242 results on '"Johnson, Kirk A."'
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2. Exploring social determinants of health: COVID-19 vaccine challenges and solutions
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk A. and Pilkington, Bryan
- Abstract
The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively shifted the foundations of human health and the well-being of humanity on a global scale. Its contagiousness and lethal symptoms pose a threat to everyone, especially seniors over 65 years, immunocompromised individuals, and people with preexisting health conditions. The factors of the social determinants of health had great influence on the vaccination status for Black and Brown communities. Access to life-saving treatment and resources was hindered by the poor social determinants and socioeconomic status, which led to slow vaccination numbers. This article examines that equitable vaccination access, distribution, and health literacy in Black and Brown communities are all supported by careful analysis of the notion of dignity.
- Published
- 2022
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3. Mapping Microaggressions on a Southern University Campus: Where Are the Safe Spaces for Vulnerable Students?
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk A, Johnson, Willa M, Thomas, James M, and Green, John J
- Abstract
When leaders at institutions of higher education downplay everyday incivilities directed against racial and other minority groups, it can obscure the magnitude of intergroup antipathy at these schools. At the most prominent university in the only state whose flag contains the Confederate emblem, we wondered whether reports of so-called microaggressions were more common than university leaders sometimes suggest, more frequent in certain campus spaces than in others, and likely to invoke the South and its history. Using online diaries, we collected 1,301 accounts of incidents from 684 students during the 2014–2015 academic year. Our mixed-method approach revealed widespread incivilities, many of them blatant, both on and off campus. Microaggressions in classrooms were less frequent but as blatant as those in living spaces, and reports of environmental microaggressions seemed particularly likely to invoke students’ references to the history of the region. This research suggests the value of using online diaries as a method for understanding the everyday experiences of vulnerable students at predominantly white institutions of higher learning.
- Published
- 2021
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4. Understanding meaning and racial prejudice: Examining self-transcendence and psychological inflexibility in a sample of White college students.
- Author
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Florez, Ivonne Andrea, Schulenberg, Stefan E., Lair, Elicia C., Wilson, Kelly G., and Johnson, Kirk A.
- Abstract
Recent research suggests that meaning in life relates to processes of social judgments and could facilitate relationships between racially diverse individuals. At this time however, there is no study that examines factors that influence the relationship between meaning, racial prejudice, and values. To fill this gap, the present study examined whether (1) self-transcendence and (2) psychological inflexibility mediates the relationship between perceived meaning in life and prejudice. The study was conducted with 253 White students (females, 77.9%; males, 22.1%) from a university located in the southern United States. Standard path-analytic approaches through the macro PROCESS program were used to examine a parallel mediational model. Results evidenced that self-transcendence and psychological inflexibility had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between meaning in life and prejudice, and that reversely, meaning also functioned as a mediator of self-transcendence and prejudice and psychological inflexibility and prejudice. Findings suggest that among White college students the effect of meaning on prejudice changes in the context of self-transcendence and psychological inflexibility, and that without self-transcendence and psychological flexibility, meaning could actually result in greater prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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5. Promoting Students' Trajectories of Agentive, Reflective, and Peace-Making-Languaging in TEFL Classes... and Beyond.
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk R. and Murphey, Tim M.
- Subjects
LINGUISTICS ,EDUCATION ,PEACE ,CLASSROOM environment ,PEACEBUILDING ,ENGLISH as a foreign language - Abstract
We wish to promote the idea that students who feel they have a trajectory of agency are generally more willing to act on behalf of positive emotions with altruism and caring, using a peace language approach (Oxford et al, this volume) or what we prefer to call "peace languaging". Agency usually is started by giving learners choices and some control over their own education and lives, which in turns shows respect for them as actors in the world. Feelings of agency seem to appear more quickly when students are given time to reflect together and make their own choices. While Kirk looks in detail at the language of peace with his students, giving them the agency to collaborate, create, and decide on meanings and examples by themselves, Tim seemed to holistically boost his first year students' agency through wider choices of topic and approach. Our research shows that to create classrooms displaying peace and concern for the well-being of others that reflective acts of agency have the potential to be major game changers resulting in classroom cultures and students concerned with the language of peace, defined both finely and holistically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
6. Understanding meaning and racial prejudice: Examining self-transcendence and psychological inflexibility in a sample of White college students
- Author
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Florez, Ivonne Andrea, Schulenberg, Stefan E., Lair, Elicia C., Wilson, Kelly G., and Johnson, Kirk A.
- Abstract
Recent research suggests that meaning in life relates to processes of social judgments and could facilitate relationships between racially diverse individuals. At this time however, there is no study that examines factors that influence the relationship between meaning, racial prejudice, and values. To fill this gap, the present study examined whether (1) self-transcendence and (2) psychological inflexibility mediates the relationship between perceived meaning in life and prejudice. The study was conducted with 253 White students (females, 77.9%; males, 22.1%) from a university located in the southern United States. Standard path-analytic approaches through the macro PROCESS program were used to examine a parallel mediational model. Results evidenced that self-transcendence and psychological inflexibility had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between meaning in life and prejudice, and that reversely, meaning also functioned as a mediator of self-transcendence and prejudice and psychological inflexibility and prejudice. Findings suggest that among White college students the effect of meaning on prejudice changes in the context of self-transcendence and psychological inflexibility, and that without self-transcendence and psychological flexibility, meaning could actually result in greater prejudice.
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- 2019
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7. Multiple Proxy Estimates of Atmospheric CO2From an Early Paleocene Rainforest
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Kowalczyk, Jennifer B., Royer, Dana L., Miller, Ian M., Anderson, Clive W., Beerling, David J., Franks, Peter J., Grein, Michaela, Konrad, Wilfried, Roth‐Nebelsick, Anita, Bowring, Samuel A., Johnson, Kirk R., and Ramezani, Jahandar
- Abstract
Proxy estimates of atmospheric CO2are necessary to reconstruct Earth's climate history. Confidence in paleo‐CO2estimates can be increased by comparing results from multiple proxies at a single site, but so far this strategy has been implemented only for marine‐based techniques. Here we present CO2estimates for the well‐studied early Paleocene Castle Rock site in Colorado using four paleobotanical proxies. Median estimates range from 470 to 813 ppm, demonstrating fair correspondence. The synthesis yields a median of 616 ppm (352–1110 ppm at 95% confidence), considerably higher than previous early Paleocene CO2estimates (~300 ppm). Ash bed geochronology by the high‐precision U‐Pb method places the Castle Rock assemblage at 63.844 ± 0.097 Ma (fully propagated 2σ error). When these results are placed into the broader context of other Cenozoic CO2estimates from plant‐gas‐exchange approaches and coeval estimates of global mean surface temperature, a pattern emerges of an Earth system sensitivity around 3 °C per CO2doubling during the Paleocene and Eocene, a time with little land ice, then steepening to >7 °C after the Eocene once land ice was present on Antarctica. As atmospheric CO2continues to increase, we enter a climate state whose analog in terms of CO2concentration is found millions of years ago. Information about climate from such distant times is only available to us via proxy methods (i.e., indicators of climate recorded in ancient rocks and fossils); increasing confidence in proxy results is therefore a high priority. Here we compare four different CO2proxy methods using plant fossils from an exceptionally diverse rainforest that existed near present‐day Denver, Colorado, 63.8 million years ago. Estimates are largely congruent and higher than previously thought (~600 ppm). The higher CO2levels during this warm period are in better agreement with the current understanding of long‐term Earth system climate sensitivity, and results from the newer gas‐exchange proxy methods paint a coherent picture of Earth system sensitivity evolution over the Cenozoic. Multiproxy studies increase confidence in paleoclimate reconstructions; we present the first such study for land‐based CO2proxiesOur study highlights relatively new, more widely applicable proxy methods based on robust models of gas exchange in C3photosynthesisOur CO2estimates are more congruent with the current understanding of Earth system sensitivity than are previous lower estimates
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- 2018
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8. A phase 2, open-label, adaptive, dose-ranging study with long-term extension to evaluate the safety, tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of intra-articular AMB-05X injections in patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumor.
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Gelderblom, Hans, Bhadri, Vivek, Randall, R. Lor, Scharschmidt, Thomas, Tap, William D., Alani, Laman, Johnson, Kirk, Leyva, Stephanie, Nguyen, Dorothy D., Nguyen, Tiffany, and van de Sande, Michiel A.J.
- Published
- 2023
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9. Store and share ancient rocks
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Planavsky, Noah, Hood, Ashleigh, Tarhan, Lidya, Shen, Shuzhong, and Johnson, Kirk
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Geological samples must be archived for all if we are to solve the riddles of Earth’s complex history.
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- 2020
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10. A unique allosteric insulin receptor monoclonal antibody that prevents hypoglycemia in the SUR-1−/−mouse model of KATP hyperinsulinism
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Patel, Puja, Charles, Lawrenshey, Corbin, John, Goldfine, Ira D., Johnson, Kirk, Rubin, Paul, and De León, Diva D.
- Abstract
ABSTRACTLoss-of-function mutations of the ß-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) cause the most common and severe form of congenital hyperinsulinism (KATPHI), a disorder of ß-cell function characterized by severe hypoglycemia. Children with KATPHI are typically unresponsive to medical therapy and require pancreatectomy for intractable hypoglycemia. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of insulin receptor signaling may prevent hypoglycemia in KATPHI. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of an antibody allosteric inhibitor of the insulin receptor, XMetD, on fasting plasma glucose in a mouse model of KATPHI (SUR-1−/−mice). SUR-1−/−and wild-type mice received twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of either XMetD or control antibody for 8 wks. Treatment with XMetD significantly decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased hepatic glucose output and fasting plasma glucose. These findings support the potential use of insulin receptor antagonists as a therapeutic approach to control the hypoglycemia in congenital hyperinsulinism.
- Published
- 2018
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11. Effect of Different Doses of Galcanezumab vs Placebo for Episodic Migraine Prevention: A Randomized Clinical Trial
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Skljarevski, Vladimir, Oakes, Tina M., Zhang, Qi, Ferguson, Margaret B., Martinez, James, Camporeale, Angelo, Johnson, Kirk W., Shan, Qiuling, Carter, Jeffrey, Schacht, Aaron, Goadsby, Peter J., and Dodick, David W.
- Abstract
IMPORTANCE: Galcanezumab (LY2951742), a monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is one of a novel class of new medicines for migraine prevention. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether at least 1 dose of galcanezumab was superior to placebo for episodic migraine prevention. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted in the United States (July 7, 2014, to August 19, 2015) in clinics of 37 licensed physicians with a specialty including, but not limited to, psychiatry, neurology, internal medicine, and primary care. Subcutaneous injections of galcanezumab, 5, 50, 120, or 300 mg, or placebo were given monthly during the 3-month treatment period. A total of 936 patients were assessed; 526 did not meet study entry or baseline criteria and 410 patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo or galcanezumab. Analyses were conducted on an intent-to-treat population, which included all patients who were randomized and received at least 1 dose of study drug. INTERVENTIONS: Short-term migraine treatments were allowed as needed except for opioids or barbiturates. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: To determine if at least 1 of the 4 doses of galcanezumab tested was superior to placebo for migraine prevention measured by the mean change from baseline in the number of migraine headache days 9 weeks to 12 weeks after randomization. RESULTS: Of the 936 patients assessed, 410 met entry criteria (aged 18-65 years with 4-14 migraine headache days per month and migraine onset prior to age 50 years) and were randomized to receive placebo or galcanezumab.For the primary end point, galcanezumab, 120 mg, significantly reduced migraine headache days compared with placebo (99.6% posterior probability −4.8 days; 90% BCI, −5.4 to −4.2 days vs 95% superiority threshold [Bayesian analysis] −3.7 days; 90% BCI, −4.1 to −3.2 days). Adverse events reported by 5% or more of patients in at least 1 galcanezumab dose group and more frequently than placebo included injection-site pain, upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis, dysmenorrhea, and nausea. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Monthly subcutaneous injections of galcanezumab, both 120 mg and 300 mg, demonstrated efficacy (repeated-measures analysis) for the preventive treatment of migraine and support further development in larger phase 3 studies. All dosages were safe and well tolerated for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02163993
- Published
- 2018
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12. Reachability-Based Search for Tracking of Noncooperative Maneuvering Satellites in Data Sparse Environment
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Hall, Zach, Singla, Puneet, and Johnson, Kirk
- Abstract
A generic Bayesian framework is presented to track lost-in-space noncooperative maneuvering satellites. The developed framework predicts the reachability set for a lost-in-space satellite given bounds on maneuver parameters such as maneuver time and maneuver magnitude. Reachability sets are represented as a desired order polynomial series as a function of maneuver parameters. Recent advances in non-product quadrature methods are utilized to compute coefficients of this polynomial series in a computationally efficient manner. A major contribution of this work is to develop quadrature methods to generate samples for spherically uniform distribution for bounded magnitude maneuvers. Samples generated from this polynomial series are used for direct particle propagation in a traditional Bayesian filter rather than solving governing equations of motion for each sample point. An important component of the developed framework is a search strategy which exploits the reachability set calculations to task the sensor to increase the detection probability of the satellite. The samples generated from initial reachability sets are updated to systematically reduce the target search region based on actual detection of the target in a Bayesian framework. Numerical simulations are performed to show the efficacy of the developed ideas for tracking a lost-in-space satellite with the help of space based sensor. Performance of the proposed method varies widely based on factors such as the reachability set polynomial order, maneuver uncertainty bounds, sensor parameters (Field of view, measurement frequency, and detection probability), and initial conditions. For numerical experiments performed, the observer gained the custody of the maneuvering target in 100%and 96%of Monte Carlo (MC) simulations for the single maneuver and two maneuver cases, respectively.
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- 2023
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13. Attenuation of Insulin Action by an Allosteric Insulin Receptor Antibody in Healthy Volunteers.
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk W, Neale, Ann, Gordon, Allan, Roessig, Julie, Bezwada, Padma, Vukelich, Sabine, Goldfine, Ira, and Rubin, Paul
- Abstract
XOMA 358 (X358) is a fully human monoclonal antibody to the insulin receptor that acts as a negative allosteric modulator of insulin signaling. It is being developed as a novel treatment of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. This report describes pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data from a first-in-human clinical trial.
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- 2017
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14. Effects of Ibudilast on the Subjective, Reinforcing, and Analgesic Effects of Oxycodone in Recently Detoxified Adults with Opioid Dependence
- Author
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Metz, Verena E, Jones, Jermaine D, Manubay, Jeanne, Sullivan, Maria A, Mogali, Shanthi, Segoshi, Andrew, Madera, Gabriela, Johnson, Kirk W, and Comer, Sandra D
- Abstract
Ibudilast, a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is used clinically in Asia for the treatment of asthma and poststroke dizziness. Recent preclinical studies have suggested that it also inhibits glial cell activation in rodents, and may alter opioid-mediated effects, including analgesia and withdrawal symptoms. The effects of ibudilast on the abuse potential of opioids in humans are largely unknown. The present study was designed to examine the influence of ibudilast on subjective (including drug craving), reinforcing, and analgesic effects of oxycodone in human volunteers diagnosed with opioid dependence (equivalent to moderate–severe opioid use disorder). Non-treatment-seeking opioid-dependent male volunteers (n=11) underwent an in-patient detoxification with morphine, followed by maintenance on placebo (0 mg b.i.d.) and active ibudilast (50 mg b.i.d.). Under each maintenance dose, six experimental sample and choice sessions were completed involving oral oxycodone administration (0, 15, and 30 mg/70 kg, p.o.). Subjective effects of oxycodone and drug craving were measured with visual analog scales (VAS) and a Drug Effects Questionnaire. The cold pressor test was used to produce pain, and a modified progressive-ratio choice procedure was used to measure the reinforcing effects of oxycodone. Under the active ibudilast condition compared with the placebo condition, ratings of drug liking following 15 mg of oxycodone were decreased significantly. The mean drug breakpoint value was also significantly lower in the active vs the placebo ibudilast condition under the 15 mg oxycodone condition, but not significantly lower under the 30 mg oxycodone condition. Heroin craving was significantly reduced under active ibudilast vs placebo, and similar effects were observed for tobacco and cocaine craving. Furthermore, mean subjective ratings of pain were lower in the active ibudilast condition. Our data suggest that ibudilast may be useful for treating opioid use disorders and it may enhance the analgesic effects of oxycodone.
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- 2017
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15. High precision U–Pb zircon geochronology for Cenomanian Dakota Formation floras in Utah.
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Barclay, Richard S., Rioux, Matthew, Meyer, Laura B., Bowring, Samuel A., Johnson, Kirk R., and Miller, Ian M.
- Abstract
The Cretaceous Dakota Formation on and near the Colorado Plateau represents the time-transgressive shoreline deposits of the Western Interior Seaway and is a rich repository of fossil plants and animals. However, given the basin architecture and depositional setting, correlations between localities are difficult without geochronology. Here we present new high precision ID-TIMS U–Pb zircon dates from five air-fall ash deposits from Westwater (n = 3) and Henrieville (n = 2) that obey stratigraphic superposition and precisely constrain the ages of these two floras. Three air-fall ashes from the Westwater locality record weighted mean Th-corrected 206Pb/238U dates of 97.949 ± 0.037/0.12 Ma, 97.943 ± 0.023/0.12 Ma, and 97.601 ± 0.049/0.13 Ma, providing the first U–Pb dates from this locality. Two ash beds from the Henrieville locality record weighted mean Th-corrected 206Pb/238U dates of 95.070 ± 0.036/0.12 Ma and 94.879 ± 0.032/0.11 Ma. The new dates indicate that the two floras are separated by ca 2.5 Ma and are both within the Cenomanian. The assemblage of fossil plants collected from the mudstone and ash-bed localities at Westwater show no compositional overlap, despite the presence of 28 distinct morphotypes. This lack of compositional overlap is repeated between the mudstone facies from the Westwater and Henrieville localities, where two different morphotypes of “Liriodendron” are the taxa in common. The species incongruence at Westwater is likely due to rapid colonization of early successional plants post deposition of the volcanic ash. For the mudstone floras at Westwater and Henrieville, the different floral composition may be due to rapid species evolution during the rise of angiosperms, the influence of climate in the mid-Cretaceous, the expression of high regional diversity of localities separated by 300 km, or a highly partitioned floodplain vegetation. Estimated sediment accumulation rates from the new radioisotopic dates, combined with existing proxy records for pCO
2 , suggest that the rise in pCO2 preceding Ocean Anoxic Event 2 (OAE2) began 513 ka (range from 384 to 641 ka) prior to the positive δ13C excursion that defines the event. This estimate from terrestrial rocks is within error of estimates for the timing of changes in δ34Ssulfate (570 ka; range from 420 to 814 ka) in marine sections at the GSSP for the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary. The overlap indicates synchronous perturbation of marine and terrestrial environments related to an increase in pCO2 prior to the onset of OAE2, providing further support for the volcanic initiation hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2015
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16. Monumental Decisions.
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JOHNSON, KIRK
- Subjects
AFRICAN Americans ,STATUES ,CONFEDERATE monuments - Abstract
The article discusses on removal of confederate statues with new statues which narrates role that local black men played in fighting for their freedom.
- Published
- 2022
17. Change and Illusion of Change: Evolving News Portrayals of African-Americans in a Local Market.
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk
- Subjects
MENTAL imagery ,AFRICAN Americans ,RACIAL differences ,HEGEMONY ,CULTURAL imperialism - Abstract
Content analyses of African-American news images are numerous, but there are few empirical studies on how such imagery evolves. Longitudinal comparisons of major-media and black-owned media depictions of African-Americans in the same market are rarer still. I report a longitudinal analysis of race-related news among 6,540 local news items collected over 30-day periods in 1986 and 2001 from major and black-oriented media outlets in Boston. There were differences in story selection, the race of interviewees, and racial discourse between major and black-owned media outlets in both 1986 and 2001, and differences in story selection by black-owned outlets from 1986 to 2001. But major-media news in 1986 and in 2001 bore close resemblance, despite pledges by the city?s largest print and broadcast organizations to overhaul racial-news coverage after questionable reporting of a racially charged murder-suicide in 1990. These findings support the argument of hegemony theorists that the major media routinely reproduce racism, and add nuance to Wilson and Gutiérrez?s model of the evolution of major-media news coverage of minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
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18. The Symbolic Lynching of James Meredith: A Visual Analysis and Collective Counter Narrative to Racial Domination
- Author
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Combs, Barbara Harris, Dellinger, Kirsten, Jackson, Jeffrey T., Johnson, Kirk A., Johnson, Willa M., Skipper, Jodi, Sonnett, John, and Thomas, James M.
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The hanging of a noose on the University of Mississippi’s statue of civil rights pioneer James Meredith in February 2014 was framed by university administrators as the act of a few deviant white students, but our analysis suggests otherwise. A historical review shows the university’s long-standing resistance to meaningful change and a continuing lack of transparency following racist incidents. Visual analysis shows that the university remains saturated with monuments, place names, and other symbols of racial dominance. Narratives of marginalized people on campus, including some of the authors, reveal the corrosive effects of normalized white supremacy. The authors’ analysis suggests that, instead of an aberration, the noosing aligned the statue with the prevailing symbolic environment. This study builds bridges between sociological analysis and critical race theory and demonstrates the importance of group processes in understanding and responding to racist incidents on campuses.
- Published
- 2016
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19. Repeated dyspnea score and percent FEV1 are modest predictors of hospitalization/ relapse in patients with acute asthma exacerbation.
- Author
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Schneider, John E., Lewis, Lawrence M., Ferguson, Ian, House, Stacey L., Jingxia Liu, Kazuko Matsuda, and Johnson, Kirk
- Published
- 2014
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20. Systemic Administration of Propentofylline, Ibudilast, and (+)-Naltrexone Each Reverses Mechanical Allodynia in a Novel Rat Model of Central Neuropathic Pain.
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Ellis, Amanda, Wieseler, Julie, Favret, Jacob, Johnson, Kirk W., Rice, Kenner C., Maier, Steven F., Falci, Scott, and Watkins, Linda R.
- Abstract
Abstract: Central neuropathic pain (CNP) is a debilitating consequence of central nervous system damage for which current treatments are ineffective. To explore mechanisms underlying CNP, we developed a rat model involving T13/L1 dorsal root avulsion. The resultant dorsal horn damage creates bilateral below-level (L4-L6) mechanical allodynia. This allodynia, termed spinal neuropathic avulsion pain, occurs in the absence of confounding paralysis. To characterize this model, we undertook a series of studies aimed at defining whether spinal neuropathic avulsion pain could be reversed by any of 3 putative glial activation inhibitors, each with distinct mechanisms of action. Indeed, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor propentofylline, the macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibitor ibudilast, and the toll-like receptor 4 antagonist (+)-naltrexone each reversed below-level allodynia bilaterally. Strikingly, none of these impacted spinal neuropathic avulsion pain upon first administration but required 1 to 2 weeks of daily administration before pain reversal was obtained. Given reversal of CNP by each of these glial modulatory agents, these results suggest that glia contribute to the maintenance of such pain and enduring release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and endogenous agonists of toll-like receptor 4 is important for sustaining CNP. The markedly delayed efficacy of all 3 glial modulatory drugs may prove instructive for interpretation of apparent drug failures after shorter dosing regimens. Perspective: CNP that develops after trauma is often described by patients as severe and intolerable. Unfortunately, current treatments are not effective. This work suggests that using pharmacologic treatments that target glial cells could be an effective clinical treatment for CNP. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2014
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21. Globalisation at the Crossroads of Tradition and Modernity in Rural India.
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Johnson, Kirk
- Abstract
This paper explores the ongoing structural and cultural changes in a number of mountain villages in Western India more than a decade since the liberalising of the economic markets, which opened the sub- continent even further to the globalising forces of consumerism and materialism. In addition to mass communication that includes television, other developments, such as transportation, agricultural systems and education, have all contributed significantly to a fundamental reorientation of village life in the past two decades. The present research suggests three central processes at work in rural India today. First, the ethos of consumerism has reached an all time high. Second, information technology and mass communication are connecting villagers to each other and to the global market of ideas and information. Third, while the impact of certain western notions of life and relationships as well as some aspirations and expectations are beginning to take hold, traditional agrarian society in this region remains resilient in the face of many modernising forces. Villagers appear to distinguish between modernity (improving quality of life) and westernisation (rejecting certain values, ideas and cultural practises). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
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22. Status and Distribution of the Leopord (Panthera pardus) in Turkey and the Caucasus Mountains.
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk
- Abstract
For millennia large mammalian carnivores, including the Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica), brown bear (Ursus arctos), gray wolf (Canis lupus), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and three subspecies of leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana, P.p. saxicolor and P.p. ciscaucasica) roamed mountains, plateaus and grasslands of Turkey, historically known as Asia Minor or Anatolia. Of the big cats, only the leopard and Eurasian lynx remain in increasingly isolated mountainous habitats. Evidence suggests a few leopards remain in Turkey's Black Sea mountain ranges and the inaccessible peaks of the Taurus Mountains in the south. Also, despite centuries of persecution, the leopard still exists in the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Ranges of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia, receiving some juvenile immigration from a larger population in northern Iran's Zagros Mountains. Leopard conservation throughout the Caucasus countries and Turkey will only succeed if viable populations of ungulate prey such as the Bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa) can be sustained in protected and unprotected habitats, and people in the region are educated about the importance of these species to the sustainability of the ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
23. The Status of Mammalian Carnivores in Turkey.
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Johnson, Kirk
- Abstract
Turkey, a natural land bridge connecting Europe and Asia, was historically home to a myriad of mammalian species, including a full complement of carnivores such as the Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica), Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris virgata), gray wolf (Canis lupus), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), brown bear (Ursus arctos), Anatolian leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), caracal (Felis caracal), Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra), golden jackal (Canis aureus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), European wildcat (Felis silvestris caucasica), pine marten (Martes martes), and other smaller mustelid species. Most of the largest carnivores have been extirpated while others are in decline. This article gives an account of the status of several carnivores still inhabiting Turkey. The fate of Turkey's wildlife lies with various governmental bodies holding often conflicting agendas and handicapped by a lack of skilled personnel and funding. If Turkey's current suite of laws can be strengthened, transparently enforced, and corruption rooted out. the long-term survival of carnivore species throughout the Middle East will be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2002
24. The Mountain Lions of Michigan.
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk
- Abstract
Deals with persistent sightings of the mountain lion (Puma concolor) in Michigan despite the status of extirpation ascribed to it. Possibility of a breeding population in Michigan; Accounts of sightings; Future protection of the mountain lion in Michigan.
- Published
- 2002
25. Using Data Mining to Find Fraud in HCFA Health Care Claims.
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Sokol, Lisa, Garcia, Bob, Rodriguez', Justin, West, Mike, and Johnson, Kirk
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Explores the use of data mining in detecting fraud in the health care claims of the U.S. Health Care Financing Administration. Challenges of data extraction, transformation and loading; Information on data audits for preventive medical services; Future data mining tasks.
- Published
- 2001
26. The Clouded Leopard: The 'Littlest' Big Cat.
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Johnson, Kirk
- Abstract
Reports on the decline of clouded leopard populations in Asia and efforts to maintain viable wild and captive populations. Range, habitats and morphology of the Neofelis nebulosa; Captive breeding; Future of the cat in southern Asia.
- Published
- 2000
27. Ibudilast for the treatment of drug addiction and other neurological conditions
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Johnson, Kirk W, Matsuda, Kazuko, and Iwaki, Yuichi
- Abstract
Ibudilast is a small molecular weight, orally administered compound that was originally developed and approved in Japan over 20 years ago for bronchial asthma and poststroke complication (subsequently defined as poststroke dizziness in 2002). Over the last 10 years, there has been substantial progress in better understanding ibudilasts molecular and cellular actions including macrophage migration inhibitory factor inhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition and attenuation of activated glia. Moreover, its potential safety and efficacy in new neurological indications has been explored via animal models and Phase I and II clinical studies. Phase II clinical trials have now initiated in methamphetamine and other drug addictions, progressive multiple sclerosis and pain. A current model of ibudilast target action and a review of its translational progress and prospects as a new medication in these disorders is described.
- Published
- 2014
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28. Albuterol Administration Is Commonly Associated With Increases in Serum Lactate in Patients With Asthma Treated for Acute Exacerbation of Asthma
- Author
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Lewis, Lawrence M., Ferguson, Ian, House, Stacey L., Aubuchon, Kristen, Schneider, John, Johnson, Kirk, and Matsuda, Kazuko
- Abstract
Controversy exists around the incidence and cause of hyperlactatemia during asthma exacerbations. We evaluated the incidence, potential causes, and adverse events of hyperlactatemia in patients with acute asthma exacerbation.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. FEDERAL COURT PROCESSING OF CORPORATE, WHITE COLLAR, AND COMMON CRIME ECONOMIC OFFENDERS OVER THE PAST THREE DECADES.
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk A.
- Subjects
COMMERCIAL crimes ,DISTRICT courts ,FEDERAL government ,PUBLIC opinion ,CRIMINAL law ,FISCAL year - Abstract
The history of white-collar and corporate crime in our nation has been one of toleration. Throughout much of this century, the victims, the government, and the criminal justice system have been largely inactive in attempting to control this form of law-violating behavior. As a result, occupational and organizational crime offenders have been treated preferentially in our courts when compared to traditional or common crime offenders. Beginning in the 1970s, however, public attitudes began to change and the government and criminal justice system were given a mandate to pursue these offenders. This paper utilizes aggregate data on the U.S. District Courts for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1964, 1974, and 1984, and is designed to investigate whether a shift in criminal justice policy (arising from public concerns over corporate and white-collar crime) has been put into effect. That is, have equitable operational policies for the adjudication and sentencing of corporate, white-collar, and common crime offenders evolved over the past three decades? The conclusions drawn from the data suggest that while corporate and white-collar criminals are more frequently being brought to the attention of the courts, and have been receiving more and more serious sanctions, they are still receiving more lenient penalties for their actions than are common property crime offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1986
30. PEER GROUP INFLUENCES UPON ADOLESCENT DRINKING PRACTICES.
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk Alan
- Subjects
STUDENT attitudes ,ALCOHOL drinking ,HIGH school students ,TEENAGERS ,SOCIABILITY ,INTERPERSONAL relations - Abstract
Utilizing longitudinal data on 345 high school students, this study investigates the impact that peer identification, sociability, activity, and perceptions of peer attitudes governing the use of alcohol have upon adolescent alcohol use, and the likelihood of experiencing personal problems as a consequence of drinking. The major findings are that adolescent orientations toward alcohol are responsive to all but peer identification, and that the predictors generally exert their strongest influences upon youthful drinking in and around the junior year. Similarly, alcohol use and personal problems associated with drinking each exert varying degrees of influence upon the predictors within and across time, though these effects generally cluster around the junior year as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1984
31. PERCEPTUAL RESPONSES OF VICTIMIZATION IN RURAL COMMUNITIES.
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk Alan
- Subjects
RURAL population ,RURAL sociology ,CRIME victims ,DOMESTIC violence ,BEHAVIORAL assessment ,PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS - Abstract
Relationships between frequency and severity of household victimization and fears, concerns and behavioral responses to crime are investigated utilizing a mailed victimization questionnaire among a predominantly rural/farm market population. Frequency of victimization is defined as the number of personal and property offenses experienced by household members. Severity is defined as the proximity of the victim to the offense. Fear is measured by three items relating to perceptions of the relative safety of one's residential area. Concern is measured by three items relating to attitudes or perceptions about crime in general. Behavioral measures include minor avoidance re- actions, such as altering entertainment practices partially in response to crime, and major avoidance or retreatist actions, such as moving in response to crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1982
32. Katrina Coverage in Black Newspapers Critical of Government, Mainstream Media
- Author
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Dolan, Mark K., Sonnett, John H., and Johnson, Kirk A.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Efficacy and safety of a new-class hemostatic drug candidate, AV513, in dogs with hemophilia A
- Author
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Prasad, Srinivasa, Lillicrap, David, Labelle, Andrea, Knappe, Sabine, Keller, Tracy, Burnett, Erin, Powell, Sandra, and Johnson, Kirk W.
- Abstract
AV513 is a select fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide of botanical origin. It inhibits tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) activity and accelerates clotting of human hemophilia A and B plasma. In prior work, subcutaneous administration of AV513 to mice with hemophilia A improved hemostasis. The current studies were designed to evaluate potential efficacy and safety in dogs with hemophilia A (hemophilia A dogs) with minimally increased hemostasis after adenoassociated viral-FVIII gene transfer and in treatment-naive severe hemophilia A dogs. AV513 administered subcutaneously to low-FVIII dogs for multiple weeks improved hemostasis as exhibited in thromboelastography (TEG) and cuticle bleeding time (CBT) tests. Moreover, AV513 administered orally to AAV-FVIII dogs and treatment-naive severe hemophilia A dogs for a multiweek dose-escalating period yielded correction to normal ranges in both TEG and CBT end points at 5 to 15 mg/kg and 15 to 20 mg/kg dose levels, respectively. In all 3 separate studies, throughout their duration, AV513 was well tolerated by the dogs without any adverse events. Additional pharmacologic characterization of AV513 included intravenous pharmacokinetic analysis in rats. In summary, the combination of safety and efficacy in 2 global tests of hemostasis in the hemophilia A dog model indicate that further evaluation of AV513 as a hemostatic agent in hemophilia A patients is warranted.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Efficacy and safety of a new-class hemostatic drug candidate, AV513, in dogs with hemophilia A
- Author
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Prasad, Srinivasa, Lillicrap, David, Labelle, Andrea, Knappe, Sabine, Keller, Tracy, Burnett, Erin, Powell, Sandra, and Johnson, Kirk W.
- Abstract
AV513 is a select fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide of botanical origin. It inhibits tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) activity and accelerates clotting of human hemophilia A and B plasma. In prior work, subcutaneous administration of AV513 to mice with hemophilia A improved hemostasis. The current studies were designed to evaluate potential efficacy and safety in dogs with hemophilia A (hemophilia A dogs) with minimally increased hemostasis after adenoassociated viral-FVIII gene transfer and in treatment-naive severe hemophilia A dogs. AV513 administered subcutaneously to low-FVIII dogs for multiple weeks improved hemostasis as exhibited in thromboelastography (TEG) and cuticle bleeding time (CBT) tests. Moreover, AV513 administered orally to AAV-FVIII dogs and treatment-naive severe hemophilia A dogs for a multiweek dose-escalating period yielded correction to normal ranges in both TEG and CBT end points at 5 to 15 mg/kg and 15 to 20 mg/kg dose levels, respectively. In all 3 separate studies, throughout their duration, AV513 was well tolerated by the dogs without any adverse events. Additional pharmacologic characterization of AV513 included intravenous pharmacokinetic analysis in rats. In summary, the combination of safety and efficacy in 2 global tests of hemostasis in the hemophilia A dog model indicate that further evaluation of AV513 as a hemostatic agent in hemophilia A patients is warranted.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Ibudilast (AV-411)
- Author
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Ledeboer, Annemarie, Hutchinson, Mark R, Watkins, Linda R, and Johnson, Kirk W
- Abstract
The treatment of neuropathic pain is a major unresolved medical challenge. Present pharmacotherapies only have modest efficacy and numerous side effects. The use of opioid analgesics is additionally coupled with dependence and withdrawal syndromes. Ibudilast (AV-411) is a non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is also known to suppress glial cell activation. It has been used clinically for other indications with a good safety profile. As glial cell activation is considered to crucially contribute to neuropathic pain as well as opioid dependence and withdrawal, the authors conceived that ibudilast may be useful for treating these conditions. Preclinical data indicate that ibudilast crosses the blood–brain barrier, is well tolerated, is active on oral administration, reduces glial activation and attenuates pain symptoms in diverse rat models of neuropathic pain. In addition, it enhances acute morphine analgesia and attenuates morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Thus ibudilast may improve opioid efficacy and is a promising therapeutic candidate for neuropathic pain, with a novel mechanism of action.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Pharmacological Characterization of the Competitive GLUK5 Receptor Antagonist Decahydroisoquinoline LY466195 in Vitro and in Vivo.
- Author
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Weiss, Brianne, Alt, Andrew, Ogden, Ann Marie, Gates, Mary, Dieckman, Donna K, Clemens-Smith, Amy, KL, Ken H, Jarvie, Keith, Rizkalla, Geihan, Wright, Rebecca A, Calligaro, David O, Schoepp, Darryle, Mattiuz, Edward L, Stratford, Robert E, Johnson, Bryan, Salhoff, Craig, Katofiasc, Mary, Phebus, Lee A, Schenck, Kathryn, Cohen, Marlene, Filla, Sandra A, Ornstein, Paul L, Johnson, Kirk W, and Bleakman, David
- Abstract
The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate has been implicated in both migraine and persistent pain. The identification of the kainate receptor GLU(K5) in dorsal root ganglia, the dorsal horn, and trigeminal ganglia makes it a target of interest for these indications. We examined the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of the competitive GLU(K5)-selective kainate receptor antagonist LY466195 [(3S,4aR,6S,8aR)-6-[[(2S)-2-carboxy-4,4-difluoro-1-pyrrolidinyl]-methyl]decahydro-3-isoquinolinecarboxylic acid)], the most potent GLU(K5) antagonist described to date. Comparisons were made to the competitive GLU(K5)/alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist LY293558 [(3S,4aR,6R,8aR)-6-[2-(1(2)H-tetrazole-5-yl)ethyl]-decahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid], other decahydroisoquinoline GLU(K5) receptor antagonists, and the noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist LY300168 [1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodi-azepine]. When characterized electrophysiologically in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons, LY466195 antagonized kainate (30 muM)-induced currents with an IC(50) value of 0.045 +/- 0.011 muM. In HEK293 cells transfected with GLU(K5), GLU(K2)/GLU(K5), or GLU(K5)/GLU(K6) receptors, LY466195 produced IC(50) values of 0.08 +/- 0.02, 0.34 +/- 0.17, and 0.07 +/- 0.02 muM, respectively. LY466195 was efficacious in a dural plasma protein extravasation (PPE) model of migraine with an ID(100) value of 100 mug/kg i.v. LY466195 was also efficacious in the c-fos migraine model, with a dose of 1 mug/kg i.v. significantly reducing the number of Fos-positive cells in the rat nucleus caudalis after electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion. Furthermore, LY466195 showed no contractile activity in the rabbit saphenous vein in vitro. The diethyl ester prodrug of LY466195 was also efficacious in the same PPE and c-fos models after oral administration at doses of 10 and 100 mug/kg, respectively while having no N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist-like behavioral effects at oral doses up to 100 mg/kg.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Improved coagulation in bleeding disorders by Non-Anticoagulant Sulfated Polysaccharides (NASP)
- Author
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Liu, Tongyao, Scallan, Ciaran D., Broze, George J., Patarroyo-White, Susanna, Pierce, Glenn F., and Johnson, Kirk W.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. All That Glitters.
- Author
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Perlez, Jane and Johnson, Kirk
- Subjects
GOLD mining ,ECOLOGY ,GOLD industry ,ENVIRONMENTAL protection - Abstract
This article discusses the effect of gold mining on the environment. It is said that large miners are taking 500,000 tons of earth a day to have ounces of gold. Eight U.S. jewelry companies, including Zales and Tiffany & Co., have signed on to a national campaign called No to Dirty Gold promising to comply with gold's ethical issues. Complaints are being reported in Guatemala and also in Yanachoca, Peru where a massive open-pit mine is being operated by Newmont Mining.
- Published
- 2006
39. Globalisation at the Crossroads of Tradition and Modernity in Rural India
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Pharmacokinetics in Animals and Humans of a First-in-Class Peptide Deformylase Inhibitor
- Author
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Ramanathan-Girish, Sandhya, McColm, Juliet, Clements, John M., Taupin, Phil, Barrowcliffe, Sue, Hevizi, John, Safrin, Sharon, Moore, Clive, Patou, Gary, Moser, Heinz, Gadd, Alison, Hoch, Ute, Jiang, Vernon, Lofland, Denene, and Johnson, Kirk W.
- Abstract
ABSTRACTBB-83698, a potent and selective inhibitor of peptide deformylase, was the first compound of this novel antibacterial class to progress to clinical trials. Single- and/or multiple-dose studies with doses ranging from 10 to 50 mg of BB-83698/kg of body weight were done with mice, rats, and dogs. Intravenous pharmacokinetics were characterized by low to moderate clearances and moderate volumes of distribution for all species. In dogs, but not in rodents, central nervous system (CNS) effects were dose limiting for intravenously administered BB-83698 and were suspected to be related to a high maximum concentration of the agent in plasma (Cmax) rather than to total systemic exposure. Controlled infusion studies with dogs demonstrated that CNS effects could be avoided without compromising systemic exposure by reducing the Cmax. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, five-way-crossover, single-dose-escalation, phase I study to explore the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous BB-83698 at doses ranging from 10 to 475 mg was performed with healthy male volunteers. Systemic exposures were generally in linear relationships with administered doses in animals and humans. Pharmacokinetics were consistent, predictable, and exhibited good allometric scaling among all species (r2>0.98). Moreover, BB-83698 dosing in humans proceeded to a predicted efficacious exposure (the area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio, up to 184) without any clinically significant adverse effects.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. South American palaeobotany and the origins of neotropical rainforests
- Author
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Burnham, Robyn J. and Johnson, Kirk R.
- Abstract
Extant neotropical rainforest biomes are characterized by a high diversity and abundance of angiosperm trees and vines, high proportions of entire–margined leaves, high proportions of large leaves (larger than 4500 mm2), high abundance of drip tips and a suite of characteristic dominant families: Sapotaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae (Fabaceae), Melastomataceae and Palmae (Arecaceae). Our aim is to define parameters of extant rainforests that will allow their recognition in the fossil record of South America and to evaluate all known South American plant fossil assemblages for first evidence and continued presence of those parameters. We ask when did these critical rainforest characters arise? When did vegetative parameters reach the level of abundance that we see in neotropical forests? Also, when do specific lineages become common in neotropical forests?Our review indicates that evidence of neotropical rainforest is exceedingly rare and equivocal before the Palaeocene. Even in the Palaeocene, the only evidence for tropical rainforest in South America is the appearance of moderately high pollen diversity. By contrast, North American sites provide evidence that rainforest leaf physiognomy was established early in the Palaeocene. By the Eocene in South America, several lines of evidence suggest that neotropical rainforests were diverse, physiognomically recognizable as rainforest and taxonomically allied to modern neotropical rainforests. A mismatch of evidence regarding the age of origin between sites of palaeobotanical high diversity and sites of predicted tropical climates should be reconciled with intensified collecting efforts in South America. We identify several lines of promising research that will help to coalesce previously disparate approaches to the origin, longevity and maintenance of high diversity floras of South America.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Discovery and Development of GSK3 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
- Author
-
Wagman, Allan, Johnson, Kirk, and Bussiere, Dirksen
- Abstract
Originally identified as a modulator of glycogen metabolism, glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is now understood to play an important regulatory role in a variety of pathways including initiation of protein synthesis, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and is essential for embryonic development as a component of the Wnt signaling cascade. GSK3 can be considered as a target for both metabolic and neurological disorders. GSK3s association with neuronal apoptosis and hyper-phosphorylation of tau make this kinase an attractive therapeutic target for neurodegenerative conditions such as head trauma, stroke and Alzheimers disease. While noting GSK3s many associated functions, this review will focus on GSK3 as a central negative regulator in the insulin signaling pathway, its role in insulin resistance, and the utility of GSK3 inhibitors for intervention and control of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes. Recent crystal structures, including the active (phosphorylated Tyr-216) form of GSK3, provide a wealth of structural information and greater understanding of GSK3s unique regulation and substrate specificity. Many potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of GSK3 have now been identified, and used in vitro to modulate glycogen metabolism and gene transcription, increase glycogen synthase activity and enhance insulin-stimulated glucose transport. The pharmacology of potent and selective GSK3 inhibitors (CT 99021 and CT 20026) is described in a number of in vitro and in vivo models following acute or chronic exposure. The efficacy of clinical candidates in diabetic primates and the implications for clinical development are discussed. The profile of activity is consistent with a unique form of insulin sensitization which is well suited for indications such as metabolic syndrome X and type 2 diabetes.
- Published
- 2004
43. Diversity and Multicultural Pedagogy: An Analysis of Attitudes and Practices within an American Pacific Island University
- Author
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Johnson, Kirk and Inoue, Yukiko
- Abstract
This article explores the practice of multicultural education within a Pacific Island university with a majority of faculty from Caucasian background and over 90 percent of students from Asian/Pacific Island ethnicities. This article is Phase II of a research project that began in 1999 with the goal to further understand the practice of multicultural pedagogy in higher education. Phase I measured the attitudes of faculty toward diversity and multiculturalism in general while this article attempts to narrow the focus to their perceptions of their actual practice of multicultural pedagogy in the classroom and in curriculum development. Through survey methodology and descriptive analysis, a picture emerges of the link between attitudes and practice. It was found that faculty ranked high on their willingness to engage and incorporate multicultural strategies in their teaching. Many often did not feel, however, that they had the skills or knowledge to do so. Many also felt that they were not well equipped to deal with a multicultural environment. While the data suggest that many are willing and open to diversity and multiculturalism, they struggle with strategies to incorporate those attitudes in their teaching. In comparing some of the data from the two phases of the research we argue that a culture of political correctness seems to mask certain ethnocentric beliefs that may then be reflected in classroom teaching and curriculum development.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Regulation of Wnt signaling during adipogenesis.
- Author
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Bennett, Christina N, Ross, Sarah E, Longo, Kenneth A, Bajnok, Laszlo, Hemati, Nahid, Johnson, Kirk W, Harrison, Stephen D, and MacDougald, Ormond A
- Abstract
We have identified Wnt10b as a potent inhibitor of adipogenesis that must be suppressed for preadipocytes to differentiate in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that a specific inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3, CHIR 99021, mimics Wnt signaling in preadipocytes. CHIR 99021 stabilizes free cytosolic beta-catenin and inhibits adipogenesis by blocking induction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Preadipocyte differentiation is inhibited when 3T3-L1 cells are exposed to CHIR 99021 for any 24 h period during the first 3 days of adipogenesis. Consistent with this time frame of inhibition, expression of Wnt10b mRNA is suppressed upon induction of differentiation, with a 50% decline by 6 h and complete inhibition by 36 h. Of the agents used to induce differentiation, exposure of 3T3-L1 cells to methyl-isobutylxanthine or cAMP is sufficient to suppress expression of Wnt10b mRNA. Inhibition of adipogenesis by Wnt10b is likely mediated by Wnt receptors, Frizzled 1, 2, and/or 5, and co-receptors low density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins 5 and 6. These receptors, like Wnt10b, are highly expressed in preadipocytes and stromal vascular cells. Finally, we demonstrate that disruption of extracellular Wnt signaling by expression of secreted Frizzled related proteins causes spontaneous adipocyte conversion.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. A National Test Would Lift All Boats.
- Author
-
Johnson, Kirk A.
- Subjects
EDUCATIONAL tests & measurements ,HONESTY ,EDUCATION policy - Abstract
Analyzes the controversy over United States (U.S.) President George W. Bush's national student testing plan. Role of testing in student's learning; Expenditures of the government on students in the U.S. from 1970-2000; Significance of the policy to the growing incidence of cheating on examinations.
- Published
- 2001
46. Masticatory stress, orbital orientation and the evolution of the primate postorbital bar
- Author
-
Ravosa, Matthew J., Noble, Vivian E., Hylander, William L., Johnson, Kirk R., and Kowalski, Erica M.
- Abstract
A postorbital bar is one of a suite of derived features which distinguishes basal primates from their putative sister taxon, plesiadapiforms. Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain postorbital bar development and variation in circumorbital form: the facial torsion model and visual predation hypothesis. To test the facial torsion model, we employ strain data on circumorbital and mandibular loading patterns in representative primates with a postorbital bar and masticatory apparatus similar to basal primates. To examine the visual predation hypothesis, we employ metric data on orbit orientation in Paleocene and Eocene primates, as well as several clades of visual predators and foragers that vary interspecifically in postorbital bar formation.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Characterization of Novel Antimicrobial Peptoids
- Author
-
Goodson, Bob, Ehrhardt, Anton, Ng, Simon, Nuss, John, Johnson, Kirk, Giedlin, Marty, Yamamoto, Ralph, Moos, Walter H., Krebber, Anke, Ladner, Martha, Giacona, Mary Beth, Vitt, Charles, and Winter, Jill
- Abstract
ABSTRACTPeptoids differ from peptides in that peptoids are composed of N-substituted rather than alpha-carbon-substituted glycine units. In this paper we report the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of several antibacterial peptoids discovered by screening combinatorial chemistry libraries for bacterial growth inhibition. In vitro, the peptoid CHIR29498 and some of its analogues were active in the range of 3 to 12 μg/ml against a panel of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria which included isolates which were resistant to known antibiotics. Peptoid antimicrobial activity againstStaphylococcus aureuswas rapid, bactericidal, and independent of protein synthesis. β-Galactosidase and propidium iodide leakage assays indicated that the membrane is the most likely target of activity. Positional isomers of an active peptoid were also active, consistent with a mode of action, such as membrane disruption, that does not require a specific fit between the molecule and its target. In vivo, CHIR29498 protected S. aureus-infected mice in a simple infection model.
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. RANDOMIZED BLINDED PLACEBOCONTROLLED TRIAL OF TISSUE FACTOR PATHWAY INHIBITOR IN PORCINE SEPTIC SHOCK
- Author
-
Goldfarb, Roy D., Glock, Dana, Johnson, Kirk, Creasey, Abla A., Can, Christina, McCarthy, Robert J., Matushek, Marian, Akhter, Imran, Trenholme, Gordon, and Parrillo, Joseph E.
- Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) would improve mortality and morbidity evoked by peritonitis-induced bacteremia in pigs. Secondarily, it sought to determine if TFPI treatment would attenuate cardiodynamic abnormalities produced by this septic model. 32 pigs were chronically instrumented with intracardiac transducers to measure left ventricular pressure and diameter, pulmonary and aortic pressures, and cardiac output. At least 5 days after surgery to implant transducers, basal cardiovascular readings and blood samples were obtained. Using a randomized, blinded study design, either purified, reconstituted TFPI (1 mg/kg bolus, 10 mg/kg/min for 48 h), placebo (arginine buffer), or saline was administered to pigs immediately after Escherichia coli 0111.B4 (3.0–11 ± 109colony-forming U/kg)-laden fibrin clots were implanted intraperitoneally, producing peritonitis and bacteremia. Pigs did not receive antibiotics or supportive therapy. No significant differences in primary or secondary endpoints were noted between the arginine and saline groups, so these data were combined into a control group (N = 20). 5 of 12 TFPI pigs survived (42), while 5 of 20 control pigs survived (25); this difference was not significant (p = .714, Fisher's exact test). TFPI treatment augmented cardiac output in surviving pigs, but did not affect any other cardiovascular performance variable (heart rate, diameter shortening, or systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance). In controls, peritonitis induced rapid increase in plasma tumor necrosis factor-± (428 ± 771 to 5,933 ± 559 pg/mL at 2 h) and interleukin-8 (180 ± 153 to 1,393 ± 145 pg/mL at 2 h). TFPI treatment significantly attenuated cytokine responses to sepsis, reducing peak tumor necrosis factor-± to 2,103 ± 813 pg/mL and reducing peak interleukin-8 levels to 534 ± 211 pg/mL at 2 h (p < .05, Tukey test, two-way ANOVA). In conclusion, TFPI treatment attenuated important mediator components of the inflammatory response but did not provide significant survival benefit.
- Published
- 1998
49. From boys to men.
- Author
-
Johnson, Kirk A.
- Subjects
CHILD rearing ,MOTHER-son relationship ,PSYCHOLOGY of boys - Abstract
Presents a guide on how women can raise healthy, responsible sons. Extra social challenges faced by black boys while growing up; Providing positive male and female role models; Teaching boys about sex, racism, and respect for females; Fostering discipline and self-confidence; Importance of constant communication; Involving the father in child rearing.
- Published
- 1999
50. Simultaneous Nitrogen and Phosphorus Deficiency in Natural Phytoplankton Assemblages: Theory, Empirical Evidence, and Implications for Lake Management
- Author
-
Dodds, Walter, Johnson, Kirk, and Priscu, John
- Abstract
There is considerable support in the ecological literature for the theory that phytoplankton communities experience non-equilibrium conditions. Therefore, it is possible that not all species of an algal community are deficient in the same nutrient, challenging the belief held by some aquatic scientists and lake managers that phosphorus is the universal nutrient limiting phytoplankton growth in lakes. Simultaneous additions of NH4+ and PO43- were necessary to stimulate community photosynthesis - uptake of 14CO2 - during summer stratification in a number of northern Rocky Mountain lakes and reservoirs, whereas adding one nutrient had no significant effect on community photosynthesis. However, size-fractionated bioassays showed that additions of nitrogen alone stimulated photosynthesis of specific size classes of phytoplankton in these systems. The authors' data have the following implications for lake management: (1) phosphorus should not be assumed to be the only nutrient controlling photosynthesis; (2) simultaneous enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus may be necessary to measurably increase community photosynthesis, especially in nutrient dilute systems; and (3) adding NH4+ may cause changes in phytoplankton community structure without changing community primary production.
- Published
- 1989
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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