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Resumo Justificativa Historicamente, as guerras e seus desafios afligem a humanidade. Na Síria, lesões graves ocorreram devido às armas de fogo e explosivos usados na guerra entre as forças governamentais e civis durante um período de mais de dois anos. Materiais e métodos O estudo incluiu 364 pacientes, admitidos no Hospital da Universidade Mustafa Kemal da Faculdade de Medicina (Hatay, Turquia) e submetidos à cirurgia. Os sobreviventes e não sobreviventes foram comparados quanto ao local e tipo da lesão e número de transfusões administradas. A taxa de mortalidade encontrada neste estudo também foi comparada àquelas relatadas em outras guerras civis. Resultados A média de idade foi de 29 (3‐68) anos. Os principais locais de lesão incluíram extremidades (56,0%), cabeça (20,1%), abdome (16,2%), estruturas vasculares (4,4%) e tórax (3,3%). Os tipos de lesões incluíram ferimento de arma de fogo (64,4%), lesão causada por explosão (34,4%) e ferimentos diversos (1,2%). A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 89,6%, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade foi de 10,4%. Observou‐se uma diferença significativa entre as taxas de mortalidade neste estudo e aquelas relatadas para as guerras civis da Bósnia e Líbano; e a diferença ficou extremamente significativa quando comparada com as taxas de mortalidade relatadas para as guerras civis do Vietnã e do Afeganistão. Conclusão Dentre as lesões relacionadas à guerra, a maior taxa de mortalidade foi observada em lesões de cabeça‐pescoço, abdome e vasculares. Acreditamos que a maior taxa de mortalidade na Guerra Civil da Síria, em comparação com as guerras da Bósnia, Vietnã, Líbano Afeganistão, se deva ao fato de os civis terem sido vistos como alvo direto durante a guerra. Background Wars and its challenges have historically afflicted humanity. In Syria, severe injuries occurred due to firearms and explosives used in the war between government forces and civilians for a period of over 2 years. Materials and methods The study included 364 cases, who were admitted to Mustafa Kemal University Hospital, Medicine School (Hatay, Turkey), and underwent surgery. Survivors and non‐survivors were compared regarding injury site, injury type and number of transfusions given. The mortality rate found in this study was also compared to those reported in other civil wars. Results The mean age was 29 (3–68) years. Major sites of injury included extremities (56.0%), head (20.1%), abdomen (16.2%), vascular structures (4.4%) and thorax (3.3%). Injury types included firearm injury (64.4%), blast injury (34.4%) and miscellaneous injuries (1.2%). Survival rate was 89.6% while mortality rate was 10.4%. A significant difference was observed between mortality rates in this study and those reported for the Bosnia and Lebanon civil wars; and the difference became extremely prominent when compared to mortality rates reported for Vietnam and Afghanistan civil wars. Conclusion Among injuries related to war, the highest rate of mortality was observed in head–neck, abdomen and vascular injuries. We believe that the higher mortality rate in the Syrian Civil War, compared to the Bosnia, Vietnam, Lebanon and Afghanistan wars, is due to seeing civilians as a direct target during war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides evidence for the effects of a combination of balance sheet exchange rate exposure and real exchange rate movements on investment. In highly inflationary developing economies like Turkey, firms use the foreign currency denominated assets and debts to defend themselves against inflationary effects and try to benefit from open positions when the currency is undervalued or overvalued. With measuring balance sheet foreign currency exposures for Turkish Industrial firms in the period of 2000-2003, we show that the degree of exchange rate exposure is correlated with financial positions of the firms, but not with size and affiliation with either holdings or banks. Based on the evidence that firm value and investment are endogenous, we find that the firms with negative (positive) balance sheet exchange rate exposure decrease their investment by the depreciation (appreciation) of the value of TL. In addition, we show that there is a positive association of expansion in investment with the firm value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]