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Zwischen 1955 und 2000 wurden in den Seeadlerrevieren von Schleswig-Holstein systematisch Mauserfedern gesammelt. Berücksichtigt wurden 581 Schwanzfedern und 382 Handschwingen aus maximal 22 Brutrevieren (1999) und uber 300 Armschwingen, darunter 81 datierte aus den Jahren 1960 bis 1970. Die Hand- und Armschwingenmauser verläuft beim Seeadler als kontinuierliche Staffelmauser. Der Abwurf der Schwanzfedern zeigt eine deutliche Ausrichtung auf den Mauserrhythmus 1-6-3-4-2-5 und damit die Tendenz zu einem transilienten Wechsel. Die Mauser des Großgefieders vollzieht sich in den Brutrevieren von Schleswig-Holstein zwischen Ende April und Ende Oktober, schwerpunktmäßig von Mai bis August: Auf Grund des verschachtelten Verlaufs der Staffelmauser und dem transilienten Wechsel der Schwanzfedern, kann im Prinzip jede Großfeder in jedem der sicben Monate einer Mauserperiode erneuert wurden. Zur Ergänzung der Mauserfederaufsammlungen wurden die Mauserprotokolle von 18 Totfunden hinzugezogen. Danach erneuern immature Seeadler ihre Schwanzfedern bis einschließlich der 4. Mauser (im 5. Kalenderjahr.) in jedem Jahr nahezu komplett. Bei adulten Seeadlern erstreckt sich die vollständige Mauser der Schwanzfedern über knapp zwei Jahre, bei einer Jahresmauserrate (JMR) von 53 %. Die Handschwingen-Mauser immaturer Seeadler zieht sich in der Regel über zwei Jahre bin, selten über drei Jahre (JMR 49 %). Sie verläuft ebenso in Staffeln wie bei den Altvögeln, bei denen ein kompletter Mauserzyklus in der Regel drei, in Ausnahmefdllen vier Jahre dauert. Die JMR bei Altvögeln (ab Beginn der 5. Mauser und später) betrug 46 %. In Schleswig-Holstein sind die JMR für das Großgefieder deutlich höher als in vergleichbaren Untersuchungen aus Finnland und Schweden. Ursächlich hierfür könnte eine in den nördlicheren Breiten aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Tageslichtamplituden verkürzte Mauserperiode sein. Der Verlauf der Handschwingen- und Schwanzmauser beim Seeadler wird anhand eines Simulationsmodells demonstriert und die Auswirkungen von Brutstatus, Witterungseinflüssen und Nahrungsverfügbarkeit auf die JMR diskutiert. In Jahren ohne Bruterfolg war bei den Weibchen die JMR von Handschwingen und Schwanzfedern erhoht. Der Abwurfzeitpunkt der Großfedern lag in Jahren mit Bruterfolg bis zu 1,5 Monaten später als in erfolglosen Jahren. Unter bestimmten Umständen waxen geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede vor allem bei der JMR der HS zu beobachten. In heißen oder trocken-warmen Sommern bzw. in Zeiten eines kurzfristigen, reichen Nahrungsangebotes war die Mauseraktivität erhoht, in nasskalten Sommem lag sie unter dem langfristigen Durchschnitt. Dies ließ sich auch an den Totfunden nachweisen.

Mucin-type O-glycosylation is initiated by a large family of UDP-GalNAc: polypeptide N -acetyl-galactosaminyltransferases (GalNAc-transferases). Individual GalNAc-transferases appear to have different functions and Northern analysis indicates that they are differently expressed in different organs. This suggests that O-glycosylation may vary with the repertoire of GalNAc-transferases expressed in a given cell. In order to study the repertoire of GalNAc-transferases in situ in tissues and changes in tumors, we have generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with well defined specificity for human GalNAc-T1, -T2, and -T3. Application of this panel of novel antibodies revealed that GalNAc- transferases are differentially expressed in different cell lines, in spermatozoa, and in oral mucosa and carcinomas. For example, GalNAc-T1 and -T2 but not -T3 were highly expressed in WI38 cells, and GalNAc-T3 but not GalNAc-T1 or -T2 was expressed in spermatozoa. The expression patterns in normal oral mucosa were found to vary with cell differentiation, and for GalNAc-T2 and -T3 this was reflected in oral squamous cell carcinomas. The expression pattern of GalNAc-T1 was on the other hand changed in tumors to either total loss or expression in cytological poorly differentiated tumor cells, where the normal undifferentiated cells lacked expression. These results demonstrate that the repertoire of GalNAc-transferases is different in different cell types and vary with cellular differentiation, and malignant transformation. The implication of this is not yet fully understood, but it suggests that specific changes in sites of O-glycosylation of proteins may occur as a result of changes in the repertoire of GalNAc-transferases.

In order to obtain baseline information about Lewis antigen expression in human urothelium in order that changes during malignant transformation can be evaluated, urothelium from eight individuals of known erythrocyte Lewis types were stained by a Tween-modified indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique using goat antibodies directed toward the Lewis a and Lewis b determinants and mouse monoclonal antibodies directed toward the Lewis a determinant in serial dilutions. To evaluate the value of the method for tissue Lewis typing, eleven ureters from individuals of unknown erythrocyte Lewis types were stained using goat antibodies. The Lewis antigens were located on the cell membranes and in the cytoplasm of urothelial cells. Goat antibodies identified Lea-b-, Lea+b+, and Lea+b- urothelium. Monoclonal antibodies identified urothelium with both low and high Lewis a antigen expression as well as urothelium with no Lewis a antigen expression. Urothelial Lewis antigen expression correlated with erythrocyte Lewis types in Lea-b+ and Lea+b- individuals. In Lea-b- individuals Lewis determinants were either not detected or were expressed similarly to Lea-b+ individuals. Urothelial Lewis typing were doubtful in two out of the eleven ureters examined. The results imply that knowledge about erythrocyte Lewis type or normal tissue Lewis antigen expression is necessary for the immunohistochemical evaluation of changes in Lewis antigen expression in urothelial tumors.

Observation of the adiabatic behaviour of energetic particle pitch-angle distributions in the magnetosphere (Lyons, 1977, and others) in the past indicated the development of pronounced minima or drift-loss cones on the pitch-angle distributions centred at a?90° in connection with storm-time changes in magnetospheric convection and magnetic field. Using a model of a drift-modified loss-cone distribution (MLCD) of the butterfly type, the linear stability of electromagnetic whistler or ion-cyclotron waves propagating parallel to the magnetic field has been investigated. The instability is shown to be quenched at high frequencies ?m=A/(A+1), whereA is the thermal anisotropy. This quenching becomes stronger the higher are the respective parallel hot particle thermal velocityAh? and cold plasma densitync. Particles around pitch-angles a?90° are identified as generating electromagnetic cyclotron waves near the marginally stable frequency ?m. It is concluded that the absence of electromagnetic VLF and ELF noise during times when MLCD develops is the result of the shift of the unstable spectrum to low frequencies.

The object of the study was to test whether high dose ascorbic acid (AA) could normalize glomerular hyperfiltration in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients. A prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo (tartaric acid, TA) controlled study design was used, with parallel treatment lasting 4 weeks. Measurements were made before and after treatment, on 24 normoalbuminuric, normotensive male IDDM patients, who were randomized to ascorbic acid (n = 12, age 35 years (18-39), diabetes duration 12 years (2-12), BP 128/82 mmHg (SD 14/6)), or to placebo (TA) (n = 12, age 30 years (19-36), diabetes duration 8 years (2-17), BP 119/75 mmHg (SD 9/7). The intervention consisted of 6 enterosoluble tablets of 500 mg AA or 213 mg TA, twice a day, being daily doses of 6 g AA or 2.55 g TA. No significant differences in any of the parameters measured were seen, when comparing results following AA or placebo treatment. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR, clearance of 125I-iothalamate) was unchanged while effective renal plasma flow (ERPF, clearance of 131I-hippuran) tended to decline in both groups. The GFRs before and after treatment in the AA-treated group were 141 (SD 15) and 134 (SD 12) ml min-1 1.73 m-2; NS (2p = 0.09). In the TA-treated group they were 142 (SD 19) and 137 (SD 16) ml min-1 1.73 m-2; NS (2p = 0.20). The ERPFs in the AA group were 584 (SD 93) and 545 (SD 47) ml min-1 1.73 m-2; (2p = 0.06). In the TA group they were 618 (SD 108) and 574 (SD 98) ml min-1 1.73 m-2 (2p = 0.03). The filtration fractions (FFs) in the AA group were 0.244 and 0.246 NS. In the TA group they were 0.231 and 0.242 (2p = 0.03). Blood pressure, renal vascular resistance, albumin excretion rate (radioimmunoassay), and fractional albumin clearance remained unchanged in both groups. No side effects of AA were observed. It was concluded that low levels of AA in the kidney were either not corrected, or might not be responsible for the glomerular hyperfiltration of uncomplicated IDDM.

Objective:: To determine whether dopamine prevents deterioration of central haemodynamics and renal function in aortoiliac surgery. Design:: Prospective, randomised and placebo-controlled. Setting:: University hospital. Materials:: Thirty patients for elective vascular surgery with implantation of an aortobifemoral or an aortobiiliac graft due to aortoiliac arteriosclerosis had infusion of dopamine 3 @mg/kg/min or placebo during the operation and 24 h postoperatively. Thoracic epidural analgesia and general anaesthesia were used. Chief outcome measures:: Central haemodynamic measurements were registered. The effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), angiotensin II, aldosterone, arginine vasopressin (AVP), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), endothelin and excretion of water and electrolytes were measured preoperatively, 1 h postoperatively and 24 h postoperatively. Main results:: During the operation the dopamine group had higher cardiac index and heart rate together with lower pulmonary artery wedge blood pressure. ERPF and GFR did not differ between the groups. In the dopamine group ERPF was increased in all patients at the first postoperative clearance. The fractional excretion of sodium, the per- and postoperative diuresis and AVP were increased in the dopamine group as compared to the placebo group. Postoperatively, ANP in the placebo group was raised as compared to the preoperative level. Conclusions:: Peroperatively, dopamine counteracted depression of left ventricular function. The increased ERPF at the first postoperative clearance in the dopamine group indicates either improved peroperative haemodynamics or a synergistic effect between dopamine and epidural sympathetic blockade. Dopamine also improved diuresis and natriuresis.

We have examined the possible renoprotective effect of felodipine 5 mg orally, given daily for 5 days before operation, in 29 patients undergoing elective infrarenal aortic surgery in a randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled study. Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine output, fractional sodium clearance and plasma concentrations of angiotensin II, aldosterone, arginine vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide did not differ between the felodipine and placebo groups. ERPF and GFR were not reduced after operation in the placebo group. In the felodipine group, GFR was higher 24 h after operation compared with before operation. We conclude that increased GFR in the felodipine group, measured 24 h after operation, may indicate a beneficial effect of felodipine but in the present context this was not clinically important. Felodipine had no significant effect on vasoactive hormones.

The aim of the present study was to compare computer-based and visual/manual scoring of pressure recordings from the gastric antrum and duodenum. The computer system was based on three separate principles of recognition: moving average, tracking base line, and threshold filters. Computer scoring resulted in the detection of more contractions than visual/manual scoring, owing to inclusion of artefacts of duration and amplitude above the selected thresholds. Owing to its unreliability, visual/manual scoring led to inclusion of some contractions of below-borderline amplitude or duration. The median difference in the frequency of contractions was, however, Omin-1. There was close agreement on amplitudes of contractions. As the differences between visual/manual analysis and computer-aided scoring by the present system are of an unimportant magnitude and as computer-based scoring is consistent, we conclude that computer-aided analysis is preferable to visual/manual analysis.

The effect of the nonionic detergent Tween 20 on background staining, sensitivity, and specificity in the indirect immunoperoxidase staining for blood group antigen A was investigated histologically and spectrophotometrically. Pretreatment of dewaxed formalin-fixed Paraplast-embedded tissue sections from human ureters with 2% Tween 20 and dilution of the first and second layer antisera with 0.05 or 2% Tween 20 significantly reduced background staining of the urothelial cell cytoplasm, ureteral stroma, and musculature. Spectrophotometrical analysis of tissue sections from hypernephroma (rich in cytoplasm), cervix (fibrous stroma), and myometrium (musculature) underlined the histological results with a significant reduction of the maximum absorbance of Tween 20-modified indirect immunoperoxidase-stained tissue sections. Sensitivity, evaluated histologically by the endpoint titers of urothelial cell membrane staining, endothelial cell staining, and focal cytoplasmic staining of urothelial cells, was not influenced by the Tween 20 treatment. The specificity was improved as the staining was highly reduced or absent in control sections subjected to Tween 20.

In order to improve the accuracy and prognostic value of ABH blood group antigen loss in urothelial tumors, the effect of Lewis blood type and methodologic factors on detectability and distribution of blood group antigen A in human formalin-fixed, paraplast-embedded urothelium and endothelium was investigated by means of the Tween 20-modified indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique. Urothelium of Lea-b+ and Lea-b- individuals expressed significant higher amounts of blood group antigen A compared to urothelium of Lea+b- individuals. The expression on endothelial cells was related to vessel type and size, but not related to Lewis types. Compared to human anti-A, monoclonal anti-A demonstrated blood group antigen A with higher sensitivity and, due to reduced background staining, higher specificity. Consequently monoclonal anti-A detected blood group antigen A in the urothelium of Lea+b- individuals where human anti-A failed to stain, and different staining patterns became apparent. Both a two- to fourfold variation in the proportion between tissue section area and volume, and the volume of anti-A applied induced minor changes in sensitivity and specificity. The monoclonal anti-A method and knowledge about erythrocyte Lewis types might prove valuable in evaluating changes in blood group antigen-A expression in urothelial tumors.

A study was undertaken to obtain baseline information for future studies of H-antigen expression in urothelial tumors. The influence of ABO- and Lewis genes on H-antigen expression in human ureters was investigated. Thirty two ureters of different ABO- and Lewis types were stained by the Tween 20-modified immunoperoxidase staining technique using Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (32 cases) and two monoclonal anti-H antibodies (10 cases). Ureters from A and AB individuals were also stained using monoclonal anti-A and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (14 cases). The H-antigen expression in endothelium of all cases and in urothelium of Lea-b+ and Lea-b- individuals was correlated to ABO blood type. H antigen was never detected in urothelium of Lea+b- individuals. Endothelial H-antigen expression was not influenced by the Lewis types. In A and AB individuals, urothelial and endothelial H- and A-antigen and Dolichos biflorus reactivities were mainly insignificantly related, with correlation coefficients ranging numerically from 0.10 to 0.72. The study stresses the importance of relating blood group antigen H expression in urothelial tumors to the ABO-, Lewis, and secretors types of the individual.

An attempt has been made to evaluate the magnitude of and changes in the right-left shunt following 40 minutes' blockade of one of the main bronchi in 6 anaesthetized patients, of whom 3 had the right and 3 the left bronchus blocked. Xenon133 was used together with a simple transportable apparatus employing four collimators on the anterior of the thorax. Despite verified blockade (bronchoscopy and stethoscopy), the study showed an activity corresponding to a ventilation of approximately one-third of the initial values. It was not possible to demonstrate any fall in the perfusion on the blocked side following blockade of the left main bronchus, whereas blockade of the right main bronchus produced a calculated fall to two-thirds of the initial perfusion. The blockade caused a fall in PaO2 in all the patients, which was inpendent upon the side blocked and of a magnitude that corresponded to the perfusion measured after blockade of the right main bronchus.

The forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and the maximum expiratory flow rate (MEFR) were measured in 1011 school children between the ages of 7 and 17 years, using a bellows spirometer of the type McKesson Vitalor. 760 of these children had no signs or histories of disease in the pulmonary tract. This group was considered to be the normal material. The FVC, FEV1 and MEFR in this group are, when compared to the height of the children, of the same magnitude as in other investigations carried out using a water-sealed spirometer, but slightly lower than in studies performed with a specially modified spirometer with low resistance. The following were found for both sexes together: FVC (ml) = 54.1 × height in cm -5258, FEV1 (ml/sec) = 46.1 × height in cm -4312, and MEFR (1/min) = 4.1 × height in cm -377. The correlation to the height of the children did not differ for the two sexes, and the exponential dependence was not better than the linear. The remaining children had either a cold, or had previously had diseases of the respiratory tract, but were now symptom-free. These groups were compared to the normal material, and no difference was found.

By means of Wright's Peak Flow Meter, the expiratory peak flow rate (PFR) was measured in 1011 school children aged 7 to 17 years. Of these, 779 had no objective signs or histories of disease in the respiratory organs. This group was considered as a normal material. The normal biological variation of PFR in children was investigated for correlation to sex, age, height, and weight. The best common correlation for both sex was PFR = 5.10 × height in cm -425, and a minor sex variation of this equation was observed. The remainder of the children either had colds or had previously suffered from disease in the respiratory organs but were now symptom-free. These groups were compared with the normal material and had lower PFR values than the healthy children.

Patients with imminent respiratory failure due to sputum retention were assessed for minitracheotomy (MT). MT was considered potentially useful in 79 patients but only attempted in 73, 54 men and 19 women, aged 23–81 years (median 65 years). Insertion of the cannula failed in 4 cases. Sputum retention and atelectasis were successfully treated in 87% (N=60). Treatment by MT in medical and neurological patients seems as effective as in surgical patients (success rate 81% versus 90%). The frequency of complications was 16%. Most complications were insignificant and occurred during cannulation, but a few severe complications were seen. To minimize the number of these it is essential that MT is done only by doctors who are familiar with the procedure. MT can be recommended for treatment of sputum retention and atelectasis in surgical and medical/neurological intensive care patients with preserved cough function.

The myometrial blood flow (MBF) and the endometrial blood flow (EBF) were studied in 23 unanesthetized women by measuring the xenon-133 clearance after intraluminal instillation or intramyometrial injection. In 6 women, the mean MBF was 18.8 ml. per 100 Gm. of tissue per minute, and EBF was 17.8 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute, the two flows being correlated (r = 0.90, p < 0.05). By repeated estimations in 5 women, MBF was 22.5 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute. The standard deviation between the values from the same individuals was 13 per cent of the mean value. In 12 women changing from horizontal to vertical position, the blood flow decreased 44 per cent taken as a mean, the maximum decrease being 81 per cent. The two flows were correlated (r = 0.68, p < 0.05).

The value of lung function studies using Xenon133 for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is evaluated by measurement, before and after closure of a branch of the pulmonary artery by inflating a balloon. Perfusion diminished significantly in the affected lung segment. The regional ventilation also fell, as did the segment's contribution to total lung function, calculated as the product of ventilation and perfusion of the lung segment, expressed in percent. Two different methods of calculation are used to calculate the perfusion, both of which gave similar results. When the patient rebreathed into a 2 litre rubber bag with oxygen and an absorber, following inflation of the balloon, a characteristic and pathognomonic form of curve occurred, showing a slow rise to a plateau. It is concluded that a pulmonary embolism occluding a lung segment can be rapidly and easily demonstrated by the Xenon133 method using a transportable apparatus.

We describe a case in which a repeat minitracheotomy (MT) could not be performed 2 months after the first. The cricothyroid membrane seemed calcified and histological examination showed scar formation with dystrophic calcification and heterotopic bone formation. Scar formation following MT may have caused these alterations making repeat access to the airway through the membrane impossible.

In a clinical trial of atracurium given by continuous infusion at 0.5 mg kg-1 h-1 during craniotomy in 15 patients anaesthetized with thiopentone, pentobarbitone, fentanyl and nitrous oxide in oxygen, neuromuscular blockade was evaluated using train-of-four (TOF) and twitch height (TH). A bolus of atracurium was given initially and an infusion of atracurium 0.5 mg kg-1 h-1 was started when TH 0.05 reappeared. The median duration of infusion was 190 min (range 42–285 min) and the median total dose was 2.2 mg kg-1 (range 0.9–3.1 mg kg-1). Spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade (TOF = 0.70) occurred 44 min (range 30–95 min) following termination of infusion. The recovery time from neuromuscular blockade was independent of duration of infusion within 5 h.

Antroduodenal motility, pH and gastric emptying rate were measured in 11 patients undergoing orthopaedic or plastic surgery with general anaesthesia. Motility was measured by manometry and gastric emptying rate by the rate of paracetamol absorption. During anaesthesia, gastric emptying was delayed in eight patients. General anaesthesia with halothane reduced the duration of the interdigestive motility complex (P < 0.01), mainly by a shortening of phase II (P < 0.01) which correlated with the inhaled concentrations of halothane (P < 0.01). Anaesthesia impeded the occurrence of antral contractions during phase II (P < 0.01); the frequency of contractions was unchanged during anaesthesia, but decreased during the recovery period (P < 0.01). The amplitudes of antral contractions diminished with anaesthesia (P < 0.01), but increased after operation. The frequency of contractions in the duodenum was unchanged during phase II and reduced during phase III (P < 0.01). Gastric pH increased during and after operation (P < 0.01). General anaesthesia with halothane affects gastroduodenal motility especially during phase II, increases gastric pH and delays gastric emptying rate.

In a randomized study of 22 patients, antroduodenal motility, pH and gastric emptying rate were measured during barbiturate anaesthesia with pethidine or fentanyl. Motility was measured by manometry and gastric emptying rate by the paracetamol absorption test. Anaesthesia reduced the duration of the interdigestive motility complexes with both analgesics (P < 0.001), mainly by a shortening of phase Il (P < 0.01) The duration of phase II and III were shorter with pethidine, and pethidine reduced both the frequency and amplitudes of antral contractions during phase II (P < 0.01). Fentanyl affected only the amplitudes. The phase III variables assessed were unchanged, apart from a decrease in the velocity of propagation of the motility complexes with pethidine (P < 0.01). The gastric pH increased in both groups during and after operation (P < 0.01). Gastric emptying rate was normal in 82% with fentanyl and in 60% with pethidine. Motility in the recovery period approached, but did not reach, preoperative values. Balanced anaesthesia with pethidine and fentanyl seem to have minor influence on gastroduodenal motility and gastric emptying rate.

The effects of diazepam on antroduodenal motility, gastric pH and gastric emptying rate were investigated in 10 volunteers. Gastric emptying was assessed using paracetamol absorption and antroduodenal motility and pH by means of a perfused multilumen tube. On the first study day, the volunteers received paracetamol in phase l after the occurrence of one complete interdigestive motility complex (IDMC). Diazepam was given on the second study day at the beginning of the first phase I and paracetamol was given one IDMC later. The rate of absorption correlated with motility (P < 0.03). Some volunteers were fast absorbers on the first study day and slow on the second, indicating that absorption rate is not constant, but dependent on gastroduodenal motility. Diazepam tended to increase the gastric emptying rate and enhanced the amplitude of contractions and the motility index during phase II (P< 0.02). Gastric pH increased after ingestion of diazepam (P < 0.05).