE, J.‐R. La FranceNathan, 1997 192 pp., 69F., ISBN 2 09 190226 8READER, K. Regis Debray: a Critical IntroductionPluto Press, 1995 93 pp., £9.99, ISBN 0 7453 0822 8RIOUX, J.‐P. Tombeaux pour la gauchePresses de Sciences Po, 1996 127 pp., 75F., ISBN 2 7246 0701 5SARTRE, J.‐P. Le Mur(Edited with Introduction, Notes and Bibliography by Walter Redfern) Bristol Classical Press, 1997 137 pp., £9.95, ISBN 1 85399 457 XSHIPWAY, M. The Road to War: France and Vietnam, 1944–1947Berghahn Books, 1996 306 pp., £35, ISBN 1 57181 894 4SORMAN, G. Le bonheur françaisHachette Pluriel, 1995 262 pp., 60F., ISBN 2 01 278797 5THOMAS, G. (ed.) Francothèque: a resource for French StudiesHodder & Stoughton, 1997 £15, ISBN 0 340 67966 2THOMPSON, W. (éd.) The Contemporary Novel in FranceUniversity Press of Florida, 1995 420 pp., £39.95, ISBN 0 8130 1409 3TONDEUR, C.‐L. Annie Ernaux ou l'exil intérieurRodopi, 1996 155 pp.YOUNG, R.J. France and the Origins of the Second World WarMacmillan, 1996 191 pp., £13.99, ISBN 0 333 57553 9

Attali, J., 1492 (Fayard, 1991), 382pp., 120F., ISBN 2 213 02281 XAzéma, J.-P., and Bédarida, F., eds., Le Régime de Vichy et les français (Fayard, 1992), 788pp., 180F., ISBN 9 782213 026831Barrère-Maurisson, M.-A., La Division familiale da travail: la vie en double (PUF, 1992), 252pp., 172F., ISBN 2 13 044507 1Baudelot, C., and Establet, R., Allez, les filles! (Seuil, 1992), 244pp., 110F., ISBN 2 02 014619 3Berl, E., and d'Ormesson, J., Tant que vous penserez à moi (Grasset, 1992), 203pp., 89F., ISBN 2 246 45941 9Collectif GRIEF (Groupe de Recherches Interdisciplinaire d'Etudes des Femmes), Se reproduire, est-ce bien naturel? (Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1992), 175pp., 95F., ISBN 2 8516 164XDecaux, A., Le Tapis rouge (Perrin, 1992), 435pp., 125F., ISBN 2 262 00949 XDelors, J., Le Nouveau Concert européen (Odile Jacob, 1992), 349pp., 130F., ISBN 2 7381 0158 5Desgraupes, P., Hors antenne. Entretiens avec Annick Peigné-Giuly et Marion Scali (Quai Voltaire, 1992), 185pp., 90F., ISBN 2 87653 1127Dijkstra, S., Flora Tristan. Feminism in the age of George Sand (Pluto Press, 1992), 224pp., £12.50, ISBN 0 7453 0450 8Gauguin. Actes du colloque Gauguin. Musée d'Orsay, 11-13 janvier 1989 (La Documentation Française, 1991), 272pp., 210F., ISBN 2 11 002489 5Gay-Lescot, J.-L., Sport et éducation sous Vichy (1940-1944) (Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1991), 253pp., 137F., ISBN 2 7297 0398 5Gervereau, L., Rioux, J.-P., and Stora, B., eds., La France en guerre d'Algérie (Bibliothèque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine, 1992) 320pp., 330F., ISBN 2 70712132 0Green, J., La Fin d'un monde. Juin 1940 (Seuil, 1992), 117pp., 65F., ISBN 2 02 017282 8Gross, I. G., Custine, Tocqueville and the Romantic imagination (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1991), 190pp., $29.95, ISBN 0 520 07351 7Groux, G., and Mouriaux, R., La CGT: Crise et alternatives (Economica, 1992), 307pp., 150F., ISBN 2 7178 2192 9Joffrin, L., La Régression française (Seuil, 1992), 294pp., 120F., ISBN 2 02 014431 XLabi, P., Mitterrand, le pouvoir et la guerre (Ramsay, 1991), 194pp., 89F., ISBN 2 85956 953 7Lefort, I., La Lettre et l'esprit; géographie scolaire et géographie savante en France 1870-1970 (Editions du CNRS, 1992), 260pp., 220F.Legendre, P., Trésor historique de l'Etat en France (Fayard, 1992), 638pp., 290F., ISBN 2 213 02835 4Luzzatto, S., Mémoire de la Terreur: vieux Montagnards et jeunes républicains au dix-neuvième siècle (Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1991), 223pp., 115F., ISBN 2 7297 0399 3Maclean, M., and Howorth, J. (eds.), Europeans on Europe: Transnational Visions of a New Continent (Macmillan, 1992), 226pp., £4.00, ISBN 0 333 52373 3McPhee, P., A Social History of France, 1780-1880 (Routledge, 1992), 347pp., ISBN 0 415 01615 0Mauroy, P., Un nouvel horizon: projet socialiste pour la France (Gallimard/Le Débat, 1992), 311pp., 57F., ISBN 2 07 072601 0Mény, Y., La Corruption de l a République (Fayard, 1992), 352pp., 140F., ISBB 2 213 02932 6Meyer, J., and Corvisier, A., La Révolution française (PUF, 1991), 2 vols, 1437pp., 600F. for the two, ISBN 2 13 042566 6Saint-Etienne, C., L'Exception française (Colin, 1992), 157pp., 98F., ISBN 2 200 37291 4Stevens, A., The Government and Politics of France (Macmillan, 1992), 301pp., £9.99, ISBN 0 333 51486 5Sullerot, E., Quels pères? Quels fils? (Fayard, 1992), 381pp., 130F., ISBN 2 213 02515 0Stora, B., Ils venaient d'Algérie: l'immigration algérienne en France (1912-1992) (Fayard, 1992), 492pp., 140F., ISBN 2 213 02860 5Vaisse, M., Les Relations internationales depuis 1945 (Colin, 1991), 191pp., ISBN 2 200 33062 6, 'Collection Cursus'

Advielle, V., Histoire de Gracchus Babeuf et du babouvisme (2 vols) (Editions de CTHS, 1990) 322, 264pp., 100F. per volume, ISBN 2 7355 0205 8 and 2 7355 0206 6Ageron, C.-R. and Michel, M., eds., L'Afrique noire française: l'heure des Indépendances (CNRS Editions, 1992), 729pp., 360F., ISBN 2 222 04712 9Aldridge, M. and Hewitt, N., eds., Controlling broadcasting. Access policy and practice in North America and Europe (Manchester University Press, 1994), xvi+264pp., £41Ben Jelloun, T., L'Homme rompu (Seuil, 1994), 223pp., 95F.Buller, H. and Hoggart, K., International counterurbanization. British migrants in rural France (Aldershot, Avebury, 1994), 144pp., ISBN 1 85628 508 1Buton, P., Les Lendemains qui déchantent. Le Parti Communiste Français a la Liberation (Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1993), 345pp., 180F., ISBN 2 7246 0636 1Cayrol, R., Le Grand malentendu (Seuil, 1994), 186pp., 110F., ISBN 2 02 021064 9Chateaubriand, Grands écrits politiques, ed. J.-P. Clement, Imprimerie Nationale, 1993, 2 vols, 796pp., (170F. each), ISBN 2 081264 8Coffineau, M., Les lois Auroux, dix ans après (La Documentation Française, 1993), 181pp., 95F., ISBN 2 11 002980 3Conte, A., L'Epopée coloniale de la France (Pion, 1992), 545pp., 145F., ISBN 2 259 02536 6Coward, D., ed., Pagnol: La gloire de mon père; Le château de ma mère (Grant and Cutler, 1992), 96pp., £4.50, ISBN 0 7293 0347 0Deligeorges, S. and Deschamps, J., Lyon (Hazan, 1993), 200pp., 245F., ISBN 2 8025 339 1Dobson, A., Jean-Paul Sartre and the Politics of Reason: A Theory of History (CUP, 1993), xii+199pp., £30.00Fallaize, E., French Women's Writing: Recent Fiction (Macmillan, 1993), 182pp., £35 hbk, ISBN 0 333 49004 5 and £11.99 pbk, ISBN 0 333 49005 3Gervereau, L. and Prochasson, C., L'Affaire Dreyfus et le tournant du siècle (1894-1910) (BDIC, 1994), 287pp., 600 illustrations, 285F., ISBN 2 901658 26 1Gratton, J., and Le Juez, B., Modern French short fiction (Manchester University Press, 1994), 204pp., £29.99 hbk, ISBN 0 7190 4210 0 and £7.99 pbk, ISBN 0 7190 4211 9Groux, G., and Lévy, C., La possession ouvrière: du taudis à la propriété (XIXe-XXe siècle) (Editions Ouvrières, 1993), 247pp., 140F., ISBN 2 7082 3019 0Günther, R., Duras: 'Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein' and 'L'Amant' (Grant & Cutler, 1993), 87pp., £4.50, Critical Guides to French Texts, 99, ISBN 84 599 3330 XHaegel, F., Un Maire à Paris: Mise en seine d'un nouveau rôle politique (Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1994), 261pp., 200F.Harvey, R., Search for a Father: Sartre, Paternity and the Question of Ethics (University of Michigan Press, 1991), 217pp., $36.50 hbkHirschhorn, M., L'ère des enseignants (PUF, 1993), 301pp., 168F., ISBN 2 13 045336 8Kettle, M., De Gaulle and Algeria, 1940-1960 (Quartet, 1993), 666pp., £45, ISBN 0 7043 7023 9Le Pors, A., Pendent la mue, le serpent est aveugle (Albin Michel, 1993), 264pp., 98F., ISBN 2 226 06735 3Lewis, G., The French Revolution. Rethinking the Debate (Routledge, 1993), 131pp., £5.99Michel, M., L'aménagement régional en France. Du territoire aux territoires (Masson, 1994), 236pp., 125F., ISBN 2 225 84417 8Nicault, C., La France et le sionisme 1897-1948 (Calmann-Lévy, 1992), 319pp., 160F., ISBN 2 7021 1962 XThe Oxford-Hachette French Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 1994), 2016pp., £19.95, ISBN 0 19 864195 8Rebérioux, M., and Candar, G., eds., Jaurès et les intellectuels (Editions de l'Atelier/Editions Ouvrières, 1994), 326pp., 150F.Richardson, M., Georges Bataille (Routledge, 1994), 148pp., £11.99., ISBN 0 415 09842 4. Georges Bataille. The Absence of Myth. Writings on Surrealism,translated and introduced by Michael Richardson (Verso, 1994), 211pp., £18.95, ISBN 0 86091 419 4Rigoulet, P., Les Enfants de l'épuration (Plon, 1993), 533pp., 145F., ISBN 2 259 02467 XSchmidt, N., Victor Schoelcher et l'abolition de l'esclavage (Fayard, 1994), 440pp., 150F.Schneidermann, D., Arrêts sur images (Fayard, 1994), 240pp., 89F.Stone, A., The Birth of Judicial Politics in France: the Constitutional Council in Comparative Perspective (Oxford University Press, 1992), 312pp., £35, ISBN 0 19 507034 8Trochet, J.-R., Aux origines de la France rurale: outils, pays et paysages (CNRS, 1993), 168pp., 220F, ISBN 2 271 05097 9Varda, A., Varda par Agnès (Cahiers du Cinéma, 1994), 286pp., 250F., ISBN 286642 145 0Villa, P., Une analyse macro-économique de la France au XXe siècle (CNRS Editions, 1994), 409pp., 380F.Windebank, J., The Informal Economy in France (Avebury, 1991), 244pp., £32.50, ISBN 1 85628 191 4

Unulcerated cutaneous lesions appeared and persisted in squirrel monkeys experimentally infected with Leishmania braziliensis braziliensisor L. b. panamensis. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) numbers increased following infection, and cultured PBMCs from infected monkeys proliferated in response to parasite antigens. The responses of PBMCs to mitogens were not suppressed in infected monkeys. Elevated levels of leishmania‐specific immunoglobulins M and G were also observed. Thus, the squirrel monkey is susceptible to American leishmaniasis and is capable of responding to the infection with measurable cellular and humoral immunity.

It is reported that mice infected withTrypanosoma cruzi accumulate a suppressor substance (SS) in their sera which, when passively transferred to normal syngeneic recipients, can inhibit primary and secondary antibody responses of spleen and lymph-node cells to T-cell-dependent and -independent antigens; spleen cells were found to be suppressed earlier and to a greater degree than were lymph-node cells. Studies on the effects of the SS on normal cells in vitro also revealed that spleen cells were affected earlier than lymph-node cells, although there were no demonstrable differences in the maximum suppression effected by the SS between the two sources of lymphoid cells. Whereas normal mice could be passively immunosuppressed in vivo with the SS, it was found that serum from passively suppressed recipients did not retain measurable quantities of the SS in their sera, indicating that the substance was removed from circulation at an early stage or was diluted beyond effective concentrations. In in vivo transfers of the SS toH-2-similar and -dissimilar recipients it was found that the effectiveness of the SS related to theH-2 haplotype of the recipients.

C57BL/6 mice exhibit low parasitemias and often survive Trypanosoma cruziinfections, whereas C3H(He) mice die during the acute phase with relatively high parasitemias. The present study showed that both strains of mice develop nonspecific immunosuppression to challenge with sheep erythrocytes during the course of infection. Several major differences in immunosuppression-related phenomena between the two strains of mice were determined, yet there is no apparent relationship between immunosuppression and resistance to T. cruzi. Both the number of direct plaque-forming cells and the titer of 2-mercaptoethanol-sensitive agglutinating antibody were significantly lower on day 11 for C57BL/6 mice and day 9 for C3H(He) mice. The number of indirect plaque-forming cells and the titer of mercaptoethanol-resistant agglutinating antibody were reduced by day 36 of infection in C57BL/6 mice and 13 days postinfection in C3H(He) mice. In both strains the degree of humoral response suppression of mice increased concomitant with the period of infection, but was not correlated with the changes in spleen cell numbers. Preliminary experiments designed to explore the mechanism underlying the induction and maintenance of immunosuppression in this hostparasite model disclosed the presence of suppressor substance in the serum of T. cruzi-infected mice. The passive transfer of serum from infected mice to syngeneic recipients elicited a state of immunosuppression to sheep erythrocytes, but did not diminish anti-erythrocyte activity in allogeneic recipients. The induction of immunosuppression in normal mice was further found to be dependent on the interval between serum transfer and challenge with antigen. No quantitative differences existed between the magnitude of suppressed humoral responses in mice infected for varying lengths of time and recipients of serum collected from similarly infected mice.

TRANSNATIONAL DATA FLOWS IN THE INFORMATION AGE by Cees J. Hamelink (Bromley, Kent: Chartwell-Bratt/Brookfield, Vt.: Brookfield Publishing, 1984---$19.95, paper)PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND WORLD CONFERENCE ON TRANSBORDER DATA FLOW POLICIES (Rome: Intergovernmental Bureau for Informatics, l984---price not given, paper)IMPORT PRACTICE: CUSTOMS AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW by David Serko (Practicing Law Institute, 810 Seventh Ave., New York, N.Y. 10019---$50.00)THE POLITICS OF BROADCASTING edited by Raymond Kuhn (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985---price not given)GEOGRAPHY, THE MEDIA & POPULAR CULTURE edited by Jacquelin Burgess and John R. Gold (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985 ---price not given)TELEVISION IN EUROPE; QUALITY AND VALUES IN A TIME OF CHANGE by Anthony Pragnell (European Institute for the Media, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, England---L15.00, paper)

The hematozoan parasites comprise a medically important group of organisms which have received increasing attention in recent years. Malaria, particularly, has garnered significant research effort in regards to the development of sporozoite-specific vaccines. However, initial enthusiasm for an effective vaccine has been dampened as a result of field studies showing the presence of surface epitope-specific antibodies in drugcured and subsequently reinfected patients. Of importance, increasing evidence exists that cell-mediated immune mechanisms may play a central role in protection and pathogenesis in malaria. New evidence to unravel the mechanisms and significance of immunosuppression in leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease continues to implicate a complex circuit involving suppressor macrophages, lymphokine deficiencies, and atypical behavior of T helper cell populations. The African trypanosomes provide the cellular and molecular biologists challenges in understanding the basis and regulation of variant-specific glycoproteins (VSG) and their significance in immunity and pathogenesis. An important recent determination is that there appears to be little or no correlation between expression of a specific VSG and pathogenesis. The present status of research on the hematozoan parasites reestablishes the remarkable evolutionary accomplishments of these organisms to survive in the hostile immune environment of their vertebrate hosts.