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ABSTRACTDisaster recovery is not a time of exception, it is a time when existing social, economic, and racial inequalities are reproduced and exacerbated. Housing institutions can amplify inequality during disaster recovery. We use quantitative methods to ask whether evictions increase during disaster recovery periods in four states. We stratify our case selection by the type of statutory protections for landlords and tenants in state law. In three cases that have pro-business or a mixture of pro-business and tenant protections, we find strong, significant increases in eviction rates in disaster-affected neighborhoods relative to neighborhoods in adjacent areas with no disaster declaration. By contrast, in the case that has primarily tenant protections, there is no statistically significant rise in evictions following the disaster. We conclude that tenant protections are not sufficient to prevent swift increases in evictions following disasters in states with a policy environment that is also characterized by landlord protections. We close with policy recommendations to prevent evictions after disasters, and suggestions for further research.

Zusammenfassung: 3,4-Methylendioxy-N-methylamphetamin (MDMA), auch Ecstasy genannt, ist ein unter Jugendlichen weit verbreitetes Halluzinogen. Bislang bekannte Komplikationen des Konsums dieser Droge sind eine Hyperpyrexie, eine disseminierte intravasale Koagulation, ein akutes Nierenversagen sowie eine Rhabdomyolyse. Wir berichten �ber eine 18-j�hrige Patientin, die nach der Inhalation von Ecstasy ein Pneumomediastinum sowie ein Hautemphysem entwickelte, wobei eine L�sion der Luftwege und des Lungenparenchyms ausgeschlossen wurden. Die Hypothese zur Pathogenese dieser Erkrankung wird pr�sentiert. Die Therapie der Wahl ist die Beobachtung des Patienten unter station�ren Bedingungen sowie die maximale Sedierung bis hin zur Kurzzeitbeatmung.

Objective: To evaluate the exposure frequency effect of 0.454% stannous fluoride (SnF2) toothpaste in controlling gingivitis.Methods: Two randomized controlled trials enrolled generally healthy adults with gingivitis. The study duration was 1 mo (study 1) and 3 mo (study 2). Gingivitis was assessed using the Löe-Silness Gingival Index (LSGI) at baseline, 1 mo (both studies), and 3 mo (study 2); bleeding scores were derived from the LSGI. Study groups consisted of positive control (twice-daily use of 0.454% SnF2toothpaste), experimental group (brushing in the morning with SnF2toothpaste and in the evening with 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate [SMFP] toothpaste), and negative control (twice-daily use of SMFP toothpaste). The primary endpoint was number of bleeding sites.Results: Study 1 and study 2 each enrolled and randomized 90 participants; 86 and 89 participants, respectively, completed the trials. At baseline, the mean (SD) number of bleeding sites was 47.6 (18.54) in study 1 and 41.5 (17.84) in study 2. At 3 mo (study 2), the positive control produced 51.3% fewer bleeding sites, and the experimental group produced 32.5% fewer bleeding sites versus the negative control (P< 0.001 for both). At 1 mo, the positive control produced 45.1% (study 1) and 45.8% (study 2) fewer bleeding sites versus the negative control (P< 0.001 for both), and the experimental group produced 33.0% (study 1) and 24.8% (study 2) fewer bleeding sites, respectively, versus the negative control (P ≤0.002 for both). The benefit was observed as early as 1 mo and was consistent with 3-mo results.Conclusion: This research is to our knowledge the first to demonstrate a gingivitis-reduction response effect for the frequency of bioavailable SnF2toothpaste use, with maximum benefit from twice-daily use, followed by a single-daily exposure versus the negative control. Clinical trial registration numbers: NCT05916508 and NCT05916521.Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used by dental professionals to guide their recommendations for therapeutic toothpaste for gingival health. Emphasis on the importance of twice-daily brushing with bioavailable stannous fluoride dentifrice will help patients optimize gingival health benefits achieved via self-care.

ObjectiveThe role of serrated polyps (SPs) as colorectal cancer precursor is increasingly recognised. However, the true prevalence SPs is largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate the detection rate of SPs subtypes as well as serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) among European screening cohorts.MethodsProspectively collected screening cohorts of ≥1000 individuals were eligible for inclusion. Colonoscopies performed before 2009 and/or in individuals aged below 50 were excluded. Rate of SPs was assessed, categorised for histology, location and size. Age–sex–standardised number needed to screen (NNS) to detect SPs were calculated. Rate of SPS was assessed in cohorts with known colonoscopy follow-up data. Clinically relevant SPs (regarded as a separate entity) were defined as SPs ≥10 mm and/or SPs >5 mm in the proximal colon.ResultsThree faecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening cohorts and two primary colonoscopy screening cohorts (range 1.426–205.949 individuals) were included. Rate of SPs ranged between 15.1% and 27.2% (median 19.5%), of sessile serrated polyps between 2.2% and 4.8% (median 3.3%) and of clinically relevant SPs between 2.1% and 7.8% (median 4.6%). Rate of SPs was similar in FOBT-based cohorts as in colonoscopy screening cohorts. No apparent association between the rate of SP and gender or age was shown. Rate of SPS ranged from 0% to 0.5%, which increased to 0.4% to 0.8% after follow-up colonoscopy.ConclusionsThe detection rate of SPs is variable among screening cohorts, and standards for reporting, detection and histopathological assessment should be established. The median rate, as found in this study, may contribute to define uniform minimum standards for males and females between 50 and 75 years of age.

Notre objectif est de comparer les nouvelles courbes de poids in utero EPOPé ajustées et non ajustées, développées pour répondre aux recommandations de pratique clinique du CNGOF en 2013, à des courbes utilisées en France, et d’évaluer l’apport de l’ajustement sur le sexe et les paramètres maternels.

Nous avons développé des courbes de poids, nommées courbes EPOPé, répondant aux recommandations 2013 du CNGOF sur le dépistage du retard de croissance intra-utérin.

Most pollutants in the Earth’s atmosphere are removed by oxidation with highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. Field measurements have revealed much higher concentrations of hydroxyl radicals than expected in regions with high loads of the biogenic volatile organic compound isoprene. Different isoprene degradation mechanisms have been proposed to explain the high levels of hydroxyl radicals observed. Whether one or more of these mechanisms actually operates in the natural environment, and the potential impact on climate and air quality, has remained uncertain. Here, we present a complete set of measurements of hydroxyl and peroxy radicals collected during isoprene-oxidation experiments carried out in an atmospheric simulation chamber, under controlled atmospheric conditions. We detected significantly higher concentrations of hydroxyl radicals than expected based on model calculations, providing direct evidence for a strong hydroxyl radical enhancement due to the additional recycling of radicals in the presence of isoprene. Specifically, our findings are consistent with the unimolecular reactions of isoprene-derived peroxy radicals postulated by quantum chemical calculations. Our experiments suggest that more than half of the hydroxyl radicals consumed in isoprene-rich regions, such as forests, are recycled by these unimolecular reactions with isoprene. Although such recycling is not sufficient to explain the high concentrations of hydroxyl radicals observed in the field, we conclude that it contributes significantly to the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere in isoprene-rich regions.

The paper deals with the cracking of reinforced concrete beams loaded with torsional moment. A theoretical approach to the calculation of oblique cracks for beams subjected to pure torsional moment and to combined torsion and shearing is presented. The ways of checking cracks in such elements, prescribed by the relevant standards are described. Experimentally determined widths of cracks in reinforced concrete beams subjected to torsion are reported and compared with the ones calculated from formulas found in the standards and in the literature.

A method of calculating the location of the neutral axis of a rectangular steel fibre reinforced concrete cross section before and after cracking, and its moments of inertia relative to this axis is proposed. Moreover, the method of calculating the cross section's geometrical characteristics for both the cracked stage and the uncracked stage is based on a model of fibres distribution along the length of the beam. Consequently, two algorithms for estimating the immediate and long-term deflections of steel fibre reinforced concrete beams are proposed. One of the algorithms is for uncracked beams and the other for cracked beams. The algorithms have been positively experimentally verified.

Because of the properties of the material (concrete), computer simulations in the field of reinforced concrete structures are pose a challenge. As opposed to steel, concrete when subjected to compression exhibits nonlinearity right from the start. Moreover, it much quicker undergoes degradation under tension. All this poses difficulties for numerical analyses. Parameters needed to correctly model concrete under compound stress are described in this paper. The parameters are illustrated using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity model included in the ABAQUS software.

The paper presents the results of tests, numerical analyses and theoretical analyses of reinforced concrete beams loaded with a torsional moment as well as a shearing force and a bending moment, carried out in the Research Laboratory of the Institute of Building Engineering at Wroclaw University of Technology. The research focused on the load capacity and stiffness of such elements. Beams angular (in the shape of the inverted letter L) and rectangular in cross section were investigated. The tests were carried out in two series. In the first test series the elements were loaded with solely a torsional moment. In the second test series the beams were subjected to the combined load of a torsional moment, a shearing force and a bending moment. The behaviour of the beams with the different cross sectional shapes was compared. The experimental results and the ones yielded by numerical analyses were compared with theoretical and standard results.

The structural properties of GaN and Ga1–xMnxN layers are reported. The GaN and Ga1–xMnxN layers were obtained by the sublimation sandwich method SSM. Electron microprobe measurements detected high Mn concentration of up to 4.0 at in Ga1–xMnxN materials. Raman investigations demonstrated that the prepared layers had a wellordered structure. The densities of dislocations in the template MOCVD layer, SSM GaN layers and SSM Ga1–xMnxN layers were 3.9 × 108cm–2, 1.4 × 108cm–2and 3.0 × 109cm–2, respectively. The AFM studies demonstrated that the GaN RMS roughness increased with the increase in thickness. © 2008 WILEYVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

Zusammenfassung Wir berichten über eine 77-jährige Patientin, bei der wegen eines Crohn-Befalls des Rektums mit Destruktion des Kontinenzorgans eine abdominoperineale Rektumexstirpation durchgeführt wurde. Die perineale Wundhöhle war auch 10 Monate postoperativ nicht abgeheilt: ein persistierender perinealer Sinus. Es wird eine weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeit des seit 1929 bekannten Bulbokavernosusfettlappens für den Verschluss dieses Sinus beschrieben. Die am häufigsten durchgeführte operative Versorgung dieser Erkrankung, nämlich die Transposition des M. gracilis erschien uns als nicht angemessen, da der M. gracilis zu voluminös ist und der Morbidität des Hebedefektes inadäquat. Diese Operationsmethode wird von uns zum Verschluss kleinerer perinealer Kavitäten von Frauen empfohlen und kann in ein Gesamtkonzept der chirurgischen Therapie des persistierenden perinealen Sinus integriert werden.

Vapor pressures and enthalpies of sublimation of crystalline 5-aminouracil, 6-aminouracil, 6-amino-1-methyluracil, 6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil, and 5-nitrouracil were measured by the Knudsen effusion method. The heats of solution in water were determined at 298.15 K over the range of concentrations (0.828 to 1.845) mmol·kg^-1 by using an isoperibol solution calorimeter. The molar enthalpies of solution at infinite dilution were evaluated. The molar enthalpy of hydration was calculated by subtracting the estimated molar enthalpy of sublimation and the molar enthalpy of solution. The contributions of the −NH2, −NO3, and −CH3 groups to the molar enthalpies of solution, sublimation, and hydration were calculated by applying a simple additivity scheme. The molar enthalpies of hydration were correlated with the structural parameters of the compounds investigated. They were found to be linearly related to the polar and to the apolar parts of the accessible surface areas of the compound studied.

After a substantial decrease in the middle of the 20th century, multiple pregnancy rates have increased in many Wester countries. Between the mid-1970s and 1998, the rate of twin pregnancies increased by 50% to 60% in England and Wales, France, and the United States. The rates of triplet or higher-order multiple pregnancies increased by 310% in France, 430% in England and Wales, and 696% in the United States. One fourth to one third of the increase in twin or triplet pregnancies are attributable to a contemporaneous increase in maternal age. Furthermore, in countries with high occurrence of multiple births, 30% to 50% of twin pregnancies and at least 75% of triplet pregnancies occur after infertility treatment. The impact of the increase in multiple births on preterm delivery rates in the overall population is mainly attributable to twin pregnancies. In Canada, France, and the United States, an increase in preterm births among multiples contributed almost as much as the increase in occurrence of multiple births to the increase or stabilization of the overall rates of preterm delivery observed in these countries.

During the past decade there has been a great emphasis on using multielemental methods to determine heavy metals in solid waste products arising from various industrial, combustion, municipal and mining activities. Furthermore, the study of the leaching characteristics of these solid wastes is of prime importance for environmental and regulatory considerations. We present an overview of neutron activation analysis (NAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for the analysis of solid wastes and leachates. In particular we discuss several matrix problems that are usually not considered in routine NAA measurements.

Zusammenfassung.: Einleitung: Die seltene, aber lebensbedrohende parathyreotoxische Krise entsteht in aller Regel durch Exacerbation eines chronischen Hyperparathyreoidismus. tiologische Faktoren fr diese Entgleisung sind Zustnde, die zustzlich zur Grunderkrankung das Serumcalcium noch steigern: maligne Erkrankungen, Vitamin-D-Intoxikation sowie die Behandlung mit Calcium und calciumhaltigen Ionenaustauschern bei Niereninsuffizienz. Methoden: Wir stellen 5 Flle einer parathyreotoxischen Krise vor. Klinische Symptome, diagnostisches Vorgehen sowie die chirurgische Therapie werden mit Hilfe der Literatur diskutiert. Ergebnisse: Parathyreotoxische Krisen treten bei einem Serumspiegel des totalen Calciums von ber 4 mmol/l auf. Symptome sind Erbrechen, Polyurie mit nachfolgender Dehydratation und Hypotonie, die in Verwirrungszustnden mit Halluzinationen bis zum Koma kulminieren. Die Diagnosestellung erfolgt durch Nachweis eines erhhten Serumcalciums sowie Parathormons. Schlufolgerungen: Die Notfalltherapie besteht einerseits in der Rehydrierung mit Diuresestimulierung sowie andererseits in der raschen, notfallmigen Zufhrung zur chirurgischen Therapie bei ausbleibender Besserung.

Introduction A pilot study has been conducted in France to estimate the extent of underreporting of induced abortion and the factors linked to underreporting.Methods A representative random sample of 300 women aged between 18 and 44 years of age who had been pregnant during the previous 2 years and 100 women who had not was selected from the telephone directory. Interviews were conducted by telephone.Results The annual incidence of induced abortion for the 18-44-year-old age group was 6.9 per 1000 (95% confidence interval 2.2-11.6), while the rate derived from national statistics was 15 per 1000. Five women who reported a therapeutic abortion in their lifetime had confused induced abortion and therapeutic abortion.There was no significant difference in the proportion of women reporting induced abortion in their lifetime between those answering with another adult present and those who were alone when answering (13.1% versus 11.1%, p = 0.8). There was also no significant difference according to the sex of the interviewer (10.0% for men versus 12.2% for women, p = 0.6).Conclusion The results suggest that the context in which the questions were asked does not affect the validity of the answers and that there is a problem in the comprehension of the terminology used. Extensive rewriting and reformulation of the questions is required to minimize the underreporting of induced abortion.

Abstract: Lead still remains one of the most thoroughly investigated heavy metals in the environment. Although the identification of lead in soil is a routine matter, its environmental consequence is still much debated because of its potential mobility. We have investigated leadand copper-contaminated soil from two different areas. One was in an urban area, which formerly had a lead smelter within the city. The other a firing range, in which hundreds of thousands of rounds were fired into a very large mound known as a berm. Homogeneity tests, depth profiles, and Pb-Cu correlations are discussed.

The murine antibody R24 and mouse-human Fv-IgG1(kappa) chimeric antibody chR24 are specific for the cell-surface tumor antigen disialoganglioside GD3. X-ray diffraction and surface plasmon resonance experiments have been employed to study the mechanism of "homophilic binding," in which molecules of R24 recognize and bind to other molecules of R24 though their heavy chain variable domains. R24 exhibits strong binding to liposomes containing disialoganglioside GD3; however, the kinetics are unusual in that saturation of binding is not observed. The binding of chR24 to GD3-bearing liposomes is significantly weaker, suggesting that cooperative interactions involving antibody constant regions contribute to R24 binding of membrane-bound GD3. The crystal structures of the Fabs from R24 and chR24 reveal the mechanism for homophilic binding and confirm that the homophilic and antigen-binding idiotopes are distinct. The homophilic binding idiotope is formed largely by an anti-parallel beta-sheet dimerization between the H2 complementarity determining region (CDR) loops of two Fabs, while the antigen-binding idiotope is a pocket formed by the three CDR loops on the heavy chain. The formation of homophilic dimers requires the presence of a canonical conformation for the H2 CDR in conjunction with participation of side chains. The relative positions of the homophilic and antigen-binding sites allows for a lattice of GD3-specific antibodies to be constructed, which is stabilized by the presence of the cell membrane. This model provides for the selective recognition by R24 of cells that overexpress GD3 on the cell surface.

Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often suffer from disorders affecting the anorectum, but unfortunately the best kind of treatment frequently seems questionable. In a retrospective investigation we reviewed 29 HIV-positive patients with anorectal lesions who had experienced a proctologic operation. Our impression correlates with other findings according to which HIV-positive patients in advanced stages have a poorer postoperative outcome in terms of morbidity and survival than patients in an early CDC disease stage. This implies that the indication for a proctologic operation in an immunocompromised state has to be considered carefully. Proktologische Erkrankungen werden bei HIV-Infizierten überaus häufig beobachtet. Dennoch herrscht Unsicherheit, wie diese Patienten behandelt werden sollen. Im Rahmen einer retrospektiven Untersuchung von 29 HIV-Infizierten, die sich einem operativen Eingriff der Anorectalregion unterziehen mußten, konnte gezeigt werden, daß Fortgeschritten-HIV-Infizierte eine höhere postoperative Letalität und Morbidität haben. Daraus ergibt sich, daß die Indikation zu einem anorectalen Eingriff bei diesem Patientenkollektiv anders zu stellen ist als bei HIV-Negativen.

The Erm family of methyltransferases confers resistance to the macrolide−lincosamide−streptogramin type B (MLS) antibiotics through the methylation of 23S ribosomal RNA. Upon the methylation of RNA, the MLS antibiotics lose their ability to bind to the ribosome and exhibit their antibiotic activity. Using an NMR-based screen, we identified a series of triazine-containing compounds that bind weakly to ErmAM. These initial lead compounds were optimized by the parallel synthesis of a large number of analogues, resulting in compounds which inhibit the Erm-mediated methylation of rRNA in the low micromolar range. NMR and X-ray structures of enzyme/inhibitor complexes reveal that the inhibitors bind to the S-adenosylmethionine binding site on the Erm protein. These compounds represent novel methyltransferase inhibitors that serve as new leads for the reversal of Erm-mediated MLS antibiotic resistance.

Zusammenfassung.: Im Jahre 1700 beschrieb erstmals der franzsische Chirurg Alexandre de Littr eine Form der Leistenhernie, die durch ihren Krankheitsverlauf sowie dem von Littr selbst erhobenen Sektionsbefund nicht dem bisher Bekannten entsprach. Bei dieser Form der Hernie bildete nicht der gesamte Umfang des Darms den Bruchsackinhalt, sondern mehr eine antimesenterial gelegene Darmwandaussackung. 100 Jahre spter lieferte Meckel die pathogenetische Erklrung fr diese Aussackung der Darmwand. Kurz zuvor beschrieb Richter in einer wissenschaftlichen Schrift ber „Brche“ den Darmwandbruch und lieferte damit wahrscheinlich den Ausgangspunkt fr den irrefhrenden Gebrauch der klinischen Entitt der „Richter-Littr-Hernie“ im deutschsprachigen Raum. Anhand eines Fallberichtes erfolgt die geschichtliche Aufarbeitung dieser Hernienform.