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Copyright of Canadian Diversity / Canadian Diversité is the property of Association for Canadian Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Diversity / Canadian Diversité is the property of Association for Canadian Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

SummaryBoth psychologists and psychiatrists are trained to write formulations of their patients' illnesses, with some differences in how they do this. Psychologists focus on psychological understanding, while psychiatrists' formulation brings together aetiology, functioning and a management plan. Mohtashemi et al's study records how some psychiatrists understand formulation and its usefulness. Time pressure was an important barrier to making a full formulation, and some believed the medical role of the psychiatrist was a priority. The study illustrates some of the challenges facing psychiatrists working in the NHS in terms of maintaining high clinical standards and a holistic approach to patient care.

Both psychologists and psychiatrists are trained to write formulations of their patients' illnesses, with some differences in how they do this. Psychologists focus on psychological understanding, while psychiatrists' formulation brings together aetiology, functioning and a management plan. Mohtashemi et al's study records how some psychiatrists understand formulation and its usefulness. Time pressure was an important barrier to making a full formulation, and some believed the medical role of the psychiatrist was a priority. The study illustrates some of the challenges facing psychiatrists working in the NHS in terms of maintaining high clinical standards and a holistic approach to patient care.

After perinatal loss, parents experience painful grief. Fathers and mothers show the same pattern of symptoms, but generally mothers' distress is more intense. Grief should be sympathetically acknowledged by health professionals, and parents should be reassured that their feelings are normal and that recovery may take many months. Intense depression lasting more than 6 months may require psychological treatment. There is some evidence that delaying conception for a year may allow an easier pregnancy psychologically. The common practice of encouraging parents to have contact with a dead infant is not evidence-based and may have adverse effects, including inducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. A protocol of postnatal follow-up allows parents to get appropriate information about the loss, including possible problems and timing of another pregnancy. The subsequent pregnancy is stressful, and health professionals should recognize that parents may suffer significant anxiety.

Several reviews have evaluated the clinical evidence relating isoflavone treatment to the relief of menopausal hot flash symptoms. The majority of these reviews included a variety of isoflavone sources, often without discriminating between the identities of individual isoflavones contained in the study product. An evaluation of published studies using well-characterized isoflavone-containing supplements was conducted to determine whether the observed effects, or lack thereof, were attributable to differences in the composition of isoflavones in study products.

Parents are attached to their unborn children, and loss around the time of birth is a serious trauma. Parental grief is a normal response, and may last for many months. Clinicians have always sought to implement practices that will help recovery, and for a generation, have advocated that parents have contact with the body of their dead infant, believing that this will facilitate mourning. Review of the literature shows that no previous systematic evidence has ever been offered to support this practice.

ABSTRACT This study details the interaction between a mother and infant where the mother is unresolved with respect to loss as measured by the Adult Attachment Interview and the infant shows the disorganized pattern of attachment behaviour in the Strange Situation at 13 months. The paper discusses the factors which predispose children to becoming disorganized in their attachment behaviour. Working from a psychoanalytic perspective the authors make some suggestions about the unconscious anxieties in the mother which contribute to the development of dysfunctional interactions between mother and child.

Nonprofit institutions rely heavily on unearned income to fund their activities. This unearned income arrives in the form of donations from the public and business, as well as grants from foundations and governmental agencies. Within any organization, decisions on the efficient allocation of resources are crucial. This is especially true in not-for-profit enterprises for whom the opportunities to earn income are limited and reliance on donations and grants is therefore paramount. In this article, we test the relative efficiency of the developmental spending of 78 symphony orchestras in the United States. The data are from the 1987-1988 American Symphony Orchestra League'sComparative Statistical Reports. We use Data Envelopment Analysis to gauge the relative efficiency of the fund-raising efforts. Orchestras deemed inefficient are given proportional, realizable input reductions that allow production of their current level of donations and grants. Regression analysis is then used to investigate the determinants of efficiency, holding constant orchestra and demographic characteristics.

In order to improve the quality of their teaching to medical students, the staff of an NHS psychotherapy department engaged a professional teacher to demonstrate how teaching could be delivered more effectively and in a way which would help the students to learn and would engage their interest. This paper outlines the structure which the educationist suggested for the teaching, with particular emphasis on the need for the teacher to plan ahead and to organise both the content and methods of individual sessions and the course as a whole. Creating a coherent structure gives the students firm boundaries within which to think and reflect on what they are learning. The psychotherapists have found this input from an educationist invaluable, and the student teaching has improved markedly.

Staff in the department were dissatisfied with the standard of their teaching and determined that psychotherapy should become an interesting subject for their students. Evaluation of the teaching showed that there was no stated syllabus to guide either teachers or students, and definition of the syllabus was the first task in reorganising the teaching. Effective reorganisation needed consideration of the nature and needs of the medical students, and some thought about what is relevant for them as future doctors. Teachers had to think from the students' position and define a syllabus which is understandable to the students, and not assume that what is clear to the teacher is necessarily so to the students.The undergraduate medical curriculum is currently changing, and all subjects are subject to rigorous scrutiny to determine whether or not they will continue to have a place in the new curriculum. If psychotherapists believe that their subject should be taught to medical students they must present a coherent syllabus which is demonstrably relevant to medical undergraduates.

Psychiatric nurses are subjected to considerable stress in working with highly disturbed patients. Both nurses and patients will benefit if nurses have a better understanding of the psychodynamics of the interaction.Managers in the Mental Health Unit at St George's Hospital were aware of low morale and high levels of stress among nurses and invited a psychotherapeutic input for nurses. A one-year course was set up to introduce nurses to psychodynamic principles. This paper includes a description of the course and an evaluation of the effect of the experience on the nurses' work with patients in general psychiatry.Results show that the amount of individual and group work done with psychiatric patients does not change. There are significant changes in the nurses' confidence, competence, and understanding of their work.

A bioassay was developed to test the hypothesis that secondary metabolites from marine algae affect feeding by sea urchins. During experiments measuring chemoreception and gustation, feeding by the regular sea urchin,Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck), was inhibited by extracts from the green marine alga,Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskal) Lamouroux andCymopolia barbata (Linneaus) Lamouroux. Cymopol, a monoterpene-bromohydroquinone component ofC. barbata, was partially responsible for the inhibited feeding observed in tests of theCymopolia crude extract. Caulerpenyne, an oxygenated sesquiterpene fromC. prolifera, was responsible for all of the urchin feeding inhibition observed in tests of theC. prolifera crude extract. Feeding was not affected by: (1) extracts from several otherCaulerpa species includingC. mexicana (Sonder) J. Agardh,C. ashmaedii Harvey,C. racemosa v.macrophysa (Kutzing) Taylor, andC. racemosa v.laetevirens (Montagne) Weber-van Bosse; (2) caulerpin, an indole-containing pigment isolated from all of theCaulerpa species exceptC. mexicana; and (3) an extract from the red marine alga,Gracilaria foliifera v.angustissima (Harvey) Taylor, which has no known secondary metabolites. Feeding inhibition was independent of the test diameter which correlated with the reproductive state of the urchins. Feeding inhibition was also independent of the starvation periods between experiments, and the temperature and salinity in ranges tolerated byL. variegatus obtained from the Florida Gulf Coast. The data strongly suggest that at least one alga,Caulerpa prolifera, is chemically defended against a dominant omnivore in its community.

The pipistrelle bat Pipistrellus pipistrellus intersperses wingbeats in flapping flights with brief (0.1–0.3 s) glides. This undulating intermittent flight mode probably saves energy in flight. In large flight cages, captive pipistrelles glided for approximately 13.4 % of flight time, but glides were steep, and the bat accelerated during the glides. The bats sometimes glided during turns. During the glides the bat may have been unable to emit echolocation pulses and, if so, this would explain occasional wide interpulse intervals in wild pipistrelles. The steepness of the glides may be a means of improving undulating flight performance, and may also be unavoidable owing to the very small size and relatively small wings of pipistrelles.

A specific enhancer for the m+ variant of echovirus 6 was isolated from uninfected, permissive host cells. The enhancer transferred the susceptibility to virus infection from permissive cells to less susceptible cells. Enhancer activity in cultured, human cells (WISH) was released by these cells into extracellular fluids at a linear rate. Maximal enhancer activity was recovered from cell monolayers that were extracted with buffered salt solutions (pH 6.6) for 5 h at 37 C. Crude enhancer preparations contained substances that reduced virus titers in permissive host cells and suppressed some of the enhancer activity. Viral inhibitory activity was removed from cellular extracts by either differential centrifugation or ion exchange chromatography. The enhancer, in contrast to inhibitory substances, remained in supernatant fractions after centrifugation at 110,000 × gfor 4 h and adsorbed to diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex columns. Enhancer preparations that were devoid of inhibitory activity increased the virus titers in less susceptible simian cell cultures (approximately 100-fold) to the titers attained by fully permissive human cell cultures. A direct relationship between protein concentration and enhancer activity in cellular extracts was demonstrated. Partial purification of the enhancer by differential centrifugation and ammonium sulfate precipitation increased the specific activity of enhancer (units/mg of protein) by 13-fold.

Thirteen patients with symptoms of secondary amenorrhea and galactorrhea and 1 with galactorrhea alone have been studied. These symptoms developed in 5 after they discontinued taking oral contraceptives, in 4 after delivery; no apparent cause for the symptoms could be found in 2 patients, a pituitary tumor was diagnosed in 1, cystic mastitis in 1 and in 1 the features developed during treatment with phenothiazines. The possibility that patients could become pregnant either spontaneously or after treatment with clomiphene or pituitary gonadotrophin was most favorable in those who developed their symptoms postpartum. Specific efforts should be made to exclude a pituitary tumor as a cause of the symptoms.

Basal cell carcinoma nevus syndrome (also known as Gorlin syndrome or nevoid basal cell syndrome) is an autosomnal dominant, genetic disorder. The syndrome is passed on by one affected parent or occurs as a spontaneous mutation occurring at conception. Approximately 33 of all affected individuals are the first in their family to have the condition. This first-person story is about experiencing a new systemic treatment.

In the development of the policy that underlies its law reform recommendations, the Law Commission of Ontario ascertains the often diverse interests of those who determine or are affected by the law. The author discusses the LCO's outreach and consultation processes, including it several objectives, and the challenges it poses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author proposes a method of reconciling "rights in tension" (a phrase the author prefers to "competing rights"), recognizing that sometimes rights claims will be too antithetical to the rights of others or to societal values to permit reconciliation. She discusses three examples of religious and equality rights in tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an obituary for square dancer Valerie Jones.