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ABSTRACTIntroductionHyperuricemia is a common metabolic disease, which is a risk factor for gouty arthritis and ureteral stones and may also lead to cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CDK). Therefore, hyperuricemia should be treated early. Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs) and uricosuric agents (UAs), which target uric acid, are two types of medications that are used to treat gout and hyperuricemia. XOIs stop the body from producing excessive uric acid, while UAs eliminate it rapidly via the kidneys. Urate transporter 1 (URAT1) belongs to the organic anion transporter family (OAT) and is specifically localized to the apical membrane of the epithelial cells of proximal tubules. Unlike other organic anion transporter family members, URAT1 identifies and transports organic anions that are primarily responsible for urate transport.Areas coveredThis article reviews the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the existing URAT1 inhibitors to serve as a reference for subsequent drug studies.Expert opinionThe URAT1 inhibitors that are currently used as clinical drugs mainly include dotinurad, benzbromarone, and probenecid. Results indicate that RDEA3170 may be the most promising inhibitor, in addition to SHR4640, URC-102, and MBX-102, which are in the early stages of development.

Carbon utilization, and sequestration (CUS) in tight oil reservoirs stands as a pivotal strategy for enhancing oil recovery and mitigating CO2emissions. Research on CUS mainly focuses on the calculation of overall displacement efficiency and the total sequestration amount. However, the primary control and sequestration mechanisms throughout the life cycle of CUS, as well as the contribution of each mechanism at different development stages and under various injection and production parameters, are not clear, which limits effective guidance for oilfield development. Therefore, this paper studies the entire life cycle of tight oil reservoirs, from water flooding to CO2flooding and CO2sequestration after reservoir abandonment. The contribution degree changes of dissolution, structural, residual gas and mineralized sequestration mechanisms during the whole life cycle are analyzed. The results show that the main sequestration mechanism during CO2flooding stage and injection sequestration stage after shutting down production wells is structural sequestration, which accounts for 84.75%. In the 2000 years following the cessation of CO2injection, the proportion of structural sequestration gradually decreases, with a cumulative decrease of 12.41%, and it is mainly converted to the other three sequestration modes, with the largest increase in mineralization sequestration, reaching 8.81%, mainly due to the reaction of dicalcium silicate with CO2to produce more stable calcite. When the injection pressure was increased from 23 MPa to 44 MPa, the sequestration efficiency increased by 18.45%. An interesting finding is that the solubility of CO2in water in the target reservoir reaches its lowest point at 80 °C, and both warming and cooling at this point are conducive to the dissolution and sequestration of CO2. The initial pH value of formation water mainly affects mineralization and sequestration. The rate of calcite production and the contribution of CO2dissolution and sequestration are positively correlated with water saturation. The findings underscore the importance of understanding dynamic contributions of various sequestration mechanisms and optimizing conditions to enhance CO2sequestration efficiency.

The matching of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based electrolytes with ultrahigh-nickel cathode materials is crucial for designing new-generation high-energy-density solid-state lithium metal batteries (SLMBs), but it is limited by serious interfacial side reactions between PEO and ultrahigh-nickel materials. Here, a high-concentration electrolyte (HCE) interface with a customized Li+solvation sheath is constructed between the cathode and the electrolyte. It induces the formation of an anion-regulated robust cathode/electrolyte interface (CEI), reduces the unstable free-state solvent, and finally achieves the compatibility of PEO-based electrolytes with ultrahigh-nickel cathode materials. Meanwhile, the corrosion of the Al current collector caused by lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) ions is prevented by lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) ions. The synergistic effect of the double lithium salt is achieved by a well-tailored ratio of TFSI–and DFOB–in the first solvation sheath of Li+. Compared with reported PEO-based SLMBs matched with ultrahigh-nickel (Ni ≥ 90%) cathodes, the SLMB in this work delivers a high discharge specific capacity of 216.4 mAh g–1(0.1C) even at room temperature. This work points out a direction to optimize the cathode/electrolyte interface.