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Examining the potential of monolayer graphene in quantum information processing, this study investigates electron transport characteristics of a ballistic graphene device featuring a quantum point contact (QPC) in a split-gate geometry for Quantum Hall (QH) interferometry. Utilizing the QPC in a split-gate geometry, we demonstrate robust control over electron transport, allowing selective transmission and reflection. Our experimental study involves careful examination of quantized conductance in a four-terminal geometry under varying magnetic fields and gate voltage, confirming the effectiveness of the QPC as an electron beam splitter. The experiment reveals quantized conductance steps in steps of 4e2/hin the absence and presence of a magnetic field, emphasizing stability of our quasi-1D transport channels. The tunable transmission probabilities of the QPC offer a versatile tool for manipulating electron transport, providing valuable insights for controlled quantum interferometric setups. The findings lay a foundation for future advancements in quantum information processing, opening avenues for topologically protected quantum computation.

Extensive efforts have been undertaken to combine superconductivity and the quantum Hall effect so that Cooper-pair transport between superconducting electrodes in Josephson junctions is mediated by one-dimensional edge states1–6. This interest has been motivated by prospects of finding new physics, including topologically protected quasiparticles7–9, but also extends into metrology and device applications10–13. So far it has proven challenging to achieve detectable supercurrents through quantum Hall conductors2,3,6. Here we show that domain walls in minimally twisted bilayer graphene14–18support exceptionally robust proximity superconductivity in the quantum Hall regime, allowing Josephson junctions to operate in fields close to the upper critical field of superconducting electrodes. The critical current is found to be non-oscillatory and practically unchanging over the entire range of quantizing fields, with its value being limited by the quantum conductance of ballistic, strictly one-dimensional, electronic channels residing within the domain walls. The system described is unique in its ability to support Andreev bound states at quantizing fields and offers many interesting directions for further exploration.

In this article, we propose FedAND, a unified federated learning optimization algorithm, to tackle client drift and server drift issues under partial client participation. Federated learning is gaining popularity due to privacy concerns and mobile computing, but it still faces challenges due to heterogeneous and distributed data. FedAND leverages consensus alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and resolves the server drift caused by the server state in the global update. Under partial participation, we prove that FedAND preserves the strong convergence properties of ADMM while suppressing the server drift, which in turn reduces the client drift and thus achieves better convergence. Our empirical results demonstrate superior performance compared to other methods such as FedProx, FedADMM, FedPD, and FedDyn in diverse scenarios of statistical and system heterogeneity under partial client participation.

Rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT) has been studied for autonomous parking as it quickly finds an initial path and is easily scalable in complex environments. However, the planning time increases by searching for the path in narrow parking spots. To reduce the planning time, the target tree algorithm, which substitutes a parking goal in RRT with a set (target tree) of backward parking paths, was proposed. However, as it consists of circular and straight paths, it deteriorates parking accuracy because of curvature-discontinuity. Moreover, the planning time increases in complex environments; backward paths can be blocked by obstacles. Therefore, this paper introduces the TargetTree-RRT* algorithm for complex environments. First, a target tree is designed using clothoid paths to address such curvature-discontinuity. Second, to reduce the planning time further, a cost function is defined to initialize a proper target tree that considers obstacles. By integrating with optimal-variant RRT and searching for the shortest path, the proposed TargetTree-RRT* algorithm obtains a near-optimal path as the sampling time increases. Experiment results in real environments showed that the vehicle parked more accurately, and continuous-curvature paths were obtained more quickly and with higher success rates than those acquired using other sampling-based and other types of planning algorithms. Note to Practitioners—This work was motivated by the need to develop a fast and practical path planning algorithm for autonomous parking, not only in simple environments but also in complex environments. Sampling-based planning algorithms have been studied in this area, with the advantages of rapid planning of an initial path and easily reflecting vehicle’s constraints. Nevertheless, in cluttered environments, it needs considerable time to obtain a path for the autonomous vehicle easy for tracking and precise parking. To address the aforementioned issue, this article presents the TargetTree-RRT* algorithm. It finds a path by replacing a parking goal with a set of pre-defined continuous-curvature paths considering cluttered environments. TargetTree-RRT* achieves better performance for real parking scenarios and rapidly obtains a near-optimal parking path, compared to other parking path planners. The proposed algorithm is not limited to autonomous vehicles. It can be applied to other unmanned vehicles or robots, such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). In any application where the goal of path planning can be replaced with predefined standardized paths, the proposed algorithm can be extended.

Cancer cell glycocalyx is a major line of defence against immune surveillance. However, how specific physical properties of the glycocalyx are regulated on a molecular level, contribute to immune evasion and may be overcome through immunoengineering must be resolved. Here we report how cancer-associated mucins and their glycosylation contribute to the nanoscale material thickness of the glycocalyx and consequently modulate the functional interactions with cytotoxic immune cells. Natural-killer-cell-mediated cytotoxicity is inversely correlated with the glycocalyx thickness of the target cells. Changes in glycocalyx thickness of approximately 10 nm can alter the susceptibility to immune cell attack. Enhanced stimulation of natural killer and T cells through equipment with chimeric antigen receptors can improve the cytotoxicity against mucin-bearing target cells. Alternatively, cytotoxicity can be enhanced through engineering effector cells to display glycocalyx-editing enzymes, including mucinases and sialidases. Together, our results motivate the development of immunoengineering strategies that overcome the glycocalyx armour of cancer cells.

The extent of cell-to-cell variation in tumor mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and genotype, and the phenotypic and evolutionary consequences of such variation, are poorly characterized. Here we use amplification-free single-cell whole-genome sequencing (Direct Library Prep (DLP+)) to simultaneously assay mtDNA copy number and nuclear DNA (nuDNA) in 72,275 single cells derived from immortalized cell lines, patient-derived xenografts and primary human tumors. Cells typically contained thousands of mtDNA copies, but variation in mtDNA copy number was extensive and strongly associated with cell size. Pervasive whole-genome doubling events in nuDNA associated with stoichiometrically balanced adaptations in mtDNA copy number, implying that mtDNA-to-nuDNA ratio, rather than mtDNA copy number itself, mediated downstream phenotypes. Finally, multimodal analysis of DLP+ and single-cell RNA sequencing identified both somatic loss-of-function and germline noncoding variants in mtDNA linked to heteroplasmy-dependent changes in mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial transcription, revealing phenotypic adaptations to disrupted nuclear/mitochondrial balance.

We propose a systematic framework to conduct design-technology pathfinding for power, performance, area, and cost (PPAC) in advanced nodes. Our goal is to provide a configurable, scalable generation of process design kit (PDK) and standard-cell library, spanning key scaling boosters (backside PDN and buried power rail), to explore PPAC across given technology and design parameters. We build on Cheng et al. (2022), which addressed only area and cost (AC), to include power and performance (PP) evaluations through automated generation of full design enablements. We also improve the use of artificial designs in the PPAC assessment of technology and design configurations. We generate more realistic artificial designs by applying a machine learning-based parameter tuning flow to Kim et al. (2022). We further employ clustering-based cell width-regularized placements at the core of routability assessment, enabling more realistic placement utilization and improved experimental efficiency. We evaluate PPAC across scaling boosters and artificial designs in a predictive technology node.

Aqueous zinc–vanadium hybrid redox flow battery systems are an efficient strategy to address the problems of low voltage and high cost of conventional all-vanadium redox flow batteries. However, the low electrochemical activity of carbon-based electrodes toward a vanadium redox reaction limits the performance of redox flow batteries. In this study, polyhedral binary cerium titanium oxide (Ce2/3TiO3, CTO) is synthesized using molten salt synthesis. CTO is fabricated by adjusting the temperature and composition. Notably, the prepared CTO obtained at 1000 °C shows the highest catalytic activity for a VO2+/VO2+redox reaction. Further, CTO is prepared as a composite electrocatalyst and applied to a high-voltage aqueous zinc–vanadium redox flow battery. The cell adopts an alkali zinc electrolyte containing a Zn/[Zn(OH)4]2–redox pair and exhibits a high operating voltage of 2.26 V. Remarkably, a zinc–vanadium redox flow battery using the composite electrocatalyst exhibits a high energy density of 42.68 Wh L–1at 20 mA cm–2and an initial voltage efficiency of 90.3%. The excellent cell performance is attributed to structural defects caused by A-site deficiency in the perovskite oxide structure as well as oxygen vacancies resulting from the low valence state of the metal ion, which enhance the catalytic activity of the vanadium ions.

Methods integrating genetics with transcriptomic reference panels prioritize risk genes and mechanisms at only a fraction of trait-associated genetic loci, due in part to an overreliance on total gene expression as a molecular outcome measure. This challenge is particularly relevant for the brain, in which extensive splicing generates multiple distinct transcript-isoforms per gene. Due to complex correlation structures, isoform-level modeling from cis-window variants requires methodological innovation. Here we introduce isoTWAS, a multivariate, stepwise framework integrating genetics, isoform-level expression and phenotypic associations. Compared to gene-level methods, isoTWAS improves both isoform and gene expression prediction, yielding more testable genes, and increased power for discovery of trait associations within genome-wide association study loci across 15 neuropsychiatric traits. We illustrate multiple isoTWAS associations undetectable at the gene-level, prioritizing isoforms of AKT3, CUL3and HSPD1in schizophrenia and PCLOwith multiple disorders. Results highlight the importance of incorporating isoform-level resolution within integrative approaches to increase discovery of trait associations, especially for brain-relevant traits.

Transparent oxide semiconductors are promising materials due to their various benefits, such as high mobility and cost-efficient production. However, oxide semiconductors fabricated using the sputtering method require an additional postannealing process at a high temperature, which hinders their fabrication on plastic substrates and application to flexible devices. In addition, one of the critical drawbacks of oxide semiconductors is the shortage of p-type materials. Tin monoxide (SnO), a p-type oxide semiconductor, has the advantages of high mobility and low-temperature production. To address the aforementioned limitations, this study investigates the simultaneous low-temperature process on tin-based oxide semiconductors; p-type SnOx and n-type amorphous indium gallium tin oxide (In:Ga:Sn = 7:1:2). By integrating two optimized thin-film transistors (TFTs) under postann-ealing temperature of 180 °C, we fabricated a tin-based oxide semiconductor complementary inverter, with a high voltage gain (98.0); a noise margin high ( ${\text {NM}_{H}}$ ) and noise margin low ( ${\text {NM}_{L}}$ ) of 13.9 (46.3% of ${V} _{\text {DD}}$ ) and 13.3 V (44.3% of ${V} _{\text {DD}}$ ) at a ${V} _{\text {DD}}$ of 30 V, respectively, were also recorded. For further investigation, we fabricated a comple- mentary inverter on a plastic substrate. The fabricated device exhibited remarkable bias stress stability with excellent electrical characteristics: ${\text {NM}_{H}}$ of 3.9 V (39.0% of ${V} _{\text {DD}}$ ), ${\text {NM}_{L}}$ of 4.5 V (45.0% of ${V} _{\text {DD}}$ ), and a high voltage gain of 114.5 at a ${V} _{\text {DD}}$ of 10 V, thus demonstrating admirable application to flexible devices.

Various redox couples have been reported to increase the energy density and reduce the price of redox flow batteries (RFBs). Among them, the vanadium electrolyte is mainly used due to its high solubility, but electrode modification is still necessary due to its low reversibility and sluggish kinetics. Also, an incompatible ion exchange membrane with redox-active species leads to self-discharge referred to as crossover. Here, we report a V/Mn RFB using an anion exchange membrane (AEM) for crossover mitigation and etched carbon felt by nickel–bismuth (NB-ECF) for the vanadium anolyte. The NB-ECF significantly enhances the reversibility and kinetics of the V2+/V3+redox reaction, attributed to inhibited irreversible hydrogen evolution by the Bi catalyst and increased carboxyl groups by nickel (etching and NiO catalyst). Notably, the V/Mn cell employed in the NB-ECF maintains a high energy efficiency of 85.7% during 50 cycles without capacity degradation at a current density of 20 mA cm–2, which is attributed to a synergistic effect of crossover mitigation and facilitated V2+/V3+redox reaction. This study demonstrates the novel electrocatalyst design of carbon felt using two metal species.

The high-temperature properties of titanium carbide (TiC)–reinforced stainless steel (SS) matrix composite, fabricated through infiltration process, were investigated across different temperatures. By adding highly concentrated and closely adjacent TiC particulate reinforcement, dramatic variations in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal conductivity properties, which originate from the phase transformation of the SS matrix, were effectively suppressed. Moreover, the addition of TiC significantly strengthened the SS, with its strengthening effect increasing at higher temperatures and reaching its highest value after the phase transformation. Therefore, TiC–SS composite exhibit great potential for use as advanced high-temperature-resistant structural materials.

This study investigates the behavior of concrete with superabsorbent polymer (SAP) under freezing conditions. SAP particles absorb water and create air voids in hardened concrete upon releasing the absorbed water. The air voids are posited to improve the freeze resistance of concrete. While this phenomenon has been experimentally verified, a contradictory finding has also been reported. This study elucidates the conflicting observations by interpreting the water reabsorption behavior of SAPs in hardened concrete. Previous models have been modified considering the SAP characteristics in hardened concrete. Lastly, the optimal SAP content for enhanced freeze resistance are proposed.

Background: Recurrence is one of the most common complications following hallux valgus surgery. Moreover, hallux varus occurs in cases of overcorrection. We aimed to quantitatively measure, using radiographic examination, the dynamics of the soft tissues that act on deformities (recurrence of valgus and occurrence of varus) after the surgery.Methods: This retrospective single-institution study included 60 patients (98 feet) who underwent hallux valgus surgery between 2009 and 2018. According to radiographic findings of the foot under weightbearing conditions at postoperative month 1, we examined the tendons’ pathway and calculated the forces on the first metatarsophalangeal joint, which we termed the deformity force angle (DFA). We compared whether there was a significant difference in DFAs between the groups in which deformities occurred and those in which deformities did not occur after correction. In addition, the DFA was compared to known radiographic measurements of hallux valgus recurrence (hallux valgus angle, distal metatarsal articular angle, intermetatarsal angle, and sesamoid position) to assess association with recurrence.Results: We observed a significant difference in the DFA between patients with and without hallux valgus recurrence (P< .001) and between those with and without hallux varus (P< .001) based on standing radiographs taken at a minimum of 6 months postoperation. For predicting the deformities, the areas under the curve were 0.863 (hallux valgus recurrence) and 0.831 (hallux varus occurrence), respectively, which was greater than other factors evaluated. The DFA values greater than 9.5 degrees and less than 5.5 degrees were associated with the recurrence of valgus and occurrence of varus, respectively.Conclusion: In our study, DFA was associated with hallux valgus recurrence when it exceeded 9.5 degrees and hallux varus when it was less than 5.5 degrees. Moreover, in the hallux valgus surgery we performed, a DFA from 5.5 to 9.5 degrees appeared to be a “safe zone” for preventing early deformity after surgery.Level of Evidence: Level III, prognostic.

Adoptive transfer of genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is becoming a promising treatment option for hematological malignancies. However, T cell immunotherapies have mostly failed in individuals with solid tumors. Here, with a CRISPR–Cas9 pooled library, we performed an in vivo targeted loss-of-function screen and identified ST3 β-galactoside α-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3GAL1) as a negative regulator of the cancer-specific migration of CAR T cells. Analysis of glycosylated proteins revealed that CD18 is a major effector of ST3GAL1 in activated CD8+T cells. ST3GAL1-mediated glycosylation induces the spontaneous nonspecific tissue sequestration of T cells by altering lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) endocytic recycling. Engineered CAR T cells with enhanced expression of βII-spectrin, a central LFA-1-associated cytoskeleton molecule, reversed ST3GAL1-mediated nonspecific T cell migration and reduced tumor growth in mice by improving tumor-specific homing of CAR T cells. These findings identify the ST3GAL1–βII-spectrin axis as a major cell-intrinsic program for cancer-targeting CAR T cell migration and as a promising strategy for effective T cell immunotherapy.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are among the most common genetic events in all tumors and directly impact metabolic homeostasis. Despite the central role mitochondria play in energy metabolism and cellular physiology, the role of mutations in the mitochondrial genomes of tumors has been contentious. Until recently, genomic and functional studies of mtDNA variants were impeded by a lack of adequate tumor mtDNA sequencing data and available methods for mitochondrial genome engineering. These barriers and a conceptual fog surrounding the functional impact of mtDNA mutations in tumors have begun to lift, revealing a path to understanding the role of this essential metabolic genome in cancer initiation and progression. Here we discuss the history, recent developments, and challenges that remain for mitochondrial oncogenetics as the impact of a major new class of cancer-associated mutations is unveiled.

As an emerging field of study, scholars have constantly compared esports and traditional sports to find similarities and differences between the two sports fields. As various studies have called for more studies regarding the fan communities of esports, the present study analyzed the mediating effect of the sense of the esports fan community between team identification and consumer behaviors. This study employed a path analysis technique, utilizing online survey responses from 182 participants who identified as fans of the esports team. The findings revealed that a sense of fan community did not have mediating effects by showing statistically non-significant (in)direct effects on consumer behaviors. In contrast, team identification showed a significant positive effect on the sense of fan community and some consumer behaviors. The implications of the study suggest that esports organizations should focus their marketing strategies on individual fan bases and strive to maintain the competitiveness of their leagues to attract more fans to esports.

Metallic magnetic alloys are of interest as core materials in ultracompact or integrated inductors and transformers. However, when operated at high frequencies, such materials should comprise a multilayer stack of magnetic material laminations and electrically insulating interlayers to suppress eddy current loss. To achieve scalable and continuous fabrication of such a structure, sequential multilayer electrodeposition is an attractive approach. To achieve sequential electrodeposition, interlayer’s electrical conductivity should be sufficiently high to permit electrodeposition of subsequent layers, but sufficiently low to suppress eddy current loss. Polypyrrole, an electrodepositable polymer, was investigated as an interlayer material. Finite element modeling demonstrated a negligible difference in eddy current loss between NiFe/polypyrrole and NiFe/vacuum multilayers. Experimental verification of the efficacy was demonstrated as well. Compared with a single-layer NiFe inductor that has a comparable low-frequency (10 kHz) inductance value, a laminated ten-layer NiFe core showed higher inductance retention (88% of the low-frequency inductance for the laminated core versus 21% for the single-layer core) and lower ac resistance (1.68 versus $12.7~\Omega $ ) at 8 MHz, both of which are signs of suppressed eddy current. This scalable fabrication approach to high-frequency inductors will facilitate power converter miniaturizations.

Schizophrenia has a heritability of 60–80%1, much of which is attributable to common risk alleles. Here, in a two-stage genome-wide association study of up to 76,755 individuals with schizophrenia and 243,649 control individuals, we report common variant associations at 287 distinct genomic loci. Associations were concentrated in genes that are expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the central nervous system, but not in other tissues or cell types. Using fine-mapping and functional genomic data, we identify 120 genes (106 protein-coding) that are likely to underpin associations at some of these loci, including 16 genes with credible causal non-synonymous or untranslated region variation. We also implicate fundamental processes related to neuronal function, including synaptic organization, differentiation and transmission. Fine-mapped candidates were enriched for genes associated with rare disruptive coding variants in people with schizophrenia, including the glutamate receptor subunit GRIN2Aand transcription factor SP4, and were also enriched for genes implicated by such variants in neurodevelopmental disorders. We identify biological processes relevant to schizophrenia pathophysiology; show convergence of common and rare variant associations in schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders; and provide a resource of prioritized genes and variants to advance mechanistic studies.

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), a newly developed energy harvesting device that converts surrounding environmental mechanical stimuli into electricity, have been significantly explored as an ideal long-term power source for electrical devices. Despite recent advances, the development of advanced TENG devices with sufficient outputs to sustainably power electronic devices and rapid self-healability under mild conditions to improve their lifetime and function is highly demanded. Here, we report a robust self-healable and reprocessable TENG fabricated with a covalent adaptive network based on mechanically strong fluorinated poly(hindered urea) (F-PHU) integrated with ionic liquid as an efficient dielectric material to improve its triboelectric efficiency and self-healing capability simultaneously. The synthesis and integration of a well-defined reactive copolymer having both pendant fluorinated and t-butylamino bulky groups are the key to fabricate robust F-PHU networks containing fluorinated dangling chains that can interact with ionic liquids to induce ionic polarization, which raises the dielectric constant and thus increases triboelectric performance. They also are cross-linked with dynamic bulky urea linkages for rapid self-healability and high reprocessability through their reversible exchange reactions at moderate temperatures. The developed ionic F-PHU materials exhibit a high TENG output performance (power density of 173.0 mW/m2) as well as high TENG output recovery upon repairing their surface damages. This work demonstrates that such a synergistic design of triboelectric ionic F-PHU materials could have great potential for applications requiring high-performance and long-lasting energy harvesting.

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a frequently observed side effect of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. Here, we report self-regulating T cells that reduce CRS severity by secreting inhibitors of cytokines associated with CRS. With a humanized NSG-SGM3 mouse model, we show reduced CRS-related toxicity in mice treated with CAR-T cells secreting tocilizumab-derived single-chain variable fragment (Toci), yielding a safety profile superior to that of single-dose systemic tocilizumab administration. Unexpectedly, Toci-secreting CD19 CAR-T cells exhibit superior in vivo antitumor efficacy compared with conventional CD19 CAR-T cells. scRNA-seq analysis of immune cells recovered from tumor-bearing humanized mice revealed treatment with Toci-secreting CD19 CAR-T cells enriches for cytotoxic T cells while retaining memory T-cell phenotype, suggesting Toci secretion not only reduces toxicity but also significantly alters the overall T-cell composition. This approach of engineering T cells to self-regulate inflammatory cytokine production is a clinically compatible strategy with the potential to simultaneously enhance safety and efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy for cancer.

We optimized the energy storage properties of xBiInO3-(1-x)BiFeO3(BIO) solid solution thin films on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates by controlling the BiInO3concentration. The BIO thin films with BiInO3concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 mol% deposited by pulsed laser deposition were preferentially grown as c-oriented polycrystalline thin films. As the BOI concentration increases, the BIO thin films change from the rhombohedral (R) phase to a mixed phase of the R-phase and orthorhombic (O)-phase with reduced ferroelectric polarization, and then to the O-phase. At the same time, the grains become smaller and the distribution of a-domains increases, resulting in the relaxor ferroelectric properties. Therefore, the change of the BIO thin films from ferroelectric properties to the relaxor ferroelectric properties is due to a combination of phase changes, grain size changes, and a-domain formation. These relaxor ferroelectric properties enable the BIO thin films to have improved energy storage efficiency by improving recoverable energy density and reducing loss energy density. In particular, the BIO thin film with a BiInO3concentration of 40 mol% showed a high recoverable energy density of about 50.7 J/cm3and a high energy storage efficiency of about 78.5 %.

Mechanochromic smart membranes capable of optical modulation have great potential in smart windows, artificial skins, and camouflage. However, the realization of high-contrast optical modulation based on light scattering activated at a low strain remains challenging. Here, we present a strategy for designing mechanochromic scattering membranes by introducing a Young’s modulus mismatch between the two interdigitated polydimethylsiloxane phases with weak interfaces in a periodic three-dimensional (3D) structure. The refractive index-matched interfaces of the nanocomposite provide a high optical transparency of 93%. Experimental and computational studies reveal that the 3D heterogeneity facilitates the generation of numerous nanoscale debonds or “nanogaps” at the modulus-mismatching interfaces, enabling incident light scattering under tension. The heterogeneous scatterer delivers both a high transmittance contrast of >50% achieved at 15% strain and a maximum contrast of 82%. When used as a smart window, the membrane demonstrates effective diffusion of transmitting sunlight, leading to moderate indoor illumination by eliminating extremely bright or dark spots. At the other extreme, such a 3D heterogeneous design with strongly bonded interfaces can enhance the coloration sensitivity of mechanophore-dyed nanocomposites. This work presents insights into the design principles of advanced mechanochromic smart membranes.

Effector T cells leave the lymph nodes armed with specialized functional attributes. Their antigenic targets may be located anywhere in the body, posing the ultimate challenge: how to efficiently identify the target tissue, navigate through a complex tissue matrix and, ultimately, locate the immunological insult. Recent advances in real-time in situ imaging of effector T cell migratory behaviour have revealed a great degree of mechanistic plasticity that enables effector T cells to push and squeeze their way through inflamed tissues. This process is shaped by an array of ‘stop’ and ‘go’ guidance signals including target antigens, chemokines, integrin ligands and the mechanical cues of the inflamed microenvironment. Effector T cells must sense and interpret these competing signals to correctly position themselves to mediate their effector functions for complete and durable responses in infectious disease and malignancy. Tuning T cell migration therapeutically will require a new understanding of this complex decision-making process.