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Schizophrenia is a complex and often chronic psychiatric disorder with high heritability. Diagnosis of schizophrenia is still made clinically based on psychiatric symptoms; no diagnostic tests or biomarkers are available. Pathophysiology-based diagnostic scheme and treatments are also not available. Elucidation of the pathogenesis is needed for development of pathology-based diagnostics and treatments. In the past few decades, genetic research has made substantial advances in our understanding of the genetic architecture of schizophrenia. Rare copy number variations (CNVs) and rare single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) detected by whole-genome CNV analysis and whole-genome/-exome sequencing analysis have provided the great advances. Common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected by large-scale genome-wide association studies have also provided important information. Large-scale genetic studies have been revealed that both rare and common genetic variants play crucial roles in this disorder. In this review, we focused on CNVs, SNVs, and SNPs, and discuss the latest research findings on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia based on these genetic variants. Rare variants with large effect sizes can provide mechanistic hypotheses. CRISPR-based genetics approaches and induced pluripotent stem cell technology can facilitate the functional analysis of these variants detected in patients with schizophrenia. Recent advances in long-read sequence technology are expected to detect variants that cannot be detected by short-read sequence technology. Various studies that bring together data from common variant and transcriptomic datasets provide biological insight. These new approaches will provide additional insight into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and facilitate the development of pathology-based therapeutics.

This article is a summary of perspectives on training curricula from child and adolescent psychiatry trainees globally. We aimed to identify the relative strengths, weaknesses and gaps in learning needs from a trainee's perspective. The 20 early-career child psychiatrists who contributed are from 16 countries and represent all the five continents. We could identify some global challenges as well as local/regional challenges that need to be addressed to develop competent child psychiatrists.

Abstract: To determine the optimum priming dose of vecuronium, we divided 173 surgical patients into five groups according to priming dose (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 μgkg−1). For endotracheal intubation, we administered a priming dose of vecuronium, and then after 4 min, the remainder was injected for a total dosage of 0.15 mgkg−1. Onset time was determined by a 95% depression of twitch height as shown by electromyography (EMG) of the hypothenar muscles. This was measured by repeating the train-of-four (TOF) stimulation. An increased priming dose shortened the onset time; however, this shortening rate diminished when the dosage was above 7.5 μgkg−1. In the zero priming dose group there was a significant correlation between onset time and age, and between onset time and body mass index (BMI) in women (r=0.62 and −0.45, respectively); however, this correlation was not observed in men. A priming dose of 10 μgkg−1 showed a decrease of TOF ratio to 95% or less in 1 out of 25 cases. Although one-third of the patients in the 5 and 7.5 μgkg−1 groups complained of clinical symptoms such as ptosis, this was clinically allowable. We conclude that the optimum priming dose of vecuronium is 7.5 μgkg−1; however, in obese patients, a smaller dosage would be recommended.