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La cystectome radicale robot-assistée (RARC) avec dérivation urinaire totalement intracorporelle (ICUD) est en plein essor. Le but de notre étude était de réaliser une analyse multicentrique des coûts de la RARC+ICUD en Europe, en comparant le coût brut de l’intervention au sein de centres hospitaliers de différents pays européens.

L’objectif de cette revue est de présenter les différentes manifestations psychiatriques de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde rapportées dans la littérature médicale.

Low frequency pulsatile flow of an incompressible viscous fluid has been numerically investigated in a rigid 90° bend of circular cross-section, using the finite-volume method. The governing parameters are as follows : amplitude ratio of 1.25, Womersley parameter of 4, peak Reynolds number of 358, peak Dean number of 113, Strouhal number ranging from 0.05 to 0.45. With this set of input data, no flow reversal is observed and a single axial vortex occurs in the half cross-section. Upstream and downstream effects of the bend are mainly characterized by an inward shift of the peak axial velocity in the upstream straight tube and the persistency of the secondary motions several diameters down the exit straight pipe. Secondary motions, present in steady flow, weaken greatly when the unsteady axial component of the flow (W) is lower than the mean flow $\bar{W}$. The axial shear stress τa, whose maximum is more often located at the outer part of the bend, increases and remains nearly constant about 8 diameters downstream from the bend inlet. The circumferential shear stress τcmaximum, located slightly towards the outer bend, is 28% of τamaximum, and 20% when $W < \bar{W}$. The magnitude of both τaand τcincreases during the accelerative phase. The low shear region is more often located near the inner tube wall. However, the existence of bends in a tube network might increase the deposit of solid particles, with respect to straight pipes, only when W (t)>W, and locally at the inner edge.

A finite-volume model of steady flow of an incompressible viscous fluid has been carried out in a smooth rigid 90° bend of circular cross-section. The inlet boundary conditions for laminar flow are either an entry Poiseuille regime or a constant injection velocity for a range of Dean number 140 ≤ De ≤430. A numerical test of turbulent flow was performed for De ∼22100 with a flat velocity profile at the model entry. The lower the role played by the viscous forces, the larger the distance necessary to set an outer shift of the peak axial velocity. The axial velocity of laminar flow depends not only on the value of the Dean number, but also on separate effects of the Reynolds number and of the tube curvature. The larger the laminar boundary layer at the bend inlet, the nearer from the entry the bend segment where the strongest secondary motion is located. With increasing Reynolds number, the secondary flow develops over a longer bend region and the wall shear rises. Upstream and downstream effect of the bend on the shear stress, as well as flow disturbances induced by very small curvature, were observed. The residence time of conveyed particles is enhanced by the presence of a curved section in the conduit with respect to a straight pipe only at the inner edge of the straight section located downstream from the bend. When the Reynolds number rises, the flow regime remaining laminar, the residence time is smaller in the whole pipe. However for turbulent flow, the residence time, which has much smaller values, takes its highest values in the exit straight section.

Bladder cancer is the 5th commonest cancer in the UK and up to 85% will present with superficial disease. Considering the principals of oncological surgery, best practice is to excise a tumour wholewith clear circumferential margins. The inherent flaw of transurethral resection (TUR) is tumour fragmentation. However, high quality resection and immediate single-dose chemotherapy decreases recurrence rates and disease progression for superficial disease. TUR is the current gold standardfor diagnosis and treatment of superficial bladder cancer. The associated morbidity is usually low.Good quality TUR can be difficult with tumours in diverticula, over ureteric orifices, on the dome/anterior/posterior wall or if obturator nerve stimulation occurs. As such technical tips are provided.Modern TUR relies on white light. The use of fluorescence cystoscopy will almost certainly increase, challenging white light TUR as the current gold standard. Furthermore, the development of bladder cancer urinary markers may provide a cost effective and non-invasive means of determining the frequency of surveillance cystoscopy.

A study was conducted to evaluate the performance of 11 Acacia senegal provenances in Niger, West Africa, grown on 2 different soil types. Among the provenances, 6 are from Niger, 4 from Mali and 1 from Sudan. The assessment was carried out with measurements of growth parameters (survival rate, height, diameter and basal area) as well as gum and fruit production at age 15. The results showed significant differences in growth parameters between soil types and provenances. The provenances from Mali perform best, followed by the local Niger provenances. There were no significant differences in gum and fruit production between provenances, but it cannot be excluded that this was a result of limited power in the test of provenance variation in these traits. Survival of the provenances was correlated to the precipitation and the latitude of the origin, whereas basal area was correlated to latitude, and height was correlated to longitude/altitude at the origin. Recommendations could be made for genetic selection of two Mali provenances if growth is a desired character. We conclude that recommendations in terms of gum and fruit production must be based on a relative high number of sample trees as tree to tree variation within provenances may be large.

Background & Aims: Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis result from the excessive secretion of matrix proteins by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Previously considered irreversible, we have studied a model of cirrhosis to determine the mechanisms mediating and limiting spontaneous recovery. Methods: A micronodular cirrhosis was induced in rats after 12 weeks of CCl"4 intoxication. Livers were analyzed for evidence of matrix degradation, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) expression, stellate cell apoptosis, tissue transglutaminase (tTg) expression, and matrix cross-linking during spontaneous recovery of up to 366 days. Results: Over 366 days of recovery, micronodular cirrhosis underwent significant remodeling to a macronodular cirrhosis. Expression of collagen-1 and TIMP messenger RNA (mRNA) decreased significantly and active MMPs were shown in livers during remodeling of fibrosis. Resolution also was characterized by apoptosis of HSCs, predominantly at the margins of fibrotic septa. Residual septa, not remodeled at 366 days, were characterized by tTg-mediated cross-linking and relative hypocellularity. Conclusion: Recovery from comparatively advanced cirrhosis is possible and results in remodeling from a micronodular cirrhosis to a macronodular cirrhosis. We suggest resolution is limited by tTg-mediated matrix cross-linking and a failure of HSC apoptosis.

Two controlled-pore silica phases were prepared with a sol–gel precursor from a sodium silicate solution. N-Propylsalicylaldimine was immobilized on these silica species to be used as chelating ion exchangers (IE11 and IE2). The monomer phase was also prepared for comparison. The N-propylsalicylaldimine moiety was detected by Fourier transform infrared and ultraviolet in both the ion exchangers and the monomer phases. 1H-NMR and mass spectrometry of the monomer also confirmed the structure. The capacity (C) of the ion exchangers was dependent on the porosity of the ion exchanger (CIE11 = 0.36 mmol of Cu/g and CIE2 = 0.026 mmol of Cu/g). The uptake behavior of IE11 toward some metal ions was studied, and log distribution coefficient (kd) was within the range of 2.19–5.16. Also, thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis data were used to study the kinetics of the thermal decomposition process of IE11. Some thermodynamic parameters for the ion exchanger were calculated by the application of the rate theory of the first-order reaction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3159–3167, 2003

Two new sets of Cu(II) complexes with newly synthesised benzilic and mandelic hydrazone derivatives were prepared in the mole ratios 1:1 and 1:2 (Cu:L). The structure of the complexes was identified on the basis of the data obtained from elemental and thermal analyses as well as IR, UV-visible, ESR spectra, and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the ligands are tightly bound to the metal ion through the phenolic OH oxygen, the azomethine nitrogen, and the enolic OH oxygen in case of the 1:1 complexes while for the 1:2 complexes the enolic OH group did not participate in bonding. The complexes have elongated octahedral as well as square-planar symmetries.

The thermal decompositions of cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes of4-(3'-sulfonylazido-6'-methoxyphenylazo)-1-phenyl-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one H(D1–SO2N3) and 4-(4'-sulfonylazido phenylazo)-3-phenyl-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one H(D2–SO2N3) were studied by thermogravimetry. The decomposition in all cases takes place along two stages. The first stage is due to the elimination of water and nitrogen molecules with the formation of tetracoordinate complexes containing nitrene reactive species[M(DSO2N:)2]. The second stage represents the decomposition of the material to the metal oxide. The kinetics of the decomposition were examined by using Coats–Redfern, the decomposition in all complexes was found to be first order for the first and second stages. The activation energies and other activation parameters (ΔH*and ΔS*and ΔG*) were computed and related to the bonding and stereochemistry of the complexes.

The paper describes a high resolution method (CICSAM) for the accurate capturing of fluid interfaces on meshes of arbitrary topology. It is based on the finite-volume technique and is fully conservative. The motion of the interface is tracked by the solution of a scalar transport equation for a phase-indicator field that is discontinuous at the interface and uniform elsewhere; no explicit interface reconstruction, which is perceived to be difficult to implement on unstructured meshes, is needed. The novelty of the method lies in the adaptive combination of high resolution discretisation schemes which ensure the preservation of the sharpness and shape of the interface while retaining boundedness of the field. The special implicit implementation presented herein makes it applicable to unstructured meshes and an extension to such grids is presented. The method is capable of handling interface rupture and coalescence. The paper outlines the methodology of CICSAM and its validation against academic test cases used to verify its accuracy.

The metal chelates formed by the reaction of Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ with malonic hydrazide and its arylidene derivatives are investigated. The i.r.-absorption spectra of the solid compounds supported the tetradentate character of these compounds; they also show that the ligand still attained the keto form. The shift of the C=O, C=N bands is utilized in determining the coordination bond length. The stoichiometry of the metal complexes, as studied by spectrophotometric and conductometric methods, is found to be metal ion: ligand =1:1. The apparent formation constants of the malonic hydrazide complexes are also determined.

The polarographic behaviour of pholoxin and rose-bengal is studied in solutions of varying pH. The effect of pH and organic solvents is explained. The waves observed are ascribed to the reduction of the furan and pyrone rings of phloxin at pH=8 and rose-bengal at pH 4–11. The nature of the waves and the electrode reaction are also investigated. The kinetic parameters are as well determined and discussed.

The charge transfer complexes of 2,3- (I) and 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalenes (II) as electron donors with tri- and di-nitrobenzenes as electron acceptors are prepared and investigated by element analysis, IR. 1H nmr and electronic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that I yields CT complexes of 1:1 type only while II is capable of forming 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (donor: acceptor) compounds. The spectral characteristics of the CT complexes are pointed out and discussed. The difference in the donor behaviour between I and II is explained in the light of PPP-MO calculations.

Two types of complexes derived from bidentate Schiff base ligands (SB) having the general formulae [M(SB)Cl.nH2O for M = Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ and [M(SB)Cl2nH2O] for M = Fe3+, were synthesized. These complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, conductance measurements, ir, electronic and ESR spectra as well as the magnetic moment measurements.

Polymeric hydrogels based on polysaccharides, hydroxyethylcellu lose and dextran, were attained by cross-linking with epichlorohydrin. The cross-linked polymer beads were loaded with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by direct esterification in the presence of carbonyldiimidazole. Loads ranging be tween 0.5 and 2.2 mol of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetyloyl groups per glucose unit were obtained. The release of 2,4-D herbicide was investigated in buffered aqueous solution at different pH values (4, 7 and 9) and evaluated with respect to different structural parameters, such as nature of the polymer matrices, cross-linking extent and herbicide loading. A fairly slow release, ranging from 10 to 25% after four months, was recorded under neutral and acid conditions, whereas at pH 9 an initial burst in the release profile, reaching almost 90% release of 2,4-D loading, was observed. In the majority of the cases, the release kinetics are reproduced by the combination of two exponential decay processes, that differ by about three orders of magnitude in their absolute rates.

The complexes of Co(II) and Ni(II) with nitroso-R-salt are studied by conductometric titration and spectrophotometric methods in buffer solutions of differentpH. The study proved the possible formation of (1:1), (1:2) and (1:3) complexes for Co(II) while Ni(II) forms (1:1) and (1:2) complexes (metal:ligand) only. The factors affecting complex formation are established and the formation constants of the complexes are evaluated. The ir spectra of the solid complexes with a-nitroso-ß-naphthol revealed that the ligand exhibits the nitrosophenol structure and that the reaction takes place through proton displacement from the OH-group.

The polarographic reduction of phenol red, chlorophenol red and bromophenol red has been investigated in buffered aqueous solutions and alcohol-water water mixtures over a widepH range (2–12). The results show that the three depolarizers are reduced through two irreversible one-electron waves of equal heights at allpH values. The two waves represent the reduction of the triphenylmethane carbon centre. The nature of the waves and the kinetics of the electrode reaction are discussed.

The heterogeneous catalytic conversion ofn-pentanol to dialkylether was carried out using untreated cation-exchanged montmorillonites and using samples which had been preheated at 300°C in an atmosphere of air, hydrogen or nitrogen. The catalyst has been characterized by applying thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and cation exchange capacity tests. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the products showed that the catalytic reactivity of the exchanged montmorillonite is related to the cation radius.

The Cu(II) chelates of some new arylidene derivatives of benzilic hydrazide have been synthesized and were characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, as well as by IR, UV/Vis, ESR, and X-ray spectroscopy. The data revealed the formation of tetrahedral 1:1 (L:M) and square planar 2:1 and 1:2 complexes. In the 1:1 complexes, the organic compounds behave as dibasic tridentate ligands towards the Cu(II) ion, whereas in the 1:2 or 2:1 complexes they behave as monobasic bidentate substituents. Die Cu(II)-Chelate einiger neuer Arylidenderivate des Benzilsäurehydrazids wurden synthetisiert und mittels Elementaranalyse, Thermogravimetrie und Differentialthermoanalyse sowie IR-, UV/Vis-, ESR- und Röntgenspektroskopie untersucht. Die erhaltenen Daten zeigen, daβ tetraedrische 1:1- und quadratisch-planare 2:1- und 1:2-Komplexe gebildet werden. In den 1:1-Komplexen verhalten sich die organischen Verbindungen wie dibasische dreizähnige Liganden, während sie in den 1:2- und 2:1-Komplexen in monobasischer zweizähniger Form vorliegen.

The preparation and characterisation of a series of new coordination compounds of Mn(II), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) containing m-aminobenzoic hydrazide and some of its arylidene derivatives are reported. Attempts have been made to ascertain their probable structures on the basis of elemental analysis, molar conductance, TGA, ir, electronic and esr spectra as well as magnetic measurements. The ir-spectra suggest that the ligand coordinates to the metal ions via the oxygen of the carbonyl group and β-nitrogen atom.

An economical, “parabolic/hyperbolic hybrid,” numerical prediction procedure, employing marching integration, is presented for the computation of supersonic flows of the boundary layer class in which embedded pressure waves are present. The hyperbolic component is based on the method of characteristics, while the computational procedure of Patankar and Spalding constitutes the parabolic component. The method is evaluated against analytic solutions for inviscid flows and against experiment for laminar and turbulent near-wall flows. Calculations for laminar and turbulent free shear flows are also presented. The method performs well when the viscous/wave interaction is not strong enough to induce significant “upstream influence.”