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ABSTRACTBackground and ContextUsing a transformative learning framework, this qualitative study examines the perspectives and practices of 70 middle and high school content area teachers who attended two or more summer professional development workshops.ObjectiveThis study describes how teachers’ disciplinary perspectives and backgrounds influence their understanding of CT infusion and their implementation of CT-infused lessons.MethodData sources for this qualitative comparative case study analysis included: retrospective video reflections, implementation surveys, post-PD surveys, and instructional materials.FindingsAnalysis revealed differences in terms of disorienting dilemmas teachers faced, shifts in their frames of reference, the form of classroom CT infusion, and their integration of specific CT concepts.ImplicationsThis study contributes a comparative analysis of how teachers from different content areas come to understand CT infusion and implement CT-infused pedagogical practices to support their disciplinary teaching. Findings indicate the importance of including all teachers, STEM and non-STEM, in CT infusion efforts.

Ewing’s Sarcomas (ES)/Peripheral neuroectodermal tumour (pPNET) are heterogenous group of rare, highly malignant, undifferentiated primitive round-cell neoplasms of neuroectodermal origin. pPNETs are seldom observed to involve the spine of which Spinal Intradural Extramedullary Extraosseous Primary ES/pPNET are extremely rare. We report a case of a 23-year-old male with complaints of low backache and hip pain radiating to the left inguinal region for four months. Radiology findings were suggestive of a neurogenic tumour. Cytomorphology, histomorphology and immunohistochemistry evaluation were done. Diagnosis was consistent with ES/pPNET. Careful correlation between clinical history, cytomorphology, histopathology, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis can help to distinguish primary spinal ES/PNET from other primary spinal tumours and will help clinicians to start treatment at the earliest.

The variable course of illness in patients of Tubercular lymphadenitis remains a therapeutic challenge to treating physicians in a significant proportion of patients. This study was aimed to explore the possible determinants which could predict the outcome of this subgroup of patients.

One approach to increasing physical activity (PA) among adults is to develop interventions targeting PA goals that could be implemented in the primary care setting. However, there is little understanding of the types of goals that individuals bring with them into the primary care setting, which is a necessary first step in building interventions. There were three objectives of the study. One was to identify the types of PA goals held by primary care patients. Another was to examine whether there were racial differences among types of PA goals held by primary care patients. A final objective was to examine the relationship between PA goals and PA behaviors (e.g., meet PA guidelines, number of breaks taken from PA routine). Adults (N = 626; Mage = 51.47, SD = 16.32) were recruited from the waiting room of a primary care clinic over a 30-day span to complete a questionnaire on PA and goals. The most commonly endorsed PA goals included, weight maintenance, overall health benefits, weight loss, well-being, body tone and/or shape, stress reduction, cardiovascular health, and energy level. Black patients were more likely than White patients to report weight loss and weight maintenance goals. Weight maintenance, overall health, and stress reduction are the goals for which the greatest percentage of individuals reported meeting aerobic PA guidelines. Finally, number of breaks taken and average length of breaks were similar across type of PA goal. A relatively small number of goals reflected a majority of the goals pursued by participants in this study. Racial differences in adoption of weight loss and weight maintenance goals highlight the need for further investigation into such differences. Finally, future research should consider the role that goal setting plays in PA adherence, paying particular attention to disparate levels of PA across racial groups.

The use of social media is increasingly prevalent for many reasons and academic literature suggests that social media helps encourage physical activity. This research investigated how social media content affected the physical activity of students during the COVID-19 lockdown and subsequent COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. This descriptive cross-sectional study took place between February 2021 and May 2021 at three different academic institutions located in various states in India. A self-made questionnaire consisting of 10 close-ended and 3 open-ended questions was designed to assess students’ utilization of social media to gather knowledge of physical activities from different platforms. A web-based survey was used to collect data from 606 students (of whom 361 (59.57%) were male and 243 (40.10%) were female) from different courses and degree levels using criterion-based purposive sampling. Close-ended questions were analyzed using the percentage method and open-ended questions were analyzed with a collaborative data analysis approach which revealed three themes namely interest, self-care and impact. The results of this study indicate that students are taking help from social media to carry out their physical activities. The outcomes of this study will serve as the baseline information which is helpful in developing and validating methods that best capture the diverse needs of teachers and students within the context of online delivery of physical activities.

Apple juice is used to prepare cider vinegar a traditional fermented product consumed world over. An attempt has been made to optimize the alcoholic fermentation of apple juice by Saccharomyces cerevisiaevar. ellipsoideusUCD 595 for subsequent acetic acid fermentation to prepare cider vinegar, with respect to initial concentration of TSS, DAHP and sulfur dioxide content, using RSM. It was found that the fermentability of the different runs varied according to the initial sugar and DAHP concentration. The optimum base wine quality characteristics: TSS (4.03 °B), rate of fermentation (0.42 °Brix/24 h), ethanol (6.05%), titratable acidity (0.43%), volatile acidity (0.021%), phenolics (149.76 mg/100 g), pH (3.43), reducing sugars (107.88 mg/100 gm), total sugars (0.377%) and residual sulfur dioxide (28.77 ppm) with 0.837 desirability, were obtained using 14 °B initial TSS, 0.1% DAHP and 50 ppm sulfur dioxide. Verification experiments were conducted to compare predicted and actual values, which revealed near concurrence among them; confirming that models used were capable of reasonably and accurately predicting the dependent variables. Hence, these conditions are considered optimum for the alcoholic fermentation to produce a desirable level of alcohol in the shortest time for subsequent conversion into cider vinegar by acetic acid fermentation.

Cancer has remained a life-threatening condition, with about 9.6 million deaths globally, despite the advancements and research in therapeutic approaches. Several chemotherapeutic agents are available which can reduce the size of tumors but have non-specific adverse effects on surrounding cells and the propensity to cause the formation of multi-drug resistant tumors. This report investigates a novel and facile method of ultrasonic atomization for the synthesis of Doxorubicin (Dox) loaded chitosan and Piperine (Pip) loaded Poly lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles (Dox-Ch-NP, Pip-PLGA-NP). Further co-encapsulate these drug-loaded nanoparticles in hybrid alginate microspheres (HAM) using the same technique. The nanoparticles and microspheres were analyzed for size and morphology by DLS, SEM, TEM and CLSM. In vitrostudies were performed to determine encapsulation efficiency, drug release and cell cytotoxicity. For the in-vivoevaluation of this co-delivery vehicle Swiss Albino Mice were used. The ultrasonic atomization process led to the development of Dox-Ch-NP (50–150 nm), Pip-PLGA-NP (50–200 nm) and HAM (5 μm). The encapsulation efficiency was 32% and 67% in the case of Dox-Ch-NP and Pip-PLGA-NP, respectively. Sustained in vitrorelease of both drugs was achieved for 15 days. MTT-based cell cytotoxicity assay shows 88% cell viability in HEK-293 and 51% in HeLa cells after 24Hrs of treatment with HAM. The in-vivo study suggested 93% of tumor reduction with Dox-Ch-NP treatment, 75% reduction with Pip-PLGA-NP treatment While 100% reduction in tumor volume after 15 days of treatment completion. The in-vivostudy also showed higher and faster tumor volume reduction in co-delivered drugs via HAM than in single drug-loaded nanoparticles. The results indicate the successful formulation of multi-drug hybrid carriers which can aid in generating an efficient anti-tumor therapeutic regimen for localized tumors with reduced chances of occurrence of multi-drug resistant tumors.

Millions of deaths occur every year due to malaria. Growing resistance against existing drugs for treatment of malaria has exaggerated the problem further. There is an intense demand of identifying drug targets in malaria parasite. PfPRL-PTP protein is PRL group of phosphatase, and one of the interesting drug targets being involved in three important pathways of malaria parasite (secretion, phosphorylation, and prenylation). Therefore, in this study, we have modeled three-dimensional structure of PfPRL-PTP followed by validation of 3D structure using RAMPAGE, verify3D, and other structure validation tools. We could identify 12 potential inhibitory compounds using in silicoscreening of NCI library against PfPRL-PTP with Glide. The molecular dynamics simulation was also performed using GROMACS on PfPRL-PTP model alone and PfPRL-PTP-inhibitor complex. This study of identifying potential drug-like molecules would add up to the process of drug discovery against malaria parasite.

ABSTRACTMycobacterium bovisisolates carry restricted allelic variation yet exhibit a range of disease phenotypes and host preferences. Conventional genotyping methods target small hypervariable regions of the M. bovisgenome and provide anonymous biallelic information that is insufficient to develop phylogeny. To resolve phylogeny and establish trait-allele associations, we interrogated 75 M. bovisand 61 M. tuberculosisgenomes for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), using iPLEX MassArray (Sequenom Inc., CA) technology. We indexed nucleotide variations in 306 genic and 44 intergenic loci among isolates derived from outbreaks in the United States from 1991 to 2010 and isolated from a variety of mammalian hosts. Two hundred six variant SNPs classified the 136 isolates and 4 previously sequenced strains (AF2122/97, BCG Pasteur, H37Rv, and CDC1551) into 5 major “SNP cluster groups.” M. bovisisolates clustered into three major lineages based on 118 variant SNPs, while 84 SNPs differentiated the M. bovisBCG lineage from the virulent isolates. Forty-nine of the 51 human M. tuberculosisisolates were identical at all 350 loci studied. Thus, SNP-based analyses resolved the genotypic differences within M. bovisstrains and differentiated these strains from M. tuberculosisstrains representing diversity in time and space, providing population genetic frameworks that may aid in identifying factors responsible for the wide host range and disease phenotypes of M. bovis.

Security poses a major challenge in ad hoc networks today due to the lack of fixed or organizational infrastructure. This paper proposes a modification to the existing "fully distributed certificate authority" scheme for ad hoc networks. In the proposed modification, redundancy is introduced by allocating more than one share to each node in order to increase the probability of creating the certificate for a node in a highly mobile network. A probabilistic analysis is carried out to analyze the trade-offs between the ease of certificate creation and the security provided by the proposed scheme. The analysis carried out from the intruder's perspective suggests that in the worst-case scenario, the intruder is just "one node" away from a legitimate node in compromising the certificate. The analysis also outlines the parameter selection criteria for a legitimate node to maintain a margin of advantage over an intruder in creating the certificate.

A method has been developed for estimation of active ingredient in chlorpyriphos formulation (Paraban 20% EC). The formulation was extracted in chloroform, dried and resuspended in acetonitrile. The cleanup was performed using C18 SPE cartridge. The active ingredient was estimated using 5 μm ODS-II column, mobile phase was acetonitrile: water (75:25 v/v) and detection at 229nm. The efficiency of clean up method was found to be 95% and minimum limit of detection < 2.5ng. The detector response was linear with in concentration range 2.5ng – 50ng at RSD 1.42%.

The trivalent derivatives (B, Al, As, Sb & Fe) and tetravalent derivatives (Si, Ti & Se) of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid have been prepared by the interaction of their corresponding isopropoxide with letter in different molar ratio viz. 1:3 &1:4 in benzene medium. The prepared compounds generally obtained as coloured solids and amongst them those containing isopropoxy groups were found to be hygroscopic. All these compound were characterized by azeotrope and elemental analysis as well as by IR, PMR and mass spectral measurements. These spectral data have facilitated in elucidating the mode of bonding of the said metals and non-metals in these compounds with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid.