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As electrocatalysts, molecular catalysts with large aromatic systems (such as terpyridine, porphyrin, or phthalocyanine) have been widely applied in the CO2reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, these monomeric catalysts tend to aggregate due to strong π–π interactions, resulting in limited accessibility of the active site. In light of these challenges, we present a novel strategy of active site isolation for enhancing the CO2RR. Six Ru(Tpy)2were integrated into the skeleton of a metallo-organic supramolecule by stepwise self-assembly in order to form a rhombus-fused six-pointed star R1with active site isolation. The turnover frequency (TOF) of R1was as high as 10.73 s–1at −0.6 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs RHE), which is the best reported value so far at the same potential to our knowledge. Furthermore, by increasing the connector density on R1’s skeleton, a more stable triangle-fused six-pointed star T1was successfully synthesized. T1exhibits exceptional stability up to 126 h at −0.4 V vs RHE and excellent TOF values of CO. The strategy of active site isolation and connector density increment significantly enhanced the catalytic activity by increasing the exposure of the active site. This work provides a starting point for the design of molecular catalysts and facilitates the development of a new generation of catalysts with a high catalytic performance.

The template-directed strategy has been extensively employed for the construction of supramolecular architectures. However, with the increase in the size and complexity of these structures, the synthesis difficulty of the templates escalates exponentially, thereby impeding the widespread application of this strategy. In this study, two truncated triangles T1and T2were successfully self-assembled through a novel segmented template strategy by segmenting the core triangular template into portions. Two metallo-organic ligands L2and L3were designed and synthesized by dividing the central stable triangle into three separate parts and incorporating them into the precursor ligands, which served as templates to guide the self-assembly process with ligands L1and L4, respectively. The assembled structures were unambiguously characterized by multidimensional and multinuclear NMR (1H, COSY, NOESY), multidimensional mass spectrometry analysis (ESI-MS and TWIM-MS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Moreover, we observed the formation of fiberlike nanotubes from single-molecule triangles by hierarchical self-assembly.

Purpose: It is well known that the difficulties in constructing an appropriate mesh limit the performance of the traditional finite element method in practical applications. Recently, the overlapping finite element method (OFEM) has been presented to increase the efficiency of the low-order finite elements. However, more studies on the overlapping finite element in dynamic analyses are still pursued. In this paper, the OFEM is extended into the two-dimensional linear elastic solid dynamic analysis. Methods: The abilities of the OFEM in the free vibration of two-dimensional linear elastic solids are first examined. Then, the Bathe time integration method, which is a direct time integration scheme, is introduced to assess the performance of the employed element in the forced vibration analysis. Through several typical numerical examples, the accuracy of natural frequencies, convergence rate, and computational efficiency obtained from the overlapping element are evaluated. In addition, the numerical stability regarding the matrix conditioning and the sensitivity to the irregular mesh in OFEM is also studied. Results: The numerical tests demonstrate that, compared with the conventional finite elements, the overlapping elements can lead to much more precise solutions with high computation efficiency and are almost distortion insensitive. Conclusion: The OFEM is an effective method and can significantly reduce the meshing difficulties in dynamic problems, and thus can perform well in vibration analyses of complex structures.

Supramolecular architectures with multiple emissive units are especially appealing due to their desired properties, such as artificial light harvesting and white-light emission. But fully achieving multi-wavelength photoluminescence in a single supramolecular architecture remains a challenge. In this paper, functionalized supramolecular architectures containing twelve metal centers and six pyrene moieties were nearly quantitatively synthesized by multi-component self-assembly and fully characterized by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, dynamic light scattering, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, traveling-wave ion mobility mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, the hierarchical nano-assemblies were prepared by introducing anionic dyes to the positively charged self-assembled framework, which contained three luminescence centers, namely, pyrene, tpy-Cd coordination parts, and Sulforhodamine B anions. Such a hierarchically assembled system displayed tunable emission by taking full advantage of aggregation-induced emission enhancement, aggregation-caused quenching, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer effects and showed the diverse emission colors. This research provides a new insight for constructing multiple emissive metallo-supramolecular assemblies.

Transitory appearance of immune suppressive polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) defined as myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (PMNs‐MDSCs) in newborns is important for their protection from inflammation associated with newly established gut microbiota. Here, we report that inhibition of the type I IFN (IFN1) pathway played a major role in regulation of PMNs‐MDSCs‐suppressive activity during first weeks of life. Expression of the IFN1 receptor IFNAR1 was markedly lower in PMNs‐MDSCs. However, in newborn mice, down‐regulation of IFNAR1 was not sufficient to render PMNs immune suppressive. That also required the presence of a positive signal from lactoferrin via its receptor low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 2. The latter effect was mediated via NF‐κB activation, which was tempered by IFN1 in a manner that involved suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. Thus, we discovered a mechanism of tight regulation of immune suppressive PMNs‐MDSCs in newborns, which may be used in the development of therapies of neonatal pathologies. A mechanism of temporal control of PMN‐MDSC in newborns identified that involves lactoferrin mediated positive and type I interferon mediated negative regulation.

Background: The mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress imbalance caused by macrophage polarization play a role in the progression of COPD, with CDGSH iron–sulfur domain-containing protein 1 (CISD1) playing a key role. This study revealed the role and mechanism of CISD1 in smoke-induced macrophages. Methods: Using a pure cigarette smoke exposure-induced COPD mouse model, stimulation of Raw264.7 macrophages with cigarette smoke extract mimics the COPD environment. Knocking down CISD1 expression in macrophages and combining it with high-throughput sequencing to obtain subsequent differentially expressed genes and pathways. Macrophage polarization tendency under different treatments was determined using flow cytometry. Meanwhile, Mitosox, JC-1, DCFH-DA fluorescence intensity was measured to detect mitochondrial function and cellular oxidative stress levels. Western Blot technique was employed to validate autophagy (mitochondrial autophagy) pathway-related proteins. In addition, Elisa technique was used to measure inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-a) in the cell supernatant after co-culturing macrophages (Raw264.7) with epithelial cells (MLE12). Results: CISD1 is underexpressed in peripheral blood monocytes of COPD patients. Under in vitro conditions, we verified that cigarette smoke (smoke extract) indeed inhibits CISD1 expression in macrophages. Subsequently, we found that macrophages with knocked-down CISD1 tend to polarize towards M1 phenotype, and exhibit signs of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress imbalance. In addition, we observed significant activation of the autophagy pathway in CISD1-inhibited macrophages, with upregulation of LC3A/B and downregulation of p62 protein, as well as increased expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related proteins (PINK1, PARKN). Furthermore, co-culturing CISD1-knockdown macrophages (Raw264.7) with epithelial cells (MLE12) resulted in upregulation of inflammatory factors in the supernatant. Conclusions: Smoke-induced reduction of CISD1 in macrophages promotes M1 polarization and mitochondrial dysfunction by activating the autophagy pathway, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of COPD.

We construct a numerical model for multipulse laser drilling. It is found that the previous laser-pulse-induced temperature accumulation, thermal stress occurrence, and crater morphology change promote subsequent pulse laser drilling. Among them, previous laser-pulse-induced temperature accumulation contributes significantly to the drilled crater depth when the workpiece temperature is higher than its melting point just before the subsequent laser pulse irradiation, especially in a short pulse interval condition. The crater morphology change becomes the main contributor when the workpiece temperature decreases below the melting point, often in a long pulse interval condition. Besides, the previous occurrence of laser-pulse-induced thermal stress always has had little influence on the drilled crater. This work can be a theoretical reference, especially for multipulse laser manufacturing.

In an effort to construct molecules with distinct shapes and functions, the design and synthesis of multitopic ligands are often able to play an important role. Here, we report the synthesis of a novel tetratopic organic ligand LA, which can be viewed as a bis-tenon with successive angular orientations in space. The particular ligand has been treated with different tailored metal–organic ligands to afford new members of the molecular wheel family (multi-rhomboidal-shaped wheel and bis-trapezium-shaped wheel) that show enhanced stability. Two-dimensional (2D) diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (DOSY), electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry, traveling wave ion mobility (TWIM), and gradient tandem mass spectrometry (gMS2) experiments, as well as molecular modeling, have been employed to provide structural information and differentiate the isomeric separation process. In addition, considering that LAhas rotational properties, it is expected to open the door to functional supramolecules and stimuli-responsive materials.

We design a novel phase real-time microscope camera (PhaseRMiC) for live cell phase imaging. PhaseRMiC has a simple and cost-effective configuration only consisting of a beam splitter and a board-level camera with two CMOS imaging chips. Moreover, integrated with 3-D printed structures, PhaseRMiC has a compact size of 136×91×60 mm^3, comparable to many commercial microscope cameras, and can be directly connected to the microscope side port. Additionally, PhaseRMiC can be well adopted in real-time phase imaging proved with satisfied accuracy, good stability and large field of view. Considering its compact and cost-effective device design as well as real-time phase imaging capability, PhaseRMiC is a preferred solution for live cell imaging.

Due to limited depth-of-focus, classical 2D images inevitably lose details of targets out of depth-of-focus, while all-in-focus images break through the limit by fusing multi-focus images, thus being able to focus on targets in extended depth-of-view. However, conventional methods can hardly obtain dynamic all-in-focus imaging in both high spatial and temporal resolutions. To solve this problem, we design REPAID, meaning resolution-enhanced plenoptic all-in-focus imaging using deep neural networks. In REPAID, multi-focus images are first reconstructed from a single-shot plenoptic image, then upsampled using specially designed deep neural networks suitable for real scenes without ground truth to finally generate all-in-focus image in both high temporal and spatial resolutions. Experiments on both static and dynamic scenes have proved that REPAID can obtain high-quality all-in-focus imaging when using simple setups only; therefore, it is a promising tool in applications especially intended for imaging dynamic targets in large depth-of-view.

Developing a methodology to build target structures is one of the major themes of synthetic chemistry. However, it has proven to be immensely challenging to achieve multilevel elaborate molecular architectures in a predictable way. Herein, we describe the self-assembly of a series of pinwheel-shaped starlike supramolecules through three rationally preorganized metalloligands L1–L3. The key octa-uncomplexed terpyridine (tpy) metalloligand L3, synthesized with an 8-fold Suzuki coupling reaction to metal-containing complexes, has four different types of terpyridines connected with three ⟨tpy-Ru2+-tpy⟩ units, making this the most subunits known so far for a preorganized module. Based on the principle of geometric complementation and the high “density of coordination sites”, these metalloligands were assembled with Zn2+ions to form a pinwheel-shaped star trigon P1, pentagram P2, and hexagram P3with precisely controlled shapes in nearly quantitative yields. With molecular weights ranging from 16756 to 56053 Da and diameters of 6.7–13.6 nm, the structural composition, shape, and rigidity of these pinwheel-shaped architectures have been fully characterized by 1D and 2D (NMR), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, traveling-wave ion mobility mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy.

A novel optical multi-image encryption method based on focal length multiplexing and multimode phase retrieval is proposed in this study. During the encryption process of the proposed method, multiple secret images were encrypted into a single intensity-only image using focal length multiplexing and a coherent diffractive imaging-based encryption system. A specially designed iterative algorithm based on multimode phase retrieval is proposed for the accurate decryption of the original multiple secret images from the intensity pattern. The advantages of the proposed method include a compact optical setup and high decryption quality. The feasibility, security, and robustness of the proposed method were investigated by numerical simulations.

The artificial synthesis of giant, three-dimensional, and shell-like architectures with growing complexity and novel functionalities is an especially challenging task for chemists. Fullerenes and self-assembled cages are remarkable examples that are proven milestones in the field of functional materials. Herein, we present another unique system: a giant terpyridine-based truncated metallo-tetrahedral architecture that includes densely-packed ionic pairs with a significant internal cavity. This huge metallo-tetrahedron with a molecular weight up to 70 000 Da was self-assembled simultaneously with 64 components: 12 large antler-shaped ligands (5), 4 star-shaped ligands (6), and 48 Cd2+ions. Surprisingly, the giant tetrahedron shows broad visible emission (400–640 nm) and aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE) via a hierarchical assembly into highly-ordered nanoaggregates. A tunable emission color and near white-light emission in mixed solvent systems were also achieved. The present work not only affords an effective approach to the creation of giant shell-like architectures that can be used to mimic biological viruses and chemical frameworks but also provides a new class of functional metallo-architectures.

By a precise metallo-ligand design, the advanced coordination-driven self-assembly could succeed in the preparation of giant molecular weight of the metallo-architectures. However, the synthesis of a single discrete high-molecular-weight (>100 K Da) structure has not been demonstrated due to the insurmountable synthetic challenge. Herein, we present a two-dimensional wheel structure (W1) and a gigantic three-dimensional dodecagonal prism-like architecture (P1), which were generated by multicomponent self-assembly of two similar metallo-organic ligands and a core ligand with metal ions, respectively. The giant 2D-suprastructure W1with six hexagonal metallacycles that fused to the central spoke wheel was first achieved in nearly quantitative yield, and then, directed by introducing a meta-substituted coordination site into the key ligand, the supercharged (36 Ru2+and 48 Cd2+ions) double-decker prismatic structure P1with two wheel structure W1s serve as the surfaces and 12 connectivities serve as the edges, where a molecular weight up to 119 498.18 Da was accomplished. The expected molecular composition and size morphology was unequivocally characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy investigations. The introduction of a wheel structure is able to add considerable stability and complexity to the final architecture. These well-defined scaffolds are expected to play an important role in the functional materials field, such as molecular encapsulation and medicine sustained release.

With a fundamentally modified structural illumination algorithm, the recently proposed speckle-illuminated Fourier ptychography can be a promising superresolution imaging technique with a large field of view. However, its imaging performance, including image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, has been discussed less, limiting its further applications. Thus, an in-depth study of this new imaging technique is highly required. In this paper, with theoretical analysis, numerical simulations, and experiments, the influence of both diffuser roughness in the experimental setup and numerical aperture size in iterative reconstruction on the imaging performance of speckle-illuminated Fourier ptychography was studied in detail, and the result explained why a rougher diffuser and larger reconstruction aperture can generate a higher-resolution image with more noise and showed how to get optimized diffuser roughness and reconstruction aperture size by considering the trade-off between imaging resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. This work may be a good reference for high-quality imaging using speckle-illuminated Fourier ptychography.

A single shot large-capacity optical multiple-image encryption method based on wavelength multiplexing and position multiplexing is proposed. In the encryption process of the proposed method, multiple plane waves of different wavelengths are adopted to illuminate secret images that are placed at different positions along the optical axis. All the secret images are encoded into a single grayscale intensity-only image that is recorded by a monochromic camera by applying a diffractive-imaging based double random phase encoding (DRPE) system. In the decryption process, high accuracy images are decrypted without crosstalk from the intensity image through a multimode phase retrieval algorithm and a two-step iterative shrinkage/thresholding (TwIST) algorithm. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical simulations.

Discrete spherical metallo-organic capsules at the nanometer scale, especially those constructed from unique building blocks, have received significant attention recently because of their fascinating molecular aesthetics and potential applications due to their compact cavities. Here, the synthesis and characterization of a hexapodal, branched terpyridine ligand are presented along with the nearly quantitative self-assembly of the resulting tetrameric metallo-nanosphere. This metallo-nanosphere exhibited four quasi-triangular and six rhombus-like facets, all of which were made by the same hook-like bis-terpyridine. Collision-induced dissociation experiments were done to investigate overall stability. The metallo-architecture and host–guest chemistry were investigated with coronene and fully characterized by 1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS, and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, this metallo-nanosphere was observed to hierarchically self-assemble into berry-type structures in an acetonitrile/methanol mixture, by virtue of counterion-mediated attractions. The functional molecular metallo-nanosphere presented here expands the reach of terpyridine coordination systems into molecular containers and other model systems.

Molecular self-assembly is a widely recognized approach for fabricating biomimetic functional nanostructures. Here, we report the synthesis of two giant hollow coronoid-like supramolecular hexagons, H1and H2. These hexagons feature large cavities, showcasing unique inner and outer hexagons fixed by specific connectivities for enhanced stability and high metal center density. H1exhibits properties that can be transformed through the thermodynamic conversion of the metallopolymer formed by L1and L2. With an edge length of 6.8 nm, H2is one of the largest hexagons reported to date. 1D and 2D NMR, TEM, ESI-MS, and TWIM-MS experiments provided conclusive evidence for the composition and structure of the assembled hexagons. This work demonstrates the feasibility of constructing giant supramolecular architectures with precise control over their size and shape, opening up new possibilities for the design and synthesis of sophisticated supramolecules and nonbiological materials.

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease, characterized by abnormal alveolar accumulation of enlarged foamy macrophages and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive materials. Knowledge of the disease characteristics is still lacking.

Constructing exquisite and intricate molecular architectures is always the pursuit of chemists. In this report, the propeller-shaped trefoil structures S1and S2were successfully prepared by the stepwise self-assembly of predesigned tripodal metal–organic ligands, which consist of bis(terpyridine)s-Ru2+-tris(terpyridine)s connectivities for the following complexation with Fe2+. The complexes can be described as racemic spiral assemblies with three-fold spiralism. These unique discrete metal–organic architectures were fully characterized by 1H NMR, 2D NMR spectroscopy (COSY and NOESY), diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY), ESI-MS, TWIM-MS, and TEM, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties were also investigated. Further, hybrid trefoiled structure [Fe3L1L2] was detected by taking advantage of the flexibility of metal–organic ligands.

In traditional coded aperture imaging (CAI), the main problem with the deconvolution method is that the noise may dominate the decoding process. Focusing on this problem, a synthetic CAI (s-CAI) method is proposed with a potential to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spatial resolution of CAI. A series of raw coded images are recorded while the pinhole array is varied to different structures, and an iterative decoding algorithm is developed to reconstruct the object image by synthetically using all of these pinhole array structures and corresponding decoded images. Because the proposed iterative decoding algorithm has prominent advantage in noise immunization, and more spatial light components are acquired in comparison with common single-exposure CAI, both the image resolution and SNR are remarkably enhanced.

A shape-persistent metallosupramolecular multirhomboid that inlays a hexarhomboid polygon in a three-lobed flat structure was prepared by means of coordination-driven self-assembly. The key ligands were synthesized by a “reaction on complex” strategy that becomes accessible to troublesome metalloorganic ligand L3. The formation here consists of four different starting components and two metal ions. Complementarity of the shape and size drives molecular puzzling and results in the multicomponent, quantitative self-assembled construct.

The wavefront-sensing-based autofocus method can precisely determine the focal plane only with few captured images; however, the required phase retrieval, numerical wavefront propagation, and in-focus determination are often time consuming, inevitably limiting its high-speed applications. To accelerate its processing speed, the pixel-reduced wavefront-sensing-based autofocus (PRWSA) method is proposed: with field of interest selection as pixel reduction in the spatial domain and image compression as pixel reduction in the frequency domain, the wavefront with fewer pixels can be used for autofocusing, significantly decreasing the processing time. With simulations, pixel reduction criteria in both the spatial and frequency domains are first determined and tested; next certificated by experiments, the PRWSA method is proved to be well implemented for different specimens. Considering it can precisely locate the focal plane with simple setup, and accelerate the processing speed, this PRWSA method can be a potential tool for high-speed autofocusing.

Classical differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy is an excellent tool for rendering high-contrast images to observe transparent specimen. Though the monochromatic shadow-cast image qualitatively reflects the specimen configuration, its phase can hardly be extracted, inevitably limiting its application in quantitative measurements. In order to extend its application, we propose a quantitative DIC (qDIC) microscopy technique, which can extract the specimen phase from phase-shifting beam-shearing interference images combining principal component analysis (PCA) and phase integration methods. Proved by both simulations and experiments, the PCA-based qDIC microscopy can rapidly and accurately retrieve the quantitative specimen phase. The new proposed technique shares with conventional DIC the advantage of high-contrast imaging, especially for transparent label-free specimens, but transforms DIC microscopy into a quantitative phase microscopy technique. We envision PCA-based qDIC microscopy as a future quantitative biological imaging modality.

The amalgamation of different components into a giant and intricate structure that makes quantitative and spontaneous assembly through molecular design is indispensable but challenging. To construct novel metallo-supramolecular architectures, here we present an architectural design principle based on multicomponent self-assembly. Using a carefully designed hexatopic terpyridine-based metallo-organic ligand (MOL), [Ru2T2K], we report on the formation of supramolecular trapezoid Zn5[Ru2T2K]V2, hollow hexagon Zn15[Ru2T2K]3K3, and giant star-shaped supramolecule Zn18[Ru2T2K]3[Ru2X2V]3, all of which were assembled by one-pot, nearly quantitative assembly of [Ru2T2K]with the ditopic 60°-directed bisterpyridine V, tetrakisterpyridine K, and MOL [Ru2X2V], respectively. The complementary ligands were selected on the basis of the size- and shape-fit principles, actually similar to the mortise–tenon joint that aligns and locks the two complementary wood components. This strategy is expected to open the door to sophisticated designer supramolecules and nonbiological materials. The multivalent connections within the mutual ligands give rise to the formation of stable assemblies, which are unambiguously characterized by NMR, ESI-MS, TWIM-MS, and TEM analyses.

Via the transport of intensity phase microscopy, quantitative phase can be retrieved directly from captured multi-focal intensities. The accuracy of the retrieved phases depends highly on the quality of the recorded images; therefore, the exposure time should be carefully chosen for high-quality intensity captures. However, it is difficult to record well-exposure intensities to maintain rather a high signal to noise ratio and to avoid over-exposure due to the complex samples. In order to simplify the exposure determination, here the adaptive dual-exposure fusion-based transport of intensity phase microscopy is proposed: with captured short- and long-exposure images, the well-exposure multi-focal images can be numerically reconstructed, and then high-accurate phase can be computed from these reconstructed intensities. With both simulations and experiments provided in this paper, it is proved that the adaptive dual-exposure fusion-based transport of intensity phase microscopy not only provides numerically reconstructed well-exposure image with simple operation and fast speed but also extracts highly accurate retrieved phase. Moreover, the exposure time selection scope of the proposed method is much wider than that based on single exposure, and even though there is an over-exposure region in the long-exposure image, a well-exposure image can still be reconstructed with high precision. Considering its advantages of high accuracy, fast speed, simple operation, and wide application scope, the proposed technique can be adopted as quantitative phase microscopy for high-quality observations and measurements.

Because of the limited dynamic range of common detectors, high-frequency components weaker than the threshold of the detector used are lost in digital holography (DH) even with the aid of coherent diffraction imaging (CDI)-based iterative computation, and this makes DH less preferable for many interesting applications. To overcome this problem, the partially saturated diffraction pattern was adopted to enhance the resolution of DH iteratively. Since more high-frequency components were retrieved in comparison with our former CDI-based digital holographic method, the resolution of DH was improved further. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated both numerically and experimentally.

Template-oriented multi-component synthesis method has been proven to be an exceedingly reasonable and excellent method for the synthesis of giant two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) supramolecules, but designing and constructing heteroleptic and controllable self-assembly without unexpected by-products remains a challenge. Here we report two discrete trefoil-shaped metallacycle S1and metallacage S2by heteroleptic self-assembly using one hexaphenylbenzene core ligand and two capping ligands. The 2D trefoil-shaped metallacycle S1could resemble the emblem of the classic ‘Mitsubishi’ motif. The use of template-oriented ligand and bent spacer ligand promotes the quantitative formation of the desired 3D trefoil-shaped metallacage S2. The formed metallacage S2possesses a molecular weight up to 36 kDa, diameter 6.6 nm and height 3.0 nm. All supramolecular coordination complexes were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H NMR, 2D COSY, 2D NOESY, 2D DOSY), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ESI-MS, ESI-TWIM-MS, TEM and AFM.

As a result of their optical and redox properties, bipyridyl (bpy) and terpyridyl (tpy) ruthenium complexes play vital roles in numerous domains. Herein, the design and synthesis of two bipyridyl and terpyridyl ruthenium(II) building units L1and L2are explained. A [Ru(bpy)3]2+functionalized triangle S1and a Sierpiński triangle S2were synthesized in almost quantitative yields by the self-assembly of L1with Zn2+ions and by the heteroleptic self-assembly of L1and L2with Zn2+ions, respectively. The Sierpiński triangle S2contains the coordination metals [Ru(bpy)3]2+, [Ru(tpy)2]2+, and [Zn(tpy)2]2+. According to research on the catalytic activity of amine oxidation on supramolecules S1and S2, the benzylamine substrates were nearly entirely transformed to N-benzylidenebenzylamine derivatives after 1 h under a Xe lamp. Furthermore, the observed ruthenium-containing terpyridyl supramolecule S2maintains high luminous performance at ambient temperature. This discovery opens up new possibilities for the rational molecular design of terpyridyl ruthenium fluorescent materials and catalytic functional materials.

In recent years, radioactive iodine capture has played an important role in nuclear waste treatment. However, most of the adsorbents possess low economic efficiency and undesirable reutilization in practical application. In this work, a terpyridine-based porous metallo–organic cage was assembled for iodine adsorption. Through synchrotron X-ray analysis, the metallo-cage was found to have a porous hierarchical packing mode with inherent cavity and packing channel. By taking advantage of polycyclic aromatic units and charged ⟨tpy-Zn2+-tpy⟩ (tpy = terpyridine) coordination sites in the structure, this nanocage exhibits an excellent ability to capture iodine in both the gas phase and aqueous medium, and the crystal state of the nanocage shows an ultrafast kinetic process of capturing I2in aqueous solution within 5 min. The calculated maximum sorption capacities for I2based on the Langmuir isotherm models are 1731 and 1487 mg g–1for amorphous and crystalline nanocages, which is noticeably higher than most of the reported iodine sorbent materials in the aqueous phase. This work not only provides a rare example of iodine adsorption by a terpyridyl-based porous cage but also expands the applications of terpyridine coordination systems into iodine capture.

In this Letter, a single wavelength digital holographic method is proposed to achieve depth resolved imaging by recording a series of holograms in the reflection geometry with an illumination of constantly changing curvature. A proper algorithm is employed to selectively generate the images of the object at different depths, including the phase and the modulus information. Theoretical analysis is supported by a visible light experiment to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and is the most frequent cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. Efficacious vaccination has been a longstanding goal in neonates. Due to immaturity of the neonatal immune system, vaccination has shown limited success in stimulating the neonatal endogenous immune system. Advances in the understanding of neonatal immunology have resulted in renewed development of neonatal vaccination. In this article, we review recent advances in neonatal anti-RSV vaccination strategies, including active and passive vaccination approaches, with emphasis on the effect of maternal neutralizing antibody and the role of maternal antibody in neonatal immune modulations. Recent reports in a variety of antiviral vaccine animal models have shown that maternal antibody, different from conventional vaccination, plays an immune modulatory role in the newborn immune system. Active immunization of the pregnant mother and the offspring can effectively stimulate and maintain potent neonatal immune responses, including an endogenous cytotoxic response and neutralizing antibody generation. The induced newborn endogenous antiviral immunity can last up to 6 months, and effectively blunt viral replication. Immune complexes, formed from the integral binding of the maternal neutralizing antibody and viral vaccine antigen, may play an important role in the maternal antibody-mediated neonatal immune response. The underlying mechanisms and future perspectives are discussed.

We report four young women who developed acute psychiatric symptoms, seizures, memory deficits, decreased level of consciousness, and central hypoventilation associated with ovarian teratoma (OT) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory abnormalities. Three patients recovered with treatment of the tumor or immunosuppression and one died of the disorder. Five other OT patients with a similar syndrome and response to treatment have been reported. Our patients' serum or CSF showed immunolabeling of antigens that were expressed at the cytoplasmic membrane of hippocampal neurons and processes and readily accessed by antibodies in live neurons. Immunoprobing of a hippocampal‐expression library resulted in the isolation of EFA6A, a protein that interacts with a member of the two‐pore‐domain potassium channel family and is involved in the regulation of the dendritic development of hippocampal neurons. EFA6A‐purified antibodies reproduced the hippocampal immunolabeling of all patients' antibodies and colocalized with them at the plasma membrane. These findings indicate that in a young woman with acute psychiatric symptoms, seizures, and central hypoventilation, a paraneoplastic immune‐mediated syndrome should be considered. Recognition of this disorder is important because despite the severity of the symptoms, patients usually recover. The location and function of the isolated antigen suggest that the disorder is directly mediated by antibodies. Ann Neurol 2005;58:594–604