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Worldwide, education jurisdictions are looking for authentic ways to address First Nations perspectives in the K-12 curriculum, including science education. At the same time, there have been ongoing efforts to integrate authentic and engaging approaches to teaching science, including those that are student-centred, inquiry-based, multimodal, and linked to meaningful contexts. Both goals may be realised through the principle of Two-Eyed Seeing (TES), which seeks to integrate the strengths of Indigenous ways of knowing with one eye, and Western ways of knowing with the other eye, for the benefit of all students. This theoretical paper presents a Two-Eyed Seeing for Science Education (TESSE) Framework, which brings together two pedagogical models. One is from a contemporary science perspective, the 5Esrepresentation-rich inquiry approach, which scaffolds authentic student-centred conceptually focused learning experiences. The other is from an Indigenous perspective, the 8 Aboriginal Ways of Learning, whichillustrates different ways of knowing—many of which are familiar with First Peoples across the world (e.g., place-based, visual, holistic). The TESSE Framework aims to act as a strengths-based interface between the two knowledge systems to support a culturally responsive approach to teaching and learning science. It is designed to support meaningful connections through curriculum and pedagogy in ways that are contextually relevant to place. Through empirical investigation and in collaboration with local communities, the Framework has the potential to inform current approaches to science education in schools and universities and provide a pathway towards decolonisation and reconciliation.

Mechanisms underlying the disruption of self-tolerance in acquired autoimmunity remain unclear. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy is an acquired autoimmune disease where deglycosylated IgA1 (IgA subclass 1) auto-antigens are recognized by IgG auto-antibodies, forming immune complexes that are deposited in the kidneys, leading to glomerulonephritis. In the intestinal microbiota of patients with IgA nephropathy, there was increased relative abundance of mucin-degrading bacteria, including Akkermansia muciniphila. IgA1 was deglycosylated by A. muciniphilaboth in vitro and in the intestinal lumen of mice. This generated neo-epitopes that were recognized by autoreactive IgG from the sera of patients with IgA nephropathy. Mice expressing human IgA1 and the human Fc α receptor I (α1KI-CD89tg) that underwent intestinal colonization by A. muciniphiladeveloped an aggravated IgA nephropathy phenotype. After deglycosylation of IgA1 by A. muciniphilain the mouse gut lumen, IgA1 crossed the intestinal epithelium into the circulation by retrotranscytosis and became deposited in the glomeruli of mouse kidneys. Human α-defensins—a risk locus for IgA nephropathy—inhibited growth of A. muciniphila invitro. A negative correlation observed between stool concentration of α-defensin 6 and quantity of A. muciniphilain the guts of control participants was lost in patients with IgA nephropathy. This study demonstrates that gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to generation of auto-antigens in patients with IgA nephropathy and in a mouse model of this disease.

Biologic therapies have shown high efficacy in psoriasis, but individual response varies and is poorly understood. To inform biomarker discovery in the Psoriasis Stratification to Optimise Relevant Therapy (i.e., PSORT) study, we evaluated a comprehensive array of omics platforms across three time points and multiple tissues in a pilot investigation of 10 patients with severe psoriasis, treated with the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor, etanercept. We used RNA sequencing to analyze mRNA and small RNA transcriptome in blood, lesional and nonlesional skin, and the SOMAscan platform to investigate the serum proteome. Using an integrative systems biology approach, we identified signals of treatment response in genes and pathways associated with TNF signaling, psoriasis pathology, and the major histocompatibility complex region. We found association between clinical response and TNF-regulated genes in blood and skin. Using a combination of differential expression testing, upstream regulator analysis, clustering techniques, and predictive modeling, we show that baseline samples are indicative of patient response to biologic therapies, including signals in blood, which have traditionally been considered unreliable for inference in dermatology. In conclusion, our pilot study provides both an analytical framework and empirical basis to estimate power for larger studies, specifically the ongoing PSORT study, which we show as powered for biomarker discovery and patient stratification.

Decline-diseases are complex and becoming increasingly problematic to tree health globally. Acute Oak Decline (AOD) is characterized by necrotic stem lesions and galleries of the bark-boring beetle, Agrilus biguttatus, and represents a serious threat to oak. Although multiple novel bacterial species and Agrilusgalleries are associated with AOD lesions, the causative agent(s) are unknown. The AOD pathosystem therefore provides an ideal model for a systems-based research approach to address our hypothesis that AOD lesions are caused by a polymicrobial complex. Here we show that three bacterial species, Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecansand Rahnella victoriana, are consistently abundant in the lesion microbiome and possess virulence genes used by canonical phytopathogens that are expressed in AOD lesions. Individual and polyspecies inoculations on oak logs and trees demonstrated that B. goodwiniiand G. quercinecanscause tissue necrosis and, in combination with A. biguttatus, produce the diagnostic symptoms of AOD. We have proved a polybacterial cause of AOD lesions, providing new insights into polymicrobial interactions and tree disease. This work presents a novel conceptual and methodological template for adapting Koch’s postulates to address the role of microbial communities in disease.

Decline-diseases are complex and becoming increasingly problematic to tree health globally. Acute Oak Decline (AOD) is characterized by necrotic stem lesions and galleries of the bark-boring beetle, Agrilus biguttatus, and represents a serious threat to oak. Although multiple novel bacterial species and Agrilusgalleries are associated with AOD lesions, the causative agent(s) are unknown. The AOD pathosystem therefore provides an ideal model for a systems-based research approach to address our hypothesis that AOD lesions are caused by a polymicrobial complex. Here we show that three bacterial species, Brenneria goodwinii, Gibbsiella quercinecansand Rahnella victoriana, are consistently abundant in the lesion microbiome and possess virulence genes used by canonical phytopathogens that are expressed in AOD lesions. Individual and polyspecies inoculations on oak logs and trees demonstrated that B. goodwiniiand G. quercinecanscause tissue necrosis and, in combination with A. biguttatus, produce the diagnostic symptoms of AOD. We have proved a polybacterial cause of AOD lesions, providing new insights into polymicrobial interactions and tree disease. This work presents a novel conceptual and methodological template for adapting Koch’s postulates to address the role of microbial communities in disease.

Wheat has been domesticated into a large number of agricultural environments and has the ability to adapt to diverse environments. To understand this process, we survey genotype, repeat content, and DNA methylation across a bread wheat landrace collection representing global genetic diversity. We identify independent variation in methylation, genotype, and transposon copy number. We show that these, so far unexploited, sources of variation have had a significant impact on the wheat genome and that ancestral methylation states become preferentially “hard coded” as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) via 5-methylcytosine deamination. These mechanisms also drive local adaption, impacting important traits such as heading date and salt tolerance. Methylation and transposon diversity could therefore be used alongside SNP-based markers for breeding.

In 2014, Western Africa experienced an unanticipated explosion of Ebola virus infections. What distinguishes fatal from non-fatal outcomes remains largely unknown, yet is key to optimising personalised treatment strategies. We used transcriptome data for peripheral blood taken from infected and convalescent recovering patients to identify early stage host factors that are associated with acute illness and those that differentiate patient survival from fatality. The data demonstrate that individuals who succumbed to the disease show stronger upregulation of interferon signalling and acute phase responses compared to survivors during the acute phase of infection. Particularly notable is the strong upregulation of albumin and fibrinogen genes, which suggest significant liver pathology. Cell subtype prediction using messenger RNA expression patterns indicated that NK-cell populations increase in patients who survive infection. By selecting genes whose expression properties discriminated between fatal cases and survivors, we identify a small panel of responding genes that act as strong predictors of patient outcome, independent of viral load. Transcriptomic analysis of the host response to pathogen infection using blood samples taken during an outbreak situation can provide multiple levels of information on both disease state and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Host biomarkers were identified that provide high predictive value under conditions where other predictors, such as viral load, are poor prognostic indicators. The data suggested that rapid analysis of the host response to infection in an outbreak situation can provide valuable information to guide an understanding of disease outcome and mechanisms of disease.

Current DNA assembly methods are prone to sequence errors, requiring rigorous quality control (QC) to identify incorrect assemblies or synthesized constructs. Such errors can lead to misinterpretation of phenotypes. Because of this intrinsic problem, routine QC analysis is generally performed on three or more clones using a combination of restriction endonuclease assays, colony PCR, and Sanger sequencing. However, as new automation methods emerge that enable high-throughput assembly, QC using these techniques has become a major bottleneck. Here, we describe a quick and affordable methodology for the QC of synthetic constructs. Our method involves a one-pot digestion-ligation DNA assembly reaction, based on the Golden Gate assembly methodology, that is coupled with Pacific Biosciences’ Single Molecule, Real-Time (PacBio SMRT) sequencing technology.

Calcium carbonate saturation is frequently of interest at temperatures other than the temperature at which the pH was measured. Because calcium carbonate saturation is influenced by temperature, error is introduced into calcium carbonate saturation estimates for temperatures other than the temperature at which the pH was measured unless temperature effects are taken into account. This article describes a method to correct for temperature effects, which allows the user to estimate calcium carbonate saturation for temperatures other than that at which pH was measured. The authors provide a tool for conducting such calculations and offer example applications, which show that the degree of calcium carbonate saturation can either increase or decrease with an increase in temperature, depending on the quality of the water in question.

Ebolaviruses cause a severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans, with some species such as Ebola virus having case fatality rates approaching 90%. Currently, the worst Ebola virus outbreak since the disease was discovered is occurring in West Africa. Although thought to be a zoonotic infection, a concern is that with increasing numbers of humans being infected, Ebola virus variants could be selected which are better adapted for human-to-human transmission. To investigate whether genetic changes in Ebola virus become established in response to adaptation in a different host, a guinea pig model of infection was used. In this experimental system, guinea pigs were infected with Ebola virus (EBOV), which initially did not cause disease. To simulate transmission to uninfected individuals, the virus was serially passaged five times in naïve animals. As the virus was passaged, virulence increased and clinical effects were observed in the guinea pig. An RNAseq and consensus mapping approach was then used to evaluate potential nucleotide changes in the Ebola virus genome at each passage. Upon passage in the guinea pig model, EBOV become more virulent, RNA editing and also coding changes in key proteins become established. The data suggest that the initial evolutionary trajectory of EBOV in a new host can lead to a gain in virulence. Given the circumstances of the sustained transmission of EBOV in the current outbreak in West Africa, increases in virulence may be associated with prolonged and uncontrolled epidemics of EBOV.

The corporate approaches introduced in the late 1980s and now prevalent in universities in Australia have led to irrevocable changes in the way universities are managed and academics work. The management approaches widely applied in Australian universities are largely based on a top-down corporate management model, with central control over policy and budget driven by the need to meet stringent external accountability requirements. This form of management rewards compliance and predictability. The economic environment over this period has changed drastically, becoming more global and uncertain. The prevailing management processes are not suited to the modern economic environment. A modern university is expected to operate more as an enterprise, but to do so effectively it needs flexible and responsive forms of management that are more inclusive of academics in the decision making process. This paper explores the organisational management literature and links it to the context in which universities operate. It considers the implications for managers and academics, as key stakeholders in a modern university, in this changeable environment.

• We used Guttman scaling procedures to devise a quantitative, reproducible measure among pediatric residents of attitude change concerning neonatal resuscitation. Preliminary cross-sectional testing of an incoming group of pediatric level 1 residents and graduating pediatric level 3 residents indicated that pediatric level 3 residents were more reluctant to resuscitate highrisk infants. This reluctance was not due to age differences. The pediatric level 1 residents were retested at the completion of each year of training. Residents showed significantly increased reluctance to resuscitate infants at the end of the first year of training and again at the end of the third year of training. These attitude changes were unrelated to gender, marital status, religious preference, or ethnic background. Data acquired both cross-sectionally and longitudinally indicated that attitudes toward neonatal resuscitation changed during residency training.(AJDC 1986;140:766-769)

Basic evaluation research of interim programs conducted to date has employed three of four conceptual models. In the present article, the authors (1) identify these four conceptual models, (2) briefly outline significant studies that have been conducted using three of them, and (3) explore the possible advantages of one model which has not been used or reported in the literature of higher education. It is hoped that some insight into the possible ways to evaluate interim programs was provided, that further thought about objective evaluation programs was initiated, and that creative ventures into areas not yet researched were stimulated.

This is a study of word generation during functional MRI (fMRI). Eleven normal healthy subjects were instructed to generate words covertly, (i.e., silently) that began with particular letters. Images were acquired on a conventional 1.5T scanner at three contiguous axial planes encompassing language-related areas of the temporal and frontal lobe. The data were analyzed at the level of a Talairach box, after individually fitting the proportional Talairach grid system to each slice. The main variable of interest was the number of activated pixels within a Talairach box. Boxes with a significant increase in the proportion of activated pixels were located in three regions of the left neocortex: (1) Brodmann areas 44 and 45 in the dorsolateral frontal cortex (Broca's area), (2) areas 21 and 37 in the temporal cortex, (3) and the striate/extrastriate cortex (areas 17 & 18). The results are discussed in terms of a cognitive model of word generation and are compared, in detail, with the results of prior relevant imaging studies.

A definition of inertial mass is advanced which views this mass property as being due to intrinsic periodic electromagnetic processes characterized by an amplitudeR and an angular frequency?. The existence of a stableE/M composite mass unit, called a hylon, is then postulated composed of two or more of these primitive processes. Selected space-time coherence relations are then imposed on? andR through ad hoc quantizations based on notions borrowed from historical physical theories. Elementary particles are then investigated to test the efficacy of the mass definition and coherence relations. It is found that by equating the postulated hylon mass with the experimental pion masses, a mass spectrum emerges which has a close correspondence with many of the more stable particles and resonances. A case is then made for considering these particles as being primarily electromagnetic in nature and exhibiting an underlying space-time structure in terms of the theory advanced.

• Large nuchal cystic hygromas were observed in five second-trimester aborted fetuses at autopsy. Two female fetuses with generalized edema were karyotyped as 45,X. One of these was the twin of a 46,XX normal female sibling. The association of generalized edema with large nuchal cystic hygromas was seen only in these two fetuses and represents strong phenotypic evidence of Turner's syndrome. However, the absence of hydrops was not a reliable indicator of normal karyotype. One fetus without generalized edema was karyotyped as 47,XY, +21, inv(9). The remaining cases had normal karyotypes. Placental histology was not useful in discriminating monosomy X from other conditions, but placental tissue culture was important in obtaining a cytogenetic diagnosis. Karyotyping is recommended in all cases of fetal cystic hygroma.(AJDC 1986;140:580-583)

It has been suggested that the serum of infants with ABO hemolytic disease contains hematin which might interfere with bilirubin binding to albumin, increasing the risk of kernicterus. Using the horseradish peroxidase assay, we investigated this possibility. Cord serum from healthy term infants was enriched with bilirubin to a bilirubin/albumin molar ratio of 0.6, and then varying amounts of hematin were added. Hematin had a significant adverse effect on bilirubin binding when present in half to equimolar ratios with bilirubin. This high concentration of hematin does not appear to be present in serum from infants with ABO hemolytic disease and no difference was seen when comparing the dilute and the undilute peroxidase assays. These data suggest that hematin can alter bilirubin binding in neonatal serum but is not of physiologic importance for infants with ABO-isoimmune hemolysis.

More is and will be expected of public service employees. Human resource developers, trainers and educators can do much to help the public service move more assuredly into meeting the changing demands of the public in what is becoming an information oriented society. One of the ways in which the government of Ontario, Canada has determined it can better serve its public, was in the restructuring of the human resources management of the Public Service. A letter from the Premier of the province to the 80,000-member civil service, outlining some of the objectives of the government, and a summary of the March 1986 Report “Managing Human Resources in the Ontario Public Service” are cited. The call was for more clearly communicated goals and policy priorities, training and workplace enhancement, and regular feedback on employee performance. The author's personal view is that the time is ripe, in both the public and private sectors, for the traditional role of staff developer to likewise be strengthened through an enhanced form of personal professional development, professionalization, and the promotion of a new image of the profession by their professional associations. A key link in the process is found in the credentialling question. A model and a personal appeal to “trainers” is put forward to address this question.

Six-letter nonsense arrays, constructed from a 12-letter population which was not made known to 20 Ss, were tachistoscopically shown successively in the right visual field (RVF) and left visual field (LVF) at three displacements from a central fixation point. Recognition scores were higher for stimuli in the RVF at each displacement. In each case RVF superiority was limited to letters in the first array-half (letters 1, 2, 3). These results agree with prior findings obtained with targets made up of six letters known to S(Fudin, 1969). Reportability of a tachistoscopically exposed letter, in part, is a function of the relationship between its retinal location and the delay before it is scanned. Location determines the amount of information a letter contains before it starts to fade-out (the more acute the area, the greater the information), delay determines the period of information dissipation prior to scanning. These ideas were used to explain the contrast between high error scores for middle-array letters in the bow-shaped error curves found in this experiment and the low values often reported for these letters when targets are shown across fixation, and the finding that the difference between error scores for letters in the first and second array-halves was greater for targets at each displacement in the right than the left visual field.

Rats received discrimination training where light-on was the S+ condition and light-off the S- condition. 2 Ss were trained with a fixed interval (FI) 30-sec. schedule with a limited hold of 5 sec. during S+, while 3 Ss were trained with a variable interval (VI) 30-sec. schedule during S+. Probe testing produced steeper generalization gradients for the FI trained Ss than for the VI trained Ss. Exp. 2 was conducted with 2 more VI Ss trained and tested in an identical manner to the FI Ss of Exp. 1. Gradients for the FI Ss of Exp. 1 were steeper than for those of the VI Ss of Exp. 2. Thus less stimulus control was exerted after training with VI than with FI schedules. The discriminative properties of reinforcement during the VI schedule competed with and thereby weakened S+ stimulus control. An alternate explanation in terms of changes in response patterns was discussed.

1. Evidence of a marked difference in alkaline phosphatase activity in the leukocytes of normal subjects and individuals with chronic myelogenous leukemia has been provided by observations on the behavior of the enzyme following prolonged incubation and during pyogenic infection. 2. Therapy with radiation and radiomimetic drugs in chronic myelogenous leukemia and myeloid metaplasia resulted in a marked fall in leukocyte count but no change was observed in the relative population of alkaline phosphatase positive and negative cells. 3. In our laboratory histochemical and biochemical values for leukocyte alkaline phosphatase have been similar to those reported in the literature for typical cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia and most leukemoid reactions. However, in certain cases parodoxical findings have been noted in which histochemical and biochemical studies were inconsistent with the pathologic diagnosis. 4. The inadequacies of purely morphologic criteria in these atypical cases were noted and the desirability of the further development of cytochemical methods has been pointed out.

THE OCCURRENCE of malignancies of various types with polycythemia vera is well known.1-4 The hematologic abnormalities most frequently associated with this disorder are chronic myelogenous leukemia, myelofibrosis, and acute leukemia. Lymphomatous disorders such as chronic lymphatic leukemia or lymphoma have rarely been observed in these patients 3,5,6 and multiple myeloma only infrequently noted.7-17 Since an interrelationship between disorders of marrow origin has been suggested,18-20 further observations on patients with associated disorders, particularly lymphoma or multiple myeloma and polycythemia vera, may be useful. We have had the opportunity to document these combinations in three patients. REPORT OF CASES CASE 1. —K. C., an 83-year-old white woman, was admitted to the Presbyterian-University Hospital in May 1961 for evaluation of lymphocytosis. In 1955 during an admission to St. Francis Hospital, Pittsburgh, she was found to have splenomegaly, but no lymphadenopathy or hepatomegaly. She had noted increasing weakness and modest pruritus

ABSTRACTThe etiology of Crohn’s disease (CD) is multifactorial. Bacterial and fungal microbiota are involved in the onset and/or progression of the disease. A bacterial dysbiosis in CD patients is accepted; however, less is known about the mycobiome and the relationships between the two communities. We investigated the interkingdom relationships, their metabolic consequences, and the changes in the fungal community during relapse and remission in CD.Two cohorts were evaluated: a British cohort (n = 63) comprising CD and ulcerative colitis patients, and controls. The fungal and bacterial communities of biopsy and fecal samples were analyzed, with the fecal volatiles; datasets were also integrated; and a Dutch cohort (n = 41) comprising CD patients and healthy controls was analyzed for stability of the gut mycobiome.A dysbiosis of the bacterial community was observed in biopsies and stool. Results suggest Bacteroidesis likely key in CD and may modulate Candidacolonization. A dysbiosis of the fungal community was observed only in the Dutch cohort; Malasseziaand Candidawere increased in patients taking immunosuppressants. Longitudinal analysis showed an increase in Cyberlindnerain relapse. Saccharomyceswas dominant in all fecal samples, but not in biopsies, some of which did not yield fungal reads; amino acid degradation was the main metabolic change associated with CD and both bacteria and fungi might be implicated.We have shown that Bacteroidesand yeasts may play a role in CD; understanding their role and relationship in the disease would shed new light on the development and treatment of CD.

DURING the past 20 years considerable attention has been drawn to the effects of altered litter size on the growth and development of various mammals. Studies with rodents have shown that increasing litter size permanently reduces body growth by attenuating the rate of cell division and the final number of cells per organ1–5. Conversely, reduction of litter size enhances growth and development1,6–9. Altering litter size has also been shown to effect adult behaviour; by elevating emotional reactivity9–12, and reducing learning ability13in pups raised in large litters, and by reducing emotionality in pups raised in small litters10–12. It is not known, however, how quickly behavioural differences may result from alterations in litter size. Moreover, it is unclear whether such behavioural effects are a consequence of nutritional changes or of alterations in the pups' developmental experiences. For example, behavioural differences may be due to alterations in maternal behaviour, as rats nursing small litters spend more time in the nest with these pups, and more time handling and manipulating them14,15. Additionally, varying litter size probably alters within litter competition for the nipples, and this may effect behavioural development as well. Utilising recently developed techniques for the measurement of suckling16–18and activity19we attempted to discover whether altering litter size directly affects the behaviour of pre-weanling rats. We now report that reducing litter size has the surprising effect of reducing both the willingness of pups to suckle and the vigour of their search behaviour on the mother. Moreover, these effects seem more directly linked to alterations in the litter experience than to nutritional differences.

To test the hypothesis that the increased incidence of hyaline membrane disease in second-born twins is related to acidosis at birth, umbilical arterial Hwas measured in 26 sets of premature twins. Although overall Twin B had a lower Apgar score than Twin A, there was no difference in their H, If the delivery interval was prolonged over 8 minutes then Twin B infants were more acidemic and had lower Apgar scores. Infants with hyaline membrane disease had lower Apgar scores, but were not more acidemic than infants without respiratory distress. Our data suggest that acidosis at birth is not an important factor in the development of hyaline membrane disease.

Discusses the United States Department of Defense's collaboration with medical experts regarding the development of non-lethal weapons. Understanding of non-lethal weapons' human affects; Production of the intended human effects; Determination of the right measure of force; Controversy over the right dose of pepper spray; Study of how the body will react to force exerted by non-lethal weapons.

While calculating the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) for calcium carbonate for a low‐alkalinity mountain supply, the authors discovered that Method 2330 B for calculating the LSI for calcium carbonate includes an incorrect equation for calculating the concentration of bicarbonate ion.

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Sowing Dissent," by Joel Salatin in the October 2012 issue along with the response from the author of the article.

The effect of gestational age on bilirubin binding by albumin was studied using cord serum obtained from 22 preterm infants, 13 term infants and samples obtained from 17 adults. Using the horseradish peroxidase method, the apparent unbound bilirubin concentration (AUBC) was measured with increasing amounts of total bilirubin (TB). Serum albumin was also determined. The resultant bilirubin titration curve was analyzed using the least squares fit of the empiric equation Y = aXband calculation of the association constants (Ka) using Scatchard plots.After correction for albumin concentration by plotting AUBC against the molar ratio of TB/albumin (R), term and preterm infants had identical curves while both were different than adults. At R of 0.6, AUBC for preterm infants was 46.1 nM/L ± 1.7 SEM; for term infants it was 49.8 nM/L ± 3.5 SEM (P=NS) and for adults it was 29.8 nM/L ± 1.6 SEM (both P <0.001). Using Scatchard plot analyses, the Ka1for preterm infants and term infants was 0.39 ×109M−1± 0.05 SEM and 0.48 ×109M−1± 0.15 SEM (P=NS); for adult albumin Ka1was 1.45 ×109M−1± 0.29 SEM (both P <0.01).We conclude that after correction for albumin concentration, bilirubin binding does not change with gestational age. Molecule for molecule the binding of cord albumin is the same for preterm and term infants. This suggests that infant albumin binds bilirubin less effectively than adult albumin.