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IMPORTANCE: Uptake of COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant individuals was hampered by safety concerns around potential risks to unborn children. Data clarifying early neurodevelopmental outcomes of offspring exposed to COVID-19 vaccination in utero are lacking. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether in utero exposure to maternal COVID-19 vaccination was associated with differences in scores on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3), at 12 and 18 months of age. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective cohort study, Assessing the Safety of Pregnancy During the Coronavirus Pandemic (ASPIRE), enrolled pregnant participants from May 2020 to August 2021; follow-up of children from these pregnancies is ongoing. Participants, which included pregnant individuals and their offspring from all 50 states, self-enrolled online. Study activities were performed remotely. EXPOSURE: In utero exposure of the fetus to maternal COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was compared with those unexposed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Neurodevelopmental scores on validated ASQ-3, completed by birth mothers at 12 and 18 months. A score below the established cutoff in any of 5 subdomains (communication, gross motor, fine motor, problem solving, social skills) constituted an abnormal screen for developmental delay. RESULTS: A total of 2487 pregnant individuals (mean [SD] age, 33.3 [4.2] years) enrolled at less than 10 weeks’ gestation and completed research activities, yielding a total of 2261 and 1940 infants aged 12 and 18 months, respectively, with neurodevelopmental assessments. In crude analyses, 471 of 1541 exposed infants (30.6%) screened abnormally for developmental delay at 12 months vs 203 of 720 unexposed infants (28.2%; χ2 = 1.32; P = .25); the corresponding prevalences at 18 months were 262 of 1301 (20.1%) vs 148 of 639 (23.2%), respectively (χ2 = 2.35; P = .13). In multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression models adjusting for maternal age, race, ethnicity, education, income, maternal depression, and anxiety, no difference in risk for abnormal ASQ-3 screens was observed at either time point (12 months: adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.14; 95% CI, 0.97-1.33; 18 months: aRR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72-1.07). Further adjustment for preterm birth and infant sex did not affect results (12 months: aRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.98-1.36; 18 months: aRR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71-1.07). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Results of this cohort study suggest that COVID-19 vaccination was safe during pregnancy from the perspective of infant neurodevelopment to 18 months of age. Additional longer-term research should be conducted to corroborate these findings and buttress clinical guidance with a strong evidence base.

Population‐based studies of the familial aggregation of gout are scarce, and gene/environment interactions are not well studied. This study was undertaken to evaluate the familial aggregation of gout as well as assess interactions between family history and obesity or alcohol consumption on the development of gout. Using the Korean National Health Insurance database, which includes information regarding familial relationships and risk factor data, we identified 5,524,403 individuals from 2002 to 2018. Familial risk was calculated using hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to compare the risk in individuals with and those without affected first‐degree relatives. Interactions between family history and obesity/alcohol consumption were assessed on an additive scale using the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI). Individuals with a gout‐affected first‐degree relative had a 2.42‐fold (95% CI 2.39, 2.46) increased risk of disease compared to those with unaffected first‐degree relatives. Having both a family history of gout and being either overweight or having moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a markedly increased risk of disease, with HRs of 4.39 (95% CI 4.29, 4.49) and 2.28 (95% CI 2.22, 2.35), respectively, which exceeded the sum of their individual risks but was only statistically significant in overweight individuals (RERI 0.96 [95% CI 0.85, 1.06]). Obese individuals (RERI 1.88 [95% CI 1.61, 2.16]) and heavy drinkers (RERI 0.36 [95% CI 0.20, 0.52]) had a more prominent interaction compared to overweight individuals and moderate drinkers, suggesting a dose‐response interaction pattern. Our findings indicate the possibility of an interaction between gout‐associated genetic factors and obesity/alcohol consumption.

Introduction: Cephalic arch stenosis (CAS) is often recurrent, resistant to treatment and the intervention outcome is not well validated so far. We purposed to assess the clinical outcomes of CAS treatment in patients with hemodialysis access.Methods: Electronic bibliographic sources were searched up to December 4 2023 to identify studies reported outcome after treating CAS. Direct and indirect evidence was combined to compare odds ratios (OR) and surfaces under the cumulative ranking curves across the different treatment modalities through meta-analysis and network meta-analyses (NMA). This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-P. The review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022296513).Results: Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 15 non-RCTs were included in the analysis. The study population differed in fistula type, restenosis or thrombosis, and significant heterogeneity was observed among the publications. The risk of bias was low to serious. Meta-analysis found no significant difference between DCB and PTA in primary patency at 6 and 12 months (OR 1.16 and 0.60, respectively; low certainty of evidence). Favorable result with STG compared to stent or PTA at 3, 6, and 12 month was observed (OR 4.28, 5.13, and 13.12, and 4.28, 5.13, 13.12, respectively; low certainty of evidence). Regarding primary patency, the treatment rankings, from highest to lowest, were STG (92.7%), transposition (76.0%), stent (67.5%), DCB (46.3%), and PTA (64.5%) at 12 months.Conclusion: Despite data limitations, the low-quality evidence suggests that STG may merit consideration as a primary treatment option when all alternatives are applicable, given their potential for better primary patency and higher treatment ranking.

An external fuel tank, one of the main components of an aircraft, is a component that extends the range of the aircraft and that should be separable from the aircraft in emergency situations. During flight, if structural damage occurs in an external fuel tank, the survivability of the aircraft may be catastrophically affected. Therefore, the structural integrity of such external fuel tanks must be proven under flight-load conditions applied to the external fuel tank during flight. This study presents the results of a structural test conducted to verify the structural integrity of an external fuel tank for flight-load conditions. In the main text, the process of converting the six-component flight load into a test load is described, and a whiffle tree application plan is presented for efficient testing. Then, the reliability of the test load was confirmed by comparing it with the required flight load. As a result of the structural test, the test loads were stably controlled. It was also confirmed that the internal pressure of the test specimen measured in real time during the test was maintained well within the required pressure range and that the behavior of the EFT was suitably predicted through a numerical analysis. After the structural test, it was found through an inspection that the test specimen did not undergo serious structural damage under the required flight-load condition. In conclusion, through structural testing, it was validated that the newly developed external fuel tank had sufficient structural integrity under all required flight-load conditions.

Thermoresponsive and biodegradable linear–dendritic nanoparticles containing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(l-lactic acid), and poly(l-lysine) dendrons were investigated for sustained release of nerve growth factor (NGF) in response to temperature change. The nanoparticles and their degradants were not cytotoxic to neuron-like PC12 cells for at least one month. The nanoparticles were preferentially taken up by PC12 cells 6–13-times more at temperatures above (37 °C) than below (25 °C) the lower critical solution temperature of the nanoparticles. NGF could be loaded into the nanoparticles in aqueous solution and slowly released from the nanoparticles for 12 and 33 days at 25 and 37 °C, respectively. The released NGF was biologically active by promoting neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. This work demonstrates a new concept of using thermoresponsive and biodegradable linear–dendritic nanoparticles for thermally targeted and sustained release of NGF and other protein drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disorders.

Delays in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis and treatment are significant clinical problems that can be addressed by timely, community-based assessment. This study examined tools for identifying ASD in community settings using machine learning (ML) models.

In this paper, we introduce a fractional Generalized Hyperbolic process, a new stochastic process with long-range dependence obtained by subordinating fractional Brownian motion to a fractional Generalized Inverse Gaussian process. The basic properties and covariance structure between the elements of the processes are discussed, and we present numerical methods to generate the sample paths for the processes.

•Rapid cooling of glass using air and mist.•Analysis of residual stress and fragment characteristics of tempered glass performed.•Using mist for cooling effect effective even at relatively low air inflow speeds.

Purpose:To investigate changes in the spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error and astigmatism in a pediatric referral population in Korea with longitudinal follow-up and to evaluate the effect of risk factors on changes in refractive error.Methods:This was a retrospective case series. In total, 221 patients who presented to a tertiary care hospital when aged 3 to 9 years and who underwent at least 10 years of follow-up were enrolled. The patients were divided into groups in terms of the initial extent of SE refractive error, the initial extent of astigmatism, sex, and ocular alignment. Changes in SE and astigmatism were compared among the groups.Results:The patients were followed up for a mean of 11.19 ± 1.81 years. An overall negative shift in SE refractive error and increasing tendency in astigmatism during the follow-up period were noted. The negative shift in SE refractive error in the myopia group was significantly greater than those in the emmetropia and hyperopia groups. The change in astigmatism in the myopia group was significantly greater than that in the hyperopia group. The change in astigmatism in the low astigmatism group was significantly greater than those in the moderate and high astigmatism groups. Sex did not influence the changes in SE refractive error or astigmatism.Conclusions:A pediatric referral population in Korea showed a negative shift in SE refractive error and increasing tendency in astigmatism during childhood. Changes in refractive error may be influenced by the initial degree of SE refractive error and astigmatism.[[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(1):43–51.]

Native American children disproportionally face many risk factors for poor developmental outcomes, including poverty, environmental toxicant exposure, and limited medical and intervention services. To understand these risks, comprehensive documentation of developmental and behavioral phenotypes is needed. In this descriptive study, the neurodevelopment of young Diné (Navajo) children was assessed using standardized assessment instruments in combination with expert clinician judgment.

The S&P/OIC COMCEC 50 Sharia index is a joint index created by the organization of the Islamic conference (OIC) member states' stock exchanges forum and S&P indices. It is a Sharia-compliant benchmark of the 50 leading companies from OIC-members.

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for measuring experimental design ability based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during biological inquiry. More specifically, the researchers developed an experimental design task that measures experimental design ability. Using the developed experimental design task, they measured both the paper experimental design ability and the fMRI experimental design ability of subjects. Subjects’ paper experimental design ability was measured using the quotient equation of experimental design ability, and their fMRI experimental design ability using the brain connectivity coefficient. According to the fMRI results, differences in design ability existed among subjects in terms of brain connectivity coefficient level during the experimental design task. The experimental design ability brain connectivity coefficient level and quotient for each subject were analysed. Statistically significant correlations between subjects’ connectivity strength level among brain activation regions and quotient value guided the establishment of a measuring model. The model measured experimental design ability and could predict an individual’s experimental design ability quotient using his or her brain connectivity coefficient. Hence, the model developed for this study for measuring experimental design ability based on fMRI may serve as a practical measurement of students’ scientific experimental design ability. Furthermore, this study could serve as a founding theory for measuring models of other scientific processing abilities such as observation, question generation, classification, hypothesis generation and hypothesis evaluation.

The aims of this study were to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, 1-month test–retest reliability, and congruent validity of the Chinese version of the School Bullying Experience Questionnaire (C-SBEQ). Study 1, in which 5751 Taiwanese adolescents in Southern Taiwan participated, examined the adequacy of the original four-factor structure of the C-SBEQ using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal-consistency reliability using Cronbach α. Study 2, in which 108 adolescents in Southern Taiwan participated, examined the 1-month test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). We examined the congruent validity of the C-SBEQ by examining the consistency between self-reported and teacher- and classmate-nominated experiences of bullying involvement in Study 2. The results of CFA supported the four-factor structure of the C-SBEQ in Taiwanese adolescents. The test–retest and internal reliability values of all subscales of the C-SBEQ were at acceptable to satisfactory levels. Nominated adolescents had significantly higher self-reported scores on three C-SBEQ subscales than non-nominated ones, and the levels of agreement between self-reported and nominated victims were moderate. The results of this study indicate that the C-SBEQ is appropriate for assessing bullying experiences in Taiwanese adolescents.

The aims of this study were to examine the factor structure, internal consistency, 1‐month test–retest reliability, and congruent validity of the Chinese version of the School Bullying Experience Questionnaire (C‐SBEQ). Study 1, in which 5751 Taiwanese adolescents in Southern Taiwan participated, examined the adequacy of the original four‐factor structure of the C‐SBEQ using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and internal‐consistency reliability using Cronbach α. Study 2, in which 108 adolescents in Southern Taiwan participated, examined the 1‐month test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). We examined the congruent validity of the C‐SBEQ by examining the consistency between self‐reported and teacher‐ and classmate‐nominated experiences of bullying involvement in Study 2. The results of CFA supported the four‐factor structure of the C‐SBEQ in Taiwanese adolescents. The test–retest and internal reliability values of all subscales of the C‐SBEQ were at acceptable to satisfactory levels. Nominated adolescents had significantly higher self‐reported scores on three C‐SBEQ subscales than non‐nominated ones, and the levels of agreement between self‐reported and nominated victims were moderate. The results of this study indicate that the C‐SBEQ is appropriate for assessing bullying experiences in Taiwanese adolescents.

The procedure of structural design on miniaturized machine tool (mMT) is proposed and structural optimization by applying robustness evaluation method is presented in this paper. The design procedure of a kind of mMT which is a 3-axis miniaturized milling machine tool (mMMT) is discussed and three different structures of mMMT are proposed based on previous design procedure. The most suitable structure is selected using robustness evaluation method, which is Taguchi method, due to volumetric error function. The design parameters of selected structure are optimized.

Finite-element methods are used to study non-adhesive, frictionless rough contact of elastic and plastic solids. Roughness on the contact surfaces is realized by self-affine fractal. True contact area between spherical rough surfaces and flat rigid surfaces rises in power law as the external normal load increases. The power exponent is sensitive to surface roughness as well as the curvature of spherical geometry. Surface contact pressures are analyzed and compared for elastic and plastic solids. The distribution of local contact pressure is significantly dependent on the surface roughness and the yield stress of plastic solids.

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A range of novel cationic star‐like polymers (Star‐P(MeDMA)s) were synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by core‐first method, using a β‐cyclodextrin initiator with 21 initiation sites (21Br‐β‐CD). Methyl chloride‐quaternized 2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (MeDMA) was polymerized in an aqueous medium using 21Br‐β‐CD, Cu(I)Br, and 2,2′‐dipyridyl as an initiator, catalyst, and ligand, respectively. The effects of polymerization temperature and monomer/initiator ratios on the degree and kinetics of polymerization were investigated. The molecular weights, hydrodynamic sizes, and charge densities of the quaternized polymers were characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and colloidal titration, respectively. The results demonstrated that the moderate aqueous solubility of the 21Br‐β‐CD initiator had significant impact on the physicochemical properties of the obtained star polymers. The polymerization of 500/1/2/5 ([M]0/[I]0/[Cu(I)0/[L]0]) at 90 °C for 6 h was found to be the best condition to synthesize the proposed cationic star polymer with well‐defined structures in aqueous medium. The nonlinear relationship between the apparent charge density and the particle size of the cationic star polymers was further revealed by GPC and DLS measurements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6345–6354, 2005

The dopamine (DA) system has been implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based on pharmacologic evidence. Because of an interaction between the serotonin (5‐HT) and DA systems, the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been considered as a candidate ADHD susceptibility gene. Two common polymorphisms, 5‐HTTLPR and the intron 2 VNTR, have been studied for association in ADHD, with both positive (increased frequency of long allele of 5‐HTTLPR and decreased frequency of 12 repeats of the intron 2 VNTR) and negative findings. However, there has not been an association study in an East Asian ADHD population. In this study, we examined the genotypes of these two polymorphisms in 126 Korean ADHD families and investigated linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SLC6A4 and ADHD, using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype analysis. Additionally, association with quantitative measures of inattention, hyperactivity‐impulsivity, and overall severity was tested using logistic regression and QTDT analysis. TDT of both polymorphisms and haplotype analysis failed to detect LD. However, after excluding ADHD NOS subtype, TDT revealed nominally significant LD between 5‐HTTLPR and ADHD (χ2 = 4.9, P = 0.036). QTDT revealed positive association between 12 repeats of the intron 2 VNTR and attention (P = 0.031), but case‐control and TDT logistic regression analyses were negative. These markers have low heterozygosity in the Korean population, which would be expected to reduce the power of association. This result suggests that future studies should include more polymorphic markers and subjects to thoroughly investigate a potential association between SLC6A4 and ADHD in the Korean population. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

A novel multifunctional linear block copolymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid)-bpoly( L-lactic acid) (NAL), was synthesized to expand the concept of cell sheet engineering by using its thermoresponsive property and processibility. The chemical structure of synthesized NAL was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and its molar mass (103,500 g·mol–1) and molar mass distribution were determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy. NAL copolymer was fabricated into thin films by spin-casting. Spin-cast NAL films displayed thermoresponsive properties as demonstrated by surface wettability and topology changes from relatively more hydrophobic (contact angle of 56°) and rougher at 37°C to relatively more hydrophilic (contact angle of 40°) and smoother at 22°C, as assessed by contact angle measurement and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells displayed comparable adhesion but slower proliferation on NAL films than on poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) films and tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS). Within 9 days of cell culture, the highest alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3-E1 cells occurred later (on day 9) on NAL films than on PLLA films and TCPS (on day 6). A well-established MC3T3-E1 cell sheet was successfully detached from NAL films, in the absence of enzymes, within about 5 min by simply lowering the temperature from 37°C to room temperature. NAL copolymer has potential for use in the controlled release of therapeutic agents while simultaneously supporting cell growth. In addition, it may be applicable for noninvasive two- or three-dimensional cell sheet harvesting.

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The synthesis of a conjugated polymer containing pyridyl units in the polymer backbone was successfully carried out with 2,6-dibromopyridine and a diboronic acid derivative via the Suzuki coupling reaction. This polymer had a number-average molecular weight of 4000 and excellent solubility in conventional organic solvents; this suggested the effect of the incorporation of dialkoxy side chains. A metallochromic phenomenon with ferric ions was clearly observed in spin-coated films and solutions of the polymer. The response of the absorption and the fluorescence changes of the polymer films were rapid and were reproduced more than 15 times. A lightly bound intermolecular interaction between the pyridine ligand and cation was presumed to be responsible for the facile optical switching property of the polymer films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2444–2450, 2004

A polyetherurethane (PEU) was synthesized for potential cosmetic applications by coupling poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO, Mn = 2000 g mol⁻¹) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, Mn = 2000 g mol⁻¹) with 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), without using a chain extender. The PEU polymer, synthesized with PEO and PTMO in the ratio of 1:3 by weight, was soluble in ethanol–water mixed solvents. The solution formed a thin film in situ on the skin by coating, which was flexible and elastomeric with appropriate skin adhesiveness. However, PEU was susceptible to degradation when it was exposed to an ethanol–water (80/20 v/v %) mixed solvent and stored in an air-filled and sealed bottle at 60°C for 4 weeks. These conditions resulted in deterioration of PEU molecular weight (Mn), viscosity, and mechanical properties. Peak analysis of the Fourier transform infrared spectrum of the aged PEU revealed that >97% of the urethane carbonyl bonds remained, whereas ether bonds were significantly reduced (~82% of initial value). The degraded PEU contained ester bonds, which were confirmed by proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This observation suggests that oxidative chain cleavage rather than hydrolysis was the dominant reaction in the degradation process. Two approaches were adopted to minimize oxidative degradation of PEU dissolved in an ethanol–water (80/20 v/v %) mixed solvent; they were, applying a nitrogen environment and adding an antioxidant (1.8 wt % dry PEU). The results indicate that reduction of oxidative degradation produced a synergistic effect. Vitamin E was a more effective antioxidant than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which is a typical antioxidant for commercial polyurethanes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2270–2276, 2003

The Drosophila raf(D-raf) gene promoter contains a recognition consensus sequence for DrosophilaSTAT (D-STAT). By band mobility shift assay, we detected a factor binding to the D-STAT-recognition sequence in extracts of cultured Drosophilacells treated with vanadate peroxide. UV-cross-linking analyses suggested the size of the binding factor to be almost same as that of D-STAT. Furthermore, the binding activity was increased in cells cotransfected with HOP and D-STAT expression plasmids. These results strongly suggest that D-STAT binds to the D-STAT recognition sequence in the D-rafgene promoter. Transient luciferase expression assay using Schneider 2 cells indicated that the D-rafgene promoter is activated by D-STAT through the D-STAT-binding site. Furthermore, analyses with transgenic flies carrying Draf-lacZfusion genes with and without mutations in the D-STAT-binding site pointed to an important role in D-rafgene promoter activity throughout development. We also found that the D-STAT-binding site is required for injury-induced activation of the D-rafgene promoter. Here we propose that D-STAT can participate in regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade through D-rafgene activation.

The reporter plasmid pMT‐lacZcontaining the metallothionein (MT) promoter region (‐320∼+58 with respect to the transcription initiation site) fused to the lacZgene in a P‐element vector was constructed. Transgenic Drosophilabearing the MT‐lacZfusion gene were established by P‐element mediated transformation. Expression of the MT‐lacZfusion gene in transformants was examined during development. By treatment with low concentration of cadmium (≥10μM) or paraquat (≥50μM), increased expression of β‐galactosidase was shown in fat body, brain lobe, and ganglion transgenic larval tissues. The results show that transformants bearing the MT‐lacZfusion gene are useful for further studies on the mechanism of regulation of MT gene expression and for monitoring toxic metals

This paper suggests two scheduling methods for a real-time point-topoint communication over a backplane bus which has limited priorities for the bus mastership. Fixed priority assignment(FPA) algorithm based on the rate monotonic scheduling is suggested for the periodic hard real-time applications. Dynamic priority assignment(DPA) algorithm based on the earliest deadline first scheduling is suggested for the sporadic soft real-time applications. The worst communication latency for the proposed methods is analyzed and then the schedulability is evaluated using computer simulation.

The functionalization reactions of 2,2’-bisindolyls with electrophiles and dienophiles gave rise to a group of new protein kinase C inhibitors. Rationalization of structure activity relationships and of some mechanistical aspects concerning the synthesis X ray crystal structures are described for 2,2’-bisindolyl derivatives 1-3 and 6 and for indolo[a]carbazoles 4 and 5.

Hemorrhagic cystitis is defined by lower urinary tract symptoms that include dysuria, hematuria, and hemorrhage and is caused by viral or bacterial infection or chemotherapeutic agents. Reports of hemorrhagic cystitis caused by non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) are extremely rare.

We previously established the contribution of de novodamaging sequence variants to Tourette disorder (TD) through whole-exome sequencing of 511 trios. Here, we sequence an additional 291 TD trios and analyze the combined set of 802 trios. We observe an overrepresentation of de novodamaging variants in simplex, but not multiplex, families; we identify a high-confidence TD risk gene, CELSR3(cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3); we find that the genes mutated in TD patients are enriched for those related to cell polarity, suggesting a common pathway underlying pathobiology; and we confirm a statistically significant excess of de novocopy number variants in TD. Finally, we identify significant overlap of de novosequence variants between TD and obsessive-compulsive disorder and de novocopy number variants between TD and autism spectrum disorder, consistent with shared genetic risk.