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G. E. R. LLOYD. The Ambitions of Curiosity: Understanding the World in Ancient Greece and China.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 175. $22.00 (US), paper; GEOFFREY LLOYD and NATHAN SIVIN. The Way and the Word: Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 348. $35.00 (US); $22.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Paul S. CartledgeFRANÇOIS CHAMOUX. Hellenistic Civilization, trans. Michel Roussel (in cooperation with Margaret Roussel). Oxford and Maiden: Blackwell, 2003. Pp. xii, 452. $67.95 (US). Reviewed by Daniel OgdenRAYMOND VAN DAM. Kingdom of Snow: Roman Rule and Greek Culture in Cappadocia.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. viii, 290. $82.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Arthur M. EcksteinCYRIL MANGO, ed. The Oxford History of Byzantium.New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii, 334. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Sebastian BrockROBERT MORRISSEY. Charlemagne and France: A Thousand Years of Mythology, trans. Catherine Tihanyi. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003. Pp. xii, 391. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by H. E. J. CowdreyMALCOLM BARBER and KEITH BATE, eds. The Templars: Selected Sources Translated and Edited.Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002; dist. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Pp. xiv, 350. $29.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by John FranceIAN ROBERTSON. Tyranny under the Mande of St Peter: Pope Paul II and Bologna.Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2002. Pp. x. 245. €55.00. Reviewed by David NicholasGÁBOR KLANICZAY. Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe,trans. Éva Pálmai. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. xviii, 490. $95.00 (US). Reviewed by Diana WebbFlNN-ElNAR ELIASSEN, JØRGEN MlKKELSEN, and BJØRN POULSEN, eds. Regional Integration in Early Modern Scandinavia.Odense: Odense University Press, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. 287. $37.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Paul Douglas LockhartTHOMAS JAMES DANDELET. Spanish Rome, 1500–1700.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001. Pp. 278. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Maria Antonietta ViscegliaANTHONY LEVI. Renaissance and Reformation: The Intellectual Genesis.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 483. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Paul W. KnollTHOMAS B. F. CUMMINS. Toasts with the Inca: Andean Abstraction and Colonial Images on Quero Vessels.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 377. $69.50 (US). Reviewed by Rebecca Stone-MillerJANET M. HARTLEY. Charles Whitworth: Diplomat in the Age of Peter the Great.Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2002. Pp. xvi, 242. $79.95 (US). Reviewed by John T. AlexanderOWEN CONNELLY. On War and Leadership: The Words of Combat Commanders from Frederick the Great to Norman Schwarzkopf.Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 347. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Dennis E. ShowalterEDMUND S. MORGAN. Benjamin Franklin.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 339. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by Lawrence S. KaplanANDREAS FAHRMEIR, OLIVIER FARON, and PATRICK WEIL, eds. Migration Control in the North Atlantic World: The Evolution of State Practices in Europe and the United States from the French Revolution to the Inter-War Period.New York: Berghahn, 2003. Pp. xiii, 322. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Donald Harman AkensonPAUL ROBERT MAGOCSI. The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont.Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. Pp. xi, 214. $50.00 (CDN). Reviewed by George O. LiberJEREMY KING. Budweisers into Czechs and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948.Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 284. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Gary B. CohenSUSAN J. FERNANDEZ. Encumbered Cuba: Capital Markets and Revolt, 1878–1895.Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xii, 203. $92.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Franklin W. KnightSHIRLEY ARDENER, ed. with commentaries. Swedish Ventures in Cameroon, 1883–1923: Trade and Travel, People and Politics: The Memoir of Knut Knutson, with Supporting Material.New York: Berghahn, 2002. Pp. xv, 288. $79.95 (US), cloth; $29.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by John FlintJ. L. GRANATSTEIN. Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace.Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 519. $50.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Ken ReynoldsPETER MANGOLD. Success and Failure in British Foreign Policy: Evaluating the Record, 1900–2000.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. Pp. viii, 243. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by John CharmleyCLEMENT M. HENRY and ROBERT SPRTNGBORG. Globalization and the Politics of Development in the Middle East.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xxi, 258. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Roger OwenPETER HOLQUIST. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia's Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 359. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Terence EmmonsNORMAN RICH. Great Power Diplomacy: Since 1914.New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Pp. xxiii, 565. $42.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Margaret LambAVIEL ROSHWALD. Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, Russia, and the Middle East, 1914–1923.London and New York: Routledge, 2001. Pp. x. 273. $27.95 (US), paper; ACHIM MÜLLER. Zwischen Annäherung und Abgrenzung. Österreich-Ungarn und die Diskussion urn Mitteleuropa im Ersten Weltkrieg.Marburg: Tectum Verlag, 2001. Pp. 412. €25.90. Reviewed by Lothar HöbeltJOHN GRIGG. Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916–1918.London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 2002. Pp. xv, 669. $55.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Sidney AsterMICHAEL HOPKINSON. The Irish War of Independence.Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. xxi, 274. $60.00 (CDN). Reviewed by David HarknessBERTRAND M. PATENAUDE. The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921.Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 817. $29.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Betty Miller UnterbergerSTEPHANIE BURROWS. Tucholsky and France.Leeds: Maney Publishing, 2001; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. x, 269. $78.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Talbot ImlayELEANOR M. HADLEY with PATRICIA HAGAN KUWAYAMA. Memoir of a Trustbuster: A Lifelong Adventure with Japan.Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2003. Pp. viii, 175. $22.00 (US). Reviewed by Laura HeinDARLENE RIVAS. Missionary Capitalist: Nelson Rockefeller in Venezuela.Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xiv, 290. $32.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by William O. Walker IIIGERD R. UEBERSCHÄR, ed. Der deutsche Widerstand gegen Hitler: Wahmehmung und Wertung in Europa und den USA.Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2002. Pp. 300. €49.90. Reviewed by Andreas FahrmeirRONALD W. ZWEIG. The Gold Train: The Destruction of the Jews and the Second World War's Most Terrible Robbery.London: Allen Lane, The Penguin Press, 2002. Pp. xxiii, 311. £20.00. Reviewed by Norman J. W. GodaDAVID M. GLANTZ. The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944.Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002. Pp. xxiii, 660. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Catherine AndreyevANTONIO VARSORI and ELENA CALANDRI, eds. The Failure of Peace in Europe, 1943–48.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Pp. xii, 342. $72.00 (US). Reviewed by Leopoldo NutiEMIKO OHNUKI-TIERNEY. Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History.Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2002. Pp. xvii, 411. $20.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Karl F. FridayWILLIAM HENRY POPE, MC. Leading from the Front: The War Memoirs of Harry Pope.Waterloo: The Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, 2002. Pp. xxiv, 248. $24.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Desmond MortonT. FUJITANI, GEOFFREY M. WHITE, and LISA YONEYAMA, eds. Perilous Memories: The Asia-Pacific War(s).Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2001. Pp. vi, 462. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jeffrey G. BarlowROGER BUCKLEY. The United States in the Asia-Pacific since 1945.New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. x, 258. $65.00 (US), cloth; $23.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Akira IriyeJ. N. DIXIT. India-Pakistan in War and Peace.London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Pp. 501. $27.50 (US). Reviewed by Sumit GangulyJON V. KOFAS. The Sword of Damocles: US Financial Hegemony in Colombia and Chile, 1950–1970.Westport: Praeger, 2002. Pp. xix, 238. $64.95 (US). Reviewed by Paul W. DrakeWILLIAM STUECK. Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History.Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 285. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by James I. MatrayBRENT BYRON WATSON. Far Eastern Tour: The Canadian Infantry in Korea, 1950–1953.Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. xiii, 238. $34.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Steven Hugh LeeJOHN A. NAGL. Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam: Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife.Westport: Praeger, 2002. Pp. xxi, 249. $67.95 (US). Reviewed by Philip E. CattonBRUNA BAGNATO, ed. I Diari di Luca Pietromarchi: Ambasciatore Italiano a Mosca (1958–1961).Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2002. Pp. 1,446. €49.00, paper. Reviewed by Mario Del PeroNORRIE MACQUEEN. United Nations Peacekeeping in Africa since 1960.London and New York: Longman, 2002. Pp. xiii, 308. £19.99, paper. Reviewed by David BirminghamWILLIAM MALEY. The Afghanistan Wars.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Pp. ix, 340. $65.00 (US), cloth; $19.95 (US), paper. Ludwig W. AdamecAMY BASS. Not the Triumph but the Struggle: The 1968 Olympics and the Making of the Black Athlete.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002. Pp. xxi, 438. $27.95 (US). Reviewed by Geoffrey S. SmithJOSEPH T. STANIK. El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi.Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2003. Pp. xvi, 319. $34.95 (US); OFIRA SELIKTAR. Failing the Crystal Ball Test: The Carter Administration and the Fundamentalist Revolution in Iran.Westport: Praeger, 2000. Pp. xxi, 245. $65.00 (US). Reviewed by Bruce R. KuniholmWALLACE J. THIES. Friendly Rivals: Bargaining and Burden-Shifting in NATO.Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 2003. Pp. xvi, 350. $72.95 (US), cloth; $28.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Stanley R. SloanSTEPHEN CLARKSON. Uncle Sam and Us: Globalization, Neoconservatism, and the Canadian State.Toronto: University of Toronto Press; Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2002. Pp. viii, 534. $35.00 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by B. W. MuirheadKURT WEYLAND. The Politics of Market Reform in Fragile Democracies: Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and Venezuela.Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 335. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Jeremy AdelmanKARI LEVITT. Silent Surrender: The Multinational Corporation in Canada.Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002, new ed. Pp. xlvii, 193. $24.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Steven GlobermanMICHAEL D. KENNEDY. Cultural Formations of Post-Communism: Emancipation, Transition, Nation, and War.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 369, $24.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Andrew C. JanosHUBERT TWORZECKI. Learning to Choose: Electoral Politics in East-Central Europe.Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. Pp. xi, 290. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by Ray TarasWILL KYMLICKA and MAGDA OPALSKI, eds. Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported? Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe.New York: Oxford University Press, 2001; repr., 2002. Pp. xvii, 439. $152.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Andrew C. JanosBULENT ARAS. The New Geopolitics of Eurasia and Turkey's Position.London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. viii, 110. $24.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Stephen BlankOWEN BENNETT JONES. Pakistan: Eye of the Storm.New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2002. Pp. xix, 328. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Ayesha JalalRANDALL HANSEN and PATRICK WEIL, eds. Dual Nationality, Social Rights, and Federal Citizenship in the US and Europe: The Reinvention of Citizenship.New York: Berghahn, 2002. Pp. ix, 341. $75.00 (US), cloth; $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by John TorpeyANDREW J. BACEVICH and ELIOT A. COHEN, eds. War over Kosovo: Politics and Strategy in a Global Age.New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. Pp. xvi, 223. $22.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Christopher LayneARTHUR JAY KLINGHOFFER and JUDITH APTER KLINGHOFFER. International Citizens' Tribunals: Mobilizing Public Opinion to Advance Human Rights.Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Pp. x, 256. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by J. G. MerrillsPAUL G. HARRIS, ed. The Environment, International Relations, and US Foreign Policy.Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2001; dist. Toronto: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. ix, 276. $41.25 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Paul F. DiehlSUSAN ARIEL AARONSON. Taking Trade to the Streets: The Lost History of Public Efforts to Shape Globalization.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 264. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jane RelseyRICHARD SANDELL, ed. Museums, Society, Inequality.London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Pp. xx, 268. $28.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Gordon FyfeKAREN PIPER. Cartographic Fictions: Maps, Race, and Identity.New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 220. $23.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Norman EtheringtonCOLIN S. GRAY. Strategy for Chaos: Revolutions in Military Affairs and the Evidence of History.London and Portland: Frank Cass, 2002. Pp. xvi, 310. $52.50 (US). Reviewed by Geoffrey BlatneyFIONA TERRY. Condemned to Repeat? The Paradox of Humanitarian Action.Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2002. Pp. xiv, 282. $19.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Stephen A. GarrettBERTRAND M. ROEHNER and TONY SYME. Pattern and Repertoire in History.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp. xii, 413. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by William R. Thompson

Inspired by a seminal essay of Albert O. Hirschman, as well as by the ongoing debate on the empirical foundations of social science, this article "revisits" (1) the paradigm concept popularized by T. S. Kuhn in the 1960s and (2) the relationship between probabilistic and "possibilistic" modes of theorizing that has acquired renewed relevance in comparative politics mainly with respect to recent theories of democratization and development. It does so by reviewing three major paradigm crises in modern political science: the shift from the Aristotelian polis to the social "system," the refocusing of political explanations from the social to the global environment, and the contemporary attempts to reevaluate the role of technology in political change. The review takes stock of the record of the discipline of comparative politics, of opportunities provided by paradigm shifts, seized upon or missed by the discipline. It also allows one to seek a more even balance between the potential utility and limitations of the paradigm concept, while at the same time pointing to the perils of divorcing the art of the possible from the laws of probability.

Inspired by a seminal essay of Albert O. Hirschman, as well as by the ongoing debate on the empirical foundations of social science, this article “revisits” (1) the paradigm concept popularized by T. S. Kuhn in the 1960s and (2) the relationship between probabilistic and “possibilistic” modes of theorizing that has acquired renewed relevance in comparative politics mainly with respect to recent theories of democratization and development. It does so by reviewing three major paradigm crises in modern political science: the shift from the Aristotelian pollsto the social “system,” the refocusing of political explanations from the social to the global environment, and the contemporary attempts to reevaluate the role of technology in political change. The review takes stock of the record of the discipline of comparative politics, of opportunities provided by paradigm shifts, seized upon or missed by the discipline. It also allows one to seek a more even balance between the potential utility and limitations of the paradigm concept, while at the same time pointing to the perils of divorcing the art of the possible from the laws of probability.

Between the late eighteenth century and 1945, the economic and political differentiation of the European continent has followed a neatly regressive geographical pattern. The origin of this pattern goes back to the agricultural revolutions of the early modern age, and to the diffusion of agricultural technology along the Northwest-Southeast axis. It was subsequently reproduced by both market and political forces operating within the context of material aspirations, themselves the product of the economic revolutions of the Northwest. The experience suggests a potential model for peripheral societies in the Third World, though the relevance of the historical analogy may be limited by currently unfolding changes in the nature of technology and in the terms of exchange between core and peripheral regions in the contemporary world.

In the past thirty years the comparative study of communism as conducted in the United States has rested on two conceptual pillars: Weber's theory of routinization and Spencer's notion of progress through industrialism. This article points out some of the limitations of these theories and then develops a more comprehensive framework for comparisons. One of the keys to the understanding of communist politics is the model of a “military society,” also formulated by Spencer but generally ignored by contemporary social science. In terms of this model, communism is presented as a militant geopolitical response to international inequalities, the initial logic of which has been undermined by technological developments in the period following World War II.

Ethnicity is one of the less precise terms in the vocabulary of social science. Most frequently used in reference to language, its meaning is sometimes extended to cover common social, cultural, and physical characteristics transmitted as a matter of inheritance and capable of producing social solidarities based on affect. So defined, ethnicity has both subjective and objective dimensions, for it refers both to perceptible traits and to perception whereby the former assume social relevance.

The importance and political implications of the subject of unconventional warfare are well known and need not be elaborated upon here. At the present time, the three branches of the American military services are expanding their “special” forces, preparing for the eventuality of conflicts of smaller scope than conventional warfare. On the Soviet side, the theory of peaceful coexistence—i.e., the thesis that capitalism should be eliminated by popular movements rather than by foreign armies—was reasserted at the January conference of the S.E.D. in Berlin, by no lesser authority than Nikita Khrushchev himself.

Confronted with the realities of social change in underdeveloped areas, the theorists and policy-makers of the Soviet world find it increasingly difficult to draw operational inferences from classic Marxist generalizations, which were derived from European historical experience, about the stages of social development. Two recent Soviet articles that reveal this, one stating a new doctrinal interpretation, the other applying the interpretation to Latin America, are abstracted here, followed by com ments on each. Andrew Janos is on the staff of Princeton University's Center of Inter national Studies.

Dr. Janos is a Research Associate at the Center for International Studies of Princeton University and writes us from his recent visit to South America.