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In recent years, a great deal of attention has been focused on the environmental impact of plastics, including the carbon emissions related to plastics, which has promoted the application of biodegradable plastics. Countries worldwide have shown high interest in replacing traditional plastics with biodegradable plastics. However, no systematic comparison has been conducted on the carbon emissions of biodegradable versus traditional plastic products. This study evaluates the carbon emissions of traditional and biodegradable plastic products (BPPs) over four stages and briefly discusses environmental and economic perspectives. Four scenarios—namely, the traditional method, chemical recycling, industrial composting, and anaerobic digestion—are considered for the disposal of waste BPPs (WBPPs). The analysis takes China as a case study. The results show that the carbon emissions of 1000 traditional plastic products (plastic bags, lunch boxes, cups, etc.) were 52.09–150.36 carbon emissions equivalent of per kilogram (kg CO2eq), with the stage of plastic production contributing 50.71%–50.77%. In comparison, 1000 similar BPPs topped out at 21.06–56.86 kg CO2eq, approximately 13.53%–62.19% lower than traditional plastic products. The difference was mainly at the stages of plastic production and waste disposal, and the BPPs showed significant carbon reduction potential at the raw material acquisition stage. Waste disposal plays an important role in environmental impact, and composting and anaerobic digestion are considered to be preferable disposal methods for WBPPs. However, the high cost of biodegradable plastics is a challenge for their widespread use. This study has important reference significance for the sustainable development of the biodegradable plastics industry.

Electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to NH3(NO3RR) on Cu offers sustainable NH3production and nitrogen recycling from nitrate-contaminated water. However, Cu affords limited NO3RR activity owing to its unfavorable electronic state and the slow proton transfer on its surface, especially in neutral/alkaline media. Furthermore, although a synchronous “NO3RR and NH3collection” system has been developed for nitrogen recycling from nitrate-laden water, no system is designed for natural water that generally contains low-concentration nitrate. Herein, we demonstrate that depositing Cu nanoparticles on a TiO2support enables the formation of electron-deficient Cuδ+species (0 < δ ≤ 2), which are more active than Cu0in NO3RR. Furthermore, TiO2–Cu coupling induces local electric-field enhancement that intensifies water adsorption/dissociation at the interface, accelerating proton transfer for NO3RR on Cu. With the dual enhancements, TiO2–Cu delivers an NH3-N selectivity of 90.5%, mass activity of 41.4 mg-N h gCu–1, specific activity of 377.8 mg-N h–1m–2, and minimal Cu leaching (<25.4 μg L–1) when treating 22.5 mg L–1of NO3–-N at −0.40 V, outperforming most of the reported Cu-based catalysts. A sequential NO3RR and NH3collection system based on TiO2–Cu was then proposed, which could recycle nitrogen from nitrate-contaminated water under a wide concentration window of 22.5–112.5 mg L–1at a rate of 209–630 mgNm–2h–1. We also demonstrated this system could collect 83.9% of nitrogen from NO3–-N (19.3 mg L–1) in natural lake water.

137Cs and other radionuclides in the wastewater of nuclear energy have caused great harm to the environment and human body. Removed of these radionuclides has become one of focuses of research. Prussian blue (PB), as an excellent adsorbent for cesium ion, faces the difficulty in recovery from water after adsorption. In this article, PB powder was packed in tube-in-tube hollow fiber membranes to eliminate the problems of recovery and secondary pollution. The effects of one pass-through adsorption and cyclic adsorption in the adsorption of cesium ion were explored. In the one pass-through adsorption, the solution contacts with the adsorbent layer for a short time, resulting in a low adsorption capacity. For the cyclic adsorption, the adsorption capacity can reach 36.26 mg g–1. With the increase of PES inner hollow fiber membranes, the flux increases while the adsorption capacity decreases. The permeation of solution through the PB layer favors the mass transfer of ion to the adsorbent. The tube-in-tube adsorption can solve the recovery problem of PB powder and also improve the adsorption efficiency.

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes (PMS-AOPs) as an efficient strategy for organic degradation are highly dependent on catalyst design and structured active sites. However, the identification of the active sites and their relationship with reaction mechanisms for organic degradation are not fully understood for a composite catalyst due to the complex structure. Herein, we developed a family of Co encapsulated in N-doped carbons (Co-PCN) with tailored types and contents of active sites via manipulated pyrolysis for PMS activation and ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation, focusing on the correlation of active sites to generated reactive species and degradation routes of organics. The structure–function relationships between the different active sites in Co-PCN catalysts and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as bond breaking position of CIP, were revealed through regression analysis and density functional theory calculation. Co–Nx, O–C═O, C═O, graphitic N, and defects in Co-PCN stimulate the generation of 1O2for oxidizing the C–C bond in the piperazine ring of CIP into C═O. The substitution of F by OH and hydroxylation of the piperazine ring might be induced by SO4•–and •OH, whose formation was affected by C–O, Co(0), Co–Nx, graphitic N, and defects. The findings provided new insights into reaction mechanisms in PMS-AOP systems and rational design of catalysts for ROS-oriented degradation of pollutants.

In this study, mesoporous TiO2with various hydrolysis rates were prepared and combined with H2O2for the photodegradation of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) under VUV irradiation. Results showed that the mesoporous TiO2synthesized by the hydrolysis in water (MT100) exhibited a good mesoporous structure and the largest specific surface area (178.85 m2 g−1). Consequently, MT100 showed the best degradation efficiency, with the rate constant (k) for VUV/MT100 and VUV/MT100/H2O2of 0.0185 and 0.2595 min−1, respectively, which was 1.4 and 4.0 times of that of P25. The addition of H2O2significantly enhanced the degradation efficiency by photoactivation of H2O2and the synergistic effect. The rate constant and the mineralization rate (after a 3-h treatment) increased by 13 and 3.8 times when 40 mM H2O2was added into VUV/MT100. The weak alkaline condition (pH = 9) would facilitate the degradation of UDMH. The ⋅OH was the key oxidizing species in VUV/MT100/H2O2. Eight intermediates were detected during the degradation and the possible pathways of UDMH degradation in VUV/MT100/H2O2process were proposed. VUV/MT100/H2O2provides an efficient method to degrade UDMH.

Pollution from airborne particulate matter (PM), which can cause various respiratory diseases and viral and bacterial infections, has become a threat to public health. To ensure personal breathing safety, enormous efforts have been devoted to developing efficient filters to segregate PM. Among them electrospun nanofibrous membranes (ENMs) have received wide attention. However, pore blocking resulting from the formation of PM and/or water fouling layers remains a concern in their long-term utilization. Herein, we report a sandwich structure combining a fluffy layer and a hydrophobic layer to tackle this challenge, namely the polyacrylonitrile–silicon dioxide/polyester/polyvinylidene fluoride (PAN-SiO2/PET/PVDF) ENM. Expressly, to relieve the generation of PM fouling layers, a fluffy PAN-SiO2nanofiber layer with a large pore size and spacing between adjacent nanofibers was constructed by embedding micro-scale SiO2particles into the nanofibers. Furthermore, to avoid forming a water fouling layer, a hydrophobic PVDF nanofiber layer was constructed on the side close to the breathing part. This unique structure endows the PAN-SiO2/PET/PVDF ENM with stable permeability and competitive PM segregation efficiency. We anticipate that the developed system will be helpful to produce ENM based mask filters with antifouling properties for personal protection.

Temperature affects the emission behavior of formaldehyde from coatings. Initial emittable concentration (C0), diffusion coefficient (Dm) and partition coefficient (K) are three key parameters for characterizing the formaldehyde emission from coatings. However, recent research concerning temperature effect on volatile organic compound (VOC) emission from coatings mainly focused on the influence on gas-phase concentration or emission rate, and few studies were conducted on the correlation between temperature and key emission factors (C0, Dmand K). In this work, formaldehyde emission from a solvent-based coating was measured at 10, 15, 20 and 25°C in a 30 L environmental chamber. From 10 to 25°C, C0increased by 2.35-fold, and positive linear correlation was observed between ln(C0*T0.5) and 1/T. An empirical equation characterizing temperature effect on Kwas derived. Temperature effects on Dmwere negligible. Through the obtained equations that can characterize the correlation between temperature and the key parameters, C0and Kat different temperatures from this work can be easily calculated. This study would be useful for predicting emission behavior of formaldehyde from solvent-based coatings and better understanding the influence of temperature.

In this study, a copper ferrocyanide/silica/polyvinylidene fluoride (CuFC/SiO2/PVDF) hollow-fiber composite membrane was successfully synthesized through a facile and effective crosslinking strategy. The PVDF hollow-fiber membrane with embedded SiO2was used to fix the dispersion of CuFC nanoparticles for cesium (Cs) removal. The surface morphology and chemical composition of the composite membrane were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The composite membrane showed a high Cs rejection rate and membrane flux at the three layers of CuFC and 0.5% SiO2, and its Cs rejection rate was not affected by variation in the pH (pH = 4–10). The modified membrane could be effectively regenerated many times using ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). The Cs selectivity performance was verified by an efficient Cs rejection rate (76.25% and 88.67% in 8 h) in a solution of 100 μg·L−1of Cs with 1 mmol·L−1of competing cations (K+and Na+). The CuFC/SiO2/PVDF hollow-fiber composite membrane showed a particularly superior removal performance (greater than 90%) in natural surface water and simulated water with a low Cs concentration. Therefore, the CuFC/SiO2/PVDF hollow-fiber composite membrane can be used directly in engineering applications for the remediation of radioactive Cs-contaminated water.

Freshwater resources and energy are the two material foundations of human survival and the two challenges for human sustainable development. China’s huge population needs a large amount of freshwater for basic necessities. Desalination is an intelligent and promising technology for increasing water resources to realize a sustainable supply of freshwater. However, high levels of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions have restricted the development of desalination. Solar energy has the unique advantage that it can be harnessed in different forms. This paper discusses the water resources and solar energy utilization status in China and presents a comprehensive review on a possible solution: coupling desalination technologies with sustainable energy. China’s desalination market is reviewed, and the energy consumption for several desalination processes is summarized to present a brief outlook of desalination techniques in China. Potential coupled methods for solar-powered desalination are compared. This study will facilitate understanding of the latent water crisis in China and help China’s desalination market transition from conventional energy sources to choose an appropriate solar-powered desalination process.

This study focused on characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a vertical flow constructed wetland (VF CW) with a free water surface constructed wetland (FWS CW) in front using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. 3D-EEM fluorescence spectroscopy was employed to characterize the DOM samples along with the CW systems. Five main peaks could be identified from the 3D-EEM fluorescence spectra of the DOM samples in both CW systems. The fluorescence regional was divided into five parts and including five peaks using fluorescence regional integration method. The results indicated soluble microbial by-products (SMB) predominated in all the process and the DOM was mainly composed of SMB because of higher microbial activity and more microbial diversity in VF CW compared with FWS CW. We could conclude that VF CW had hardly removal ability of the humic acid-like. The hybrid CW systems had ability to remove the nonbiodegradable compounds and mostly owed to FWS CW.

A series of binary Mn-based materials (Fe-MnOx, Cu-MnOx, Cr-MnOx, and Mo-MnOx) were prepared by the coprecipitation method, and the mechanism for elemental mercury (Hg0) removal of Cr-MnOxin the absence and presence of SO2was investigated. The physicochemical structure properties of the fresh as well as spent Cr-MnOxsamples were well characterized by the methods of N2physisorption, XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, H2-TPR, XPS, and TPD. The experiment results revealed that the loading of Cr into/onto MnOxyielded above 90% of Hg0removal efficiency in the presence of SO2at 120 °C. However, the appearance of SO2would lead to the formation of chromium sulfate/sulfite and manganese sulfate/sulfite although much superior SO2resistance was obtained. According to the N2physisorption and XRD characterization results, Cr doping can enlarge the BET surface area of MnOxwhen Cr was doped into/onto MnO2, and the MnCrO4mixed oxide material was produced. Moreover, the H2-TPR result exhibited that Cr loading into/onto MnOxenhanced the redox property of Cr-MnOxmixed oxides and many more easily reduced species appeared in the mixture. The larger surface area and an abundance of reactive species could benefit from excellent performances of Hg0removal and superior SO2resistance although the DFT calculation showed almost the same adsorption energies of Hg0on MnO2(110) and Cr-MnO2(110) surfaces. The DFT calculation exhibited that the adsorption energy of SO2on the surface of Cr-MnO2(110) was much lower than that on MnO2(110), implying that Cr doping into MnO2would decrease the adsorption behavior of SO2, thereby improving its SO2resistance performance.

Co-gasification experiments of acid hydrolysis residues (AHR) and sewage sludge (SS) both derived from a lignocellulosic ethanol plant were preliminarily investigated in a downdraft fixed gasifier at atmosphere pressure. Attention was focused on the effects of the gasifier bed temperature (600–800 °C), SS content (0–100 wt %), and equivalence ratio (ER, 0.15–0.30) on the gas quality and cold gas efficiency (CGE). The results showed that the optimal low heating value (LHV) of fuel gas of 6.83 MJ/Nm3, CGE of 70.68%, and low tar content of 5.84 g/Nm3were obtained at 800 °C, SS content of 50 wt %, CaO/C (molar ratio) of 1.0, and ER of 0.22. A high temperature was favorable for high-quality gas production, and the optimum temperature was 800 °C, at which CaO mainly played the catalyst role but not the CO2sorbent. Synergetic effects occurred in the co-gasification, and gas quality could be improved in an appropriate proportion by blending 50 wt % SS with AHR. ER ranging from 0.20 to 0.22 improved gas quality and CGE; however, a higher ER favored the decrease of the tar content, and the optimal tar content of 4.00 g/Nm3was obtained with ER = 0.30. The results indicated the potential technology for air co-gasification of AHR and SS as an option for energy recovery and waste disposal as well as for light industry with agricultural feedstock.

Zwitterions of charge-balanced units have super-low fouling properties induced by ionic solvation, but their extensive applications in polymeric substrates are strictly constrained by current constructing strategies. A zwitterion-like, charge-balanced ultrathin layer with high antifouling capacity was covalently constructed on delicate aromatic polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes via a mild and solvent-free grafting-to strategy. Two oppositely charged commercial short-chain carbonyl alkenes, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) and methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (DMC), were directly mixed-grafted with amino groups on PA RO membrane surface via Michael addition. Under ambient temperature and pressure, these oppositely charged compounds were assembled into a zwitterion-like, charge-balanced ultrathin layer. The dynamic fouling experiments indicated that the modified membrane exhibited strong antifouling properties and excellent permeation recovery abilities. Surface characterization revealed that the selective layer thickness and surface roughness were not measurably changed. More meaningful is that the typical ridge-and-valley surface structure and the excellent separation performance were both well preserved after modification. This opens a universal avenue to construct a zwitterion-like, ultrathin antifouling layer on the delicate polymer substrate without compromising its original matrix structure and performance, which has promising application in areas of biosensors, tissue engineering, and biomaterials.

Chromium modified MnO x –TiO 2 (CMT), MnO x –TiO 2 (MT) and CrO x –TiO 2 (CT) adsorbents were prepared by a sol–gel method and were investigated for Hg 0 removal in the absence and presence of SO 2 . The fresh and used adsorbents were characterized by N 2 physisorption, XRD, FTIR, H 2 -TPR, XPS and TG. The results showed that the addition of Cr into MT can not only increase the activity of Hg 0 removal, but also improve its SO 2 resistance performance. The amount of manganese sulfate formed onto spent CMT was much higher than that of chromium sulfate, meaning that sulfate species were formed preferentially on Mn rather than Cr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the course of BOD, TN, and TP removal in four stable operating lab-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CWs) for domestic wastewater treatment was evaluated using a large pool of data from 7 years of operation. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of the different designs and the operational (planted and aeration or not) variables on the long-term treatment. The four devices used in the experiment, including aerated and planted CW (APCW), planted CW (PCW), aerated CW (ACW) and unaerated and unplanted CW(UCW), had the identical dimensions of 3 m in length, 0.7 m in width and 1 m in depth. Removal efficiencies of BOD and TN in APCW reached up to 94.4% and 86.0%. Also, BOD and TN removal of APCW varied little with the seasonal change, while that of PCW, ACW, and UCW had considerable fluctuation. Aeration had a significant influence on phosphorus removal in the long term, and plants could disrupt the structure of substrate to extend the time of absorption saturation. Correlation analysis showed that aeration and plants could accelerate CW to obtain a steady state either for BOD or TN removal. In the long run, we also found that removal rates of TN, TP, and organic matter were increased, decreased and almost constant, respectively.

In order to understand the characteristics and relationships between indoor and outdoor PM2.5during the heating period of 2014 in Beijing, the investigation of PM2.5and associated species including organic and elemental carbon (OC/EC), water soluble ions, metal elements and trace organic matter (OM) were undertaken at a residential apartment. The average PM2.5concentration was 55.2 ± 47.3 µg m−3for indoor and 100.4 ± 82.1 µg m−3for outdoor, and the indoor PM2.5was found to be mainly from outdoors. OM and (NH4)2SO4were the dominated components of PM2.5, accounted for 71.5% in indoor PM2.5and 52.4% in outdoor PM2.5, followed by fine soil and NH4NO3(23.7% and 27.9%). The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentration was 187.3 ng m−3and 387.0 ng m−3, and the phthalic acid esters (PAEs) concentration reached 1054.2 ng m−3and 515.3 ng m−3, for indoor and outdoor, respectively. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) only existed indoors (5.5 ng m−3). HCB and most PAEs in indoor PM2.5were dominated by indoor sources whereas other species were greatly influenced by outdoor sources especially during the pollution period.

Pyrolysis of oily sludge (OS) is a feasible technology to match the principle of reduction and recycling; however, it is difficult to confirm the feasible environmental destination and meet the corresponding requirements. Therefore, an integrated strategy of biochar-assisted catalytic pyrolysis (BCP) of OS and residue utilization for soil reclamation is investigated in this study. During the catalytic pyrolysis process, biochar as a catalyst intensifies the removal of recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbons at the expense of liquid product yield. Concurrently, biochar as an adsorbent can inhibit the release of micromolecular gaseous pollutants (e.g. HCN, H2S, and HCl) and stabilize heavy metals. Due to the assistance of biochar, pyrolysis reactions of OS are more likely to occur and require a lower temperature to achieve the same situation. During the soil reclamation process, the obtained residue as a soil amendment can not only provide a carbon source and mineral nutrients but can also improve the abundance and diversity of microbial communities. Thus, it facilitates the plant germination and the secondary removal of petroleum hydrocarbons. The integrated strategy of BCP of OS and residue utilization for soil reclamation is a promising management strategy, which is expected to realize the coordinated and benign disposal of more than one waste.

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Biomass pyrolysis oil can be improved effectively by electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH). However, the unclear interactions among different components lead to low bio-oil upgrading efficiency in the conversion process. Herein, benzaldehyde and phenol, as common compounds in bio-oil, were chosen as model compounds. The interactions between the two components were explored in the ECH process by combining experiments and theoretical calculations. Results showed that phenol could accelerate the conversion of benzaldehyde in the ECH. The selectivity of benzyl alcohol was increased from 60.9% of unadded phenol to 99.1% with 30 mmol/L phenol concentration at 5 h. Benzaldehyde inhibited the ECH of phenol. In the presence of benzaldehyde, the conversion rate of phenol was below 10.0% with no cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol formation at 5 h. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the phenol could promote the adsorption of benzaldehyde and facilitate the targeted conversion of benzaldehyde on the active site by lowering the reaction energy barrier. The research on the interaction between phenol and benzaldehyde in the ECH provides a theoretical basis for the application of ECH in practical bio-oil upgrading.

A novel hybrid anaerobic-contact oxidation biofilm baffled reactor (HAOBR) was developed to simultaneously remove nitrogenous and carbonaceous organic pollutants from decentralized molasses wastewater in the study. The study was based on the inoculation of anaerobic granule sludge in anaerobic compartments and the installation of combination filler in aerobic compartments. The performance of reactor system was studied regarding the hydraulic retention time (HRT), microbial characteristics and the gas water ratio (GWR). When the HRT was 24h and the GWR was 20:1, total ammonia and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the effluent were reduced by 99% and 91.8%, respectively. The reactor performed stably for treating decentralized molasses wastewater. The good performance of the reactor can be attributed to the high resistance of COD and hydraulic shock loads. In addition, the high solid retention time of contact oxidation biofilm contributed to stable performance of the reactor.

Improving chlorine stability is a high priority for aromatic polyamide (PA) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes especially in long-term desalination. In this Research Article, PA RO membranes of sustainable chlorine resistance was synthesized. Glycylglycine (Gly) was grafted onto the membrane surface as a regenerative chlorine sacrificial layer, and the zeta-potential was used to monitor the membrane performance and to conduct timely regeneration operations for chlorinated Gly. The Gly-grafted PA membrane exhibited ameliorative chlorine resistance in which the N–H moiety of glycylglycine served as sacrificial pendants against chlorine attacks. Cyclic chlorination experiments, combined with FT-IR and XPS analysis, were carried out to characterize the membrane. Results indicated that the resulting N-halamines could be fast regenerated by a simple alkaline reduction step (pH 10). A synchronous relationship between the zeta-potential and the chlorination extent of the sacrificial layer was observed. This indicated that the zeta-potential can be used as an on-site sensor to conduct a timely regeneration operation. The intrinsic mechanism of the surface sacrificial process was also studied.

The transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has presented challenges for the control of the indoor environment of isolation wards. Scientific air distribution design and operation management are crucial to ensure the environmental safety of medical staff. This paper proposes the application of adaptive wall-based attachment ventilation and evaluates this air supply mode based on contaminants dispersion, removal efficiency, thermal comfort, and operating expense. Adaptive wall-based attachment ventilation provides a direct supply of fresh air to the occupied zone. In comparison with a ceiling air supply or upper sidewall air supply, adaptive wall-based attachment ventilation results in a 15%–47% lower average concentration of contaminants, for a continual release of contaminants at the same air changes per hour (ACH; 10 h−1). The contaminant removal efficiency of complete mixing ventilation cannot exceed 1. For adaptive wall-based attachment ventilation, the contaminant removal efficiency is an exponential function of the ACH. Compared with the ceiling air supply mode or upper sidewall air supply mode, adaptive wall-based attachment ventilation achieves a similar thermal comfort level (predicted mean vote (PMV) of −0.1–0.4; draught rate of 2.5%–6.7%) and a similar performance in removing contaminants, but has a lower ACH and uses less energy.

Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater. Desalinated seawater is an important alternative water source for sustainable irrigation. However, some issues of the current desalination technology hinder its use for agriculture irrigation, including low boron removal and high energy consumption. This study systematically explored the feasibility of employing fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) as an alternative to 2nd pass reverse osmosis (RO) by considering the boron removal performance and specific energy consumption (SEC). Different operating conditions were investigated, such as the boron and NaCl concentrations in feed solution (FS), draw solution (DS) concentration, pH, the volume ratio of FS to DS, membrane orientation, flow rate, and operating temperature. The results indicated that a low boron concentration in FS and high DS pH (pH = 11.0) decreased the boron solute flux, and led to low final boron concentration in the DS. The other operating conditions had negligible influence on the final DS boron concentration. Also, a lower flow rate and higher specific water flux with certain permeate water volumes were conducive to reducing the SEC of the FDFO process. Overall, our study paves a new way of using FDFO in irrigation, which avoids the phytotoxicity and human health risk of boron. The results show the potential of FDFO as an alternative to 2nd pass RO for irrigation water production.

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The vasoprotective drug calcium dobesilate is known to interfere with creatinine (Cr) quantifications in sarcosine oxidase enzymatic (SOE) assays. The aim of this study was to investigate this interference in 8 different commercially available assays and to determine its clinical significance.

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