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Nils Christie's (1986) ideal victim is said to receive "complete and legitimate status as a victim." Many victims of intimate partner sexual assault (IPSA), are not given this status, resulting in their cases being unfounded. The current study evaluates 16 years of reported IPSA cases (n = 1,558) in a large municipal police department in the midwestern United States. Through multivariate logistic regression this study evaluates which factors lead a reported IPSA case to be unfounded. Further, it examines how the IPSA victim fits into the concept of the ideal victim. The results indicate that several variables representing the ideal victim criteria are influence in unfounding IPSA cases; however, many are the opposite of what might be expected based on Christie's work. Results further indicate that race (victim race, detective race, racial composition of district) has a substantial impact on IPSA cases being unfounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I introduce a new aporia, the aporia of perfection. This aporia includes three claims: (1) Ought implies possibility, (2) We ought to be perfect, and (3) It is not possible that we are perfect. All these propositions appear to be plausible when considered in themselves and there are interesting arguments for them. However, together they entail a contradiction. Hence, at least one of the sentences must be false. I consider some possible solutions to the puzzle and discuss some pros and cons of these solutions. I conclude that we can avoid the contradiction that follows from (1) - (3) and still hold on to our basic intuitions, if we instead of (1) - (3) accept some slightly different propositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synthesis Philosophica is the property of Croatian Philosophical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article argues that Chrétien de Troyes' Yvain serves as an exemplum of Christian virtue through which the author explores caritas—love directed toward a higher purpose than oneself—as the theological virtue under which all others are ordered and which the hero Yvain must work to perfect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the place and meaning of Kant's cosmopolitanism, more specifically, of his theory of cosmopolitan right and of a world state, while maintaining a dialogue with modern interpretations concerning these, ones that aim at developing their own theories of cosmopolitanism in a Kantian spirit. The world state is seen as an unattainable ideal, whereas provisionality, an idea borrowed from the Doctrine of Right, is reconstructed as the best model of the status of transnational institutions as seen by Kant. Furthermore, an alternative to permanent provisionality (i.e., a chance for progress) is suggested in the idea of an ultra-minimal world-state as a place of public legal discourse that grounds a sanctioned legal order, thus approximating an ontologically strict idea of (cosmopolitan) politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synthesis Philosophica is the property of Croatian Philosophical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article criticizes John Rawls' conception of political liberalism, which insists that political sphere governed by his two principles of justice can be separated from any comprehensive moral doctrines, and that the validity of his conception of justice is political, not metaphysical nor comprehensive. I argue that Rawls' project is flawed by showing that his two principles of justice and political liberalism are presupposed by the very comprehensive/ metaphysical doctrines which he denies. Whether he realizes it or not Rawls chooses a particular comprehensive theory of the good/person, specifically that of an unencumbered self. I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from two points of view. First, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from political economy points of view, which I argue that the foundation of Rawls' principles of justice lies in his particular theory of the person. Second, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from philosophical points of view, which I argues that Rawls' political liberalism and theory of the person are comprehensive, and that political sphere cannot be separated from private sphere. This article criticizes John Rawls' conception of political liberalism, which insists that political sphere governed by his two principles of justice can be separated from any comprehensive moral doctrines, and that the validity of his conception of justice is political, not metaphysical nor comprehensive. I argue that Rawls' project is flawed by showing that his two principles of justice and political liberalism are presupposed by the very comprehensive/ metaphysical doctrines which he denies. Whether he realizes it or not Rawls chooses a particular comprehensive theory of the good/person, specifically that of an unencumbered self. I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from two points of view. First, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from political economy points of view, which I argue that the foundation of Rawls' principles of justice lies in his particular theory of the person. Second, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from philosophical points of view, which I argues that Rawls' political liberalism and theory of the person are comprehensive, and that political sphere cannot be separated from private sphere. This article criticizes John Rawls' conception of political liberalism, which insists that political sphere governed by his two principles of justice can be separated from any comprehensive moral doctrines, and that the validity of his conception of justice is political, not metaphysical nor comprehensive. I argue that Rawls' project is flawed by showing that his two principles of justice and political liberalism are presupposed by the very comprehensive/ metaphysical doctrines which he denies. Whether he realizes it or not Rawls chooses a particular comprehensive theory of the good/person, specifically that of an unencumbered self. I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from two points of view. First, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from political economy points of view, which I argue that the foundation of Rawls' principles of justice lies in his particular theory of the person. Second, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from philosophical points of view, which I argues that Rawls' political liberalism and theory of the person are comprehensive, and that political sphere cannot be separated from private sphere. This article criticizes John Rawls' conception of political liberalism, which insists that political sphere governed by his two principles of justice can be separated from any comprehensive moral doctrines, and that the validity of his conception of justice is political, not metaphysical nor comprehensive. I argue that Rawls' project is flawed by showing that his two principles of justice and political liberalism are presupposed by the very comprehensive/ metaphysical doctrines which he denies. Whether he realizes it or not Rawls chooses a particular comprehensive theory of the good/person, specifically that of an unencumbered self. I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from two points of view. First, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from political economy points of view, which I argue that the foundation of Rawls' principles of justice lies in his particular theory of the person. Second, I discuss Rawls' political liberalism from philosophical points of view, which I argues that Rawls' political liberalism and theory of the person are comprehensive, and that political sphere cannot be separated from private sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers the author's view on educational philosophy and the non-ideal theory. He mentions the Platonic tradition in the doctrine that assist in determining ahsitorical and acontextual ideals which create standards against those judged by aspirations toward justice. An overview of the perspective of philosopher John Rawls on the theory is also presented.

This article summarizes research from the author's master's thesis, 'Exhibiting the Holocaust: Museum Tour Narratives as Presentations of Institutional Post-Holocaust American Identity' (MA Thesis, Brandeis University, 2012). The work was conducted to position American Holocaust memorialization within the context of key American Holocaust museum narratives and exhibition displays. The two museums central to this study-the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) and the Museum of Jewish Heritage: A Living Memorial to the Holocaust (MJH)-shed light on the American, Jewish, and Jewish-American understandings of the European Holocaust. Both institutions consciously attempt to intersect and merge American and Jewish ideals, interests, and values, often with one perspective dominating another for specific purposes to be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the social role of Japanese girls during the period of total war from 1937 to 1945 through examining the girls' magazines "Shōjo no tomo (Girls' companion)" and "Shōjo kurabu (Girl's club)." The girls' magazines' relationship with the Japanese education system is discussed. The representation of the ideal Japanese girl, including as being willing to sacrifice for the nation, nursing wounded Japanese soldiers and in having strength over beauty, is also discussed. The author contends that girls' magazines transformed from a focus on fashion, domesticity and motherhood in pre-war Japan into a portrayal of the ideal girl as classless, ageless and genderless during the period of total war.

Despite its many strengths Terryl Given's When Souls Had Wings: Pre-Mortal Existence in Western Thought folds heterodox thinkers like Boehme and Schelling into the larger tradition of pre-existence in which the pre-existing human soul falls into time from timeless eternity, and where God, in His perfection, is exempt from the trials of change and evolution. Boehme and Schelling actually provide us with a different interpretation of the pre-existence that is not present in the Platonic strain of pre-existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will explore some of the original gold standards of scientific knowledge, and, as such, it will discuss whether true scientific knowledge must defer to some kind of unique, personal foundation. It will begin with an Aristotelian understanding of what constitutes true, scientific knowledge, and then use these Aristotelian criteria to examine whether or not Aquinas' understanding of Ipsum Esse Subsistens provides the 'necessary nexus' to connect 'middles' in scientific thought to real causes in nature. It will also consider whether Aquinas source for true scientific knowledge-this Ipsum Esse-must also be a person, if it is deemed to be the scientific cause of all rationality, subjectivity, and agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education. Physical Training. Sport / Ugdymas. Kûno kultûra. Sportas is the property of Lithuanian Sports University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the myths and truths behind test and evaluation (T&E). The author refers to the definition of the word myth fro Google as a popular belief, a story that has associated with a person, institution, or occurrence, or an event illustrating a cultural ideal. One of the myths mentioned is the Us versus Them mentality, wherein in reality, it should have been one team from the start to represent the T&E community.

We present a method to iterate finitely splitting lim-sup tree forcings along non-wellfounded linear orders. As an application, we introduce a new method to force (weak) measurability of all definable sets with respect to a certain (non-ccc) ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author offers his opinion on moral dilemmas and analyzes its implications for the structure of normative moral systems. He examines two criteria of consistency that can be used to evaluate a given moral system. The first criterion assumes that a satisfactory moral system will not allow irresolvable moral conflicts to occur and the second criterion allows irresolvable moral conflicts to occur, but also holds that there are possible worlds in which no such conflicts occur. He believes that the second criterion is more plausible, however the respective roles that the criterions assign to moral dilemmas appear similar. He also discusses several concepts related to the issue.

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In this article we argue that a positively formulated theory of education ought to take into consideration empirically based knowledge. Theories of education are normative theories, because they are mainly focused on how the world ought to be: they present ideals, they prescribe preferred repertoires of actions, and they describe valued attitudes. However using a recent example of an ideal of cosmopolitan education, we here reveal some ways in which prevalent theories of education quickly become remote and powerless if they rebuff empirically based knowledge about peoples' actual experiences and ways of being in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's response on the essay "Aesthetic Economy of Howells's The Rise of Silas Lapham," by Neil Browne. It discusses the commonplace of the scholarship of the book's author as well as his attention to everyday objects. It mentions that Browne's essay adverts his focus on ordinary materials in which the book's author was dedicated. It also focuses on one of the crucial issue concerning the old money that Browne has neglected on his essay as well as the issue regarding the discrepancy between a writer's ideals and the books of author Thomas Pynchon.

Lamenting the'state of contemporary sex' seems to be a thriving academic business, and is, not surprisingly, probably just as booming as sex as a commercial business is blooming. These critiques come in many flavours, and are inspired by a range of different backgrounds and worries. Some feminists and some progressive intellectuals join the chorus, thereby echoing parts of the more conservative critiques, albeit on different grounds, from different backgrounds and defending different ideals. I label their position as 'progressive sexual pessimism.' Progressive, because they all share a broadly emancipatory outlook on sexuality, thus distinguishing their views from contemporary conservative critiques of (post)modern sexuality; and pessimistic because on the whole they take a rather dim view of the possibility of the realization of a healthy and emancipatory sexuality under the conditions of (post)modernity. One of the critiques is that a 'morality of negotiations,' based on the notion of (valid) consent, is in itself unable to provide any directions for a meaningful sexuality. They defend the view that such a morality of negotiation empties the sexual domain of any (inherent) values, thereby rendering it vulnerable to commercialisation, commodification, pornofication, etc, or that such a 'morality of consent' is blind to the actual power-relations within society. In this contribution I attempt to place these viewpoints within the wider perspective of the sexual revolutions and briefly develop one line of defence of a sexual morality of negotiations, based on the multiplicity of sexual meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author ponders on the impact of art on life and education. She relates such topic to the essay of professor Paul C. Taylor titled "Art, Education, and Witness: Or, How to Make Our Ideals Clear," which was published in the December 2009 issue of the journal "Philosophy of Education." The author shares her observation that Taylor focuses on liabilities instead of assets as he explains the relation of art to life and education. The author also expounds on the topic of work of self-excavation.

In this article, the author expresses his views on the article "Art, Education, and Witness: Or, How to Make Our Ideals Clear," by Paul C. Taylor, which was published in the December 2009 issue of the journal "Philosophy of Education." He states that such work by Taylor focused on the relationship between moral and aesthetic. He mentions the introduction that Taylor made to several types of criticisms including self criticism, cultural criticism, and critical race theory. He also ponders on the relation between skillful artists and mortal truths.

It is much to be regretted that we have been misunderstanding Jiang yan's status and Scholar Jiang's talent being exhausted". Influenced by the context of literature history, most readers considered Jiang Yan as a writer and set relevant demand to him. As a matter of fact, during Jiang's real lifetime, he always cherished a lofty ideals of making great contribution to royal court, strived perseveringly for political life, and finally he achieved his official goal, while what readers constantly appreciated and recalled is his literary life stricken by frustration and disappointment, which reflects many Chinese ancient scholars' life contradiction in history context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a symposia debate on the modernist prose of Mary Butts's "No Real Men." It mentions that Butts is one of the most enigmatic writers and has her own personal sense of exclusion as manifested in her short stories, journals, and novels. However, Andrew Radford's essay "Excavating a Secret History: Mary Butts and the return of the Nativist" questions the stylistic contribution of Butts regarding the British interwar fiction that was overlooked by contemporary academic criticism. Furthermore, Butt's novels and short stories manifest a conservative and progressive politics, which aligns her conservative ideals.

Values refer to one's ideals and ultimate standards that are considered important in life. These are the principles for action encompassing abstract goals. This article evaluates the core life values of Turkish women. The results show that women give more importance to life values such as health, happiness and love. On the other hand, the life values of wealth and richness and a comfortable house are not considered important by women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Values Education is the property of Journal of Values Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on the concept of democracy and its evolution through the different periods of history. The author explains that the term democracy represents good versus evil and that after being the enemy of totalitarianism, it is seen as the enemy of terrorism at the beginning of the 21st century. The author states that democracy is an ideal because it is unreachable and refers to French philosopher Jacques Rancière.

The article examines the ideals and beliefs of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. regarding just society and world. It highlights several injustices in the contemporary world, which include poverty in industrialized nations and third world countries, the existence of working poor and challenges to a woman's right to choose. It discusses how King's ideals and beliefs influenced his vision of justice and on how just society and world could be achieved through social action and progressive social change. It examines the relationship of King's ideals and belief with the contemporary critical criminology. Moreover, the author proposes a goal and strategy for progressive nonviolent social action to make social justice in and outside the classroom environment, a reality.

Copyright of Societes is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article presents an analysis of the constructed social memories of the post-Civil War Confederate states in the U.S. The author highlights the trend of idealistic rationalization and selective memory regarding the nobility and bravery of the southern soldiers against the northern aggression. It is suggested that as a result certain aspects of warfare, such as guerrilla tactics, desertion, and other harsh conditions, were omitted from remembrance. This is contrasted with the accounts published in the memoirs of a Confederate soldier from North Carolina.

Explains that the mass media is a powerful teacher, and its lessons should not be ignored if United States schools want to live up to the presumed ideals of American education. Ideals of democracy; Increased opportunity for each American; Honoring the diversity of the population; Responsible world leadership; Media goals and purposes do not necessarily support American values.

The article discusses the significance of social work on internationalism and globalization. It discusses the authors' creation of an evidence-based projection of what is likely to occur in the future of global social work. It has been said that social work in the context of internationalism refers to the increasing involvement of society and social work in international activities. On the other hand, social work in the context of globalization refers to global interdependence, with its positive and negative consequences of societies. It was believed that the role of social work in the global environment has always been distinguished by disconnection between ideals and reality.

Focuses on the role of culture heroes in shaping the ideals and beliefs of society. Description of British hero King Arthur; Views of author J. R. R. Tolkien on the nature of mythology and culture heroes; Discussion on heroes as the embodiment of the world's assumptions and ideals.

Focuses on the response of scholars to the need of reading the literary work of Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 21st century. Each contributor discusses Emerson's skill at writing with extreme passion on the subject of self definition and the ability to capture the reader's attention, no matter what time period they come from. Although his writings about time specific issues are no longer relevant to us, his work continues to be an important part of many literature based courses both in college and high school. As more of his work is published the world continues to discover new sides to an amazing writer who deserves constant scrutiny. He managed to fuse experience and values and language with a powerful style, and readers need his ideas just as much in the present as they ever did in the past.

This paper looks at Zhu Xi's ... commentary on the "Zhounan" ... and "Shaonan" ... sections in his Shift zhuan ... in an attempt to show how, in the Confucian hermeneutical tradition, the commentator goes beyond merely giving explanations of particular words and sentences to engage in reconstructing a picture of an ideal world embedded in the text. We suggest that in the process of examining the meaning of a single word or sentence, an entire section, or even the arrangement of individual works in a classic, Confucian commentators pull together varied elements to construct a picture of an ideal world that either ought to exist or is preserved in the text. (At times the annotator will go beyond the scope of a single work and bring in elements from other classics in his discussion to give an even more detailed and elaborate view of that ideal world). Armed with this utopian vision, the Confucian then goes on to size up the world in which he lives in relation to the ideal world of the classics and offer up educational or political methods that would help shorten the distance between the present and the classical ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of teaching ideals in education. Reform education, tenacious humility, and the growth ideal of John Dewey are examined. The article also focuses on education, society, and cultural norms and developments. The opinions of Hannah Arendt on the subject of educational reform are also mentioned. The article concludes that questions of conservative defense of the status quo and radical reform should be viewed from the perspective of tenacious humility and should be applied to teaching children in particular.