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Recently, formamidinium tin iodide (CH(NH2)2SnI3, FASnI3) perovskite has emerged as a promising candidate for lead-free perovskite solar cells. However, a limited power conversion efficiency (PCE) was achieved when the conventional TiO2and Spiro-OMeTAD were selected as the electron transport layer and hole transport layer (ETL/HTL), respectively. By employing numerical modeling of the FTO/TiO2/FASnI3/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au heterostructure, we noticed that the conduction-band offset (ΔEC) between TiO2/perovskite and valence-band offset (ΔEV) between perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD layers are suboptimal, resulting in limited PCE. To overcome this shortcoming, we replace WO3and inorganic Cu2ZnSn1–xGexS4(CZTGS) as the ETL and HTL, respectively, which dramatically improves the PCE by creating a suitable ΔECand ΔEV. This behavior has been investigated by the simulation using impedance spectroscopy, revealing that the high VOCand PCE are attributed to the relatively large recombination resistance (Rrec) at the CZTGS/perovskite interface. Further enhancement in PCE has been attained by replacing the MoOx:Au composite for the Au back contact. Considering the paramount importance of electronic levels of the active layer in device physics, we further optimize the band gap and electron affinity of the FASnI3layer and study the corresponding changes in solar cell parameters. The combined effect of material simulation on the modified device exhibited an inspiring PCE of 17.1% and VOCof 0.75 V, which are mainly attributed to the correct energy level alignment at different heterojunctions and suitable work function of the alternative back contact.

El objetivo del estudio es comparar 3 métodos para medición de rótula alta en niños, Caton-Deschamps, Blackburne-Peel y Koshino-Sugimoto, y determinar cuál es el valor normal de cada método en un grupo de niños normales.

La caída de los pacientes en el hospital es un evento adverso frecuente y la identificación del riesgo de caer y realizar intervenciones para prevenirlas es responsabilidad de la enfermera.

Relativistic electrons dynamics is still challenging to predict during the main phase of a storm. In particular, three dimensions radiation belt models, for which temporal resolution is limited, fail in predicting their behavior, especially when dropouts occur. In this paper we present a new model of magnetopause shadowing losses to be incorporated into the ONERA Salammbô code in order to improve the model accuracy. We show in this paper that above a few hundred keVs, magnetopause shadowing is the first contribution to losses in the outer electron belt during dropout events. Global variations of Earth‐magnetopause distance and relativistic electron flux have been analyzed to establish the correlation between the magnetopause shadowing and dropouts on the outer electron radiation belt during geomagnetic storms. To that purpose, a Superposed Epoch Analysis has been done using NOAA Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite 15 measurements. First, a list of 67 Stream Interfaces has been used to validate the method, and then the Superposed Epoch Analysis has been run over more than one solar cycle. Our results show that the model of magnetopause location we have developed fits well with a Superposed Epoch Analysis performed and that we are able to define a criteria based on it that detect intense dropouts. Finally, we have included this model in the Salammbô code, and we present here the improvements obtained as well as the validation made. The prime role of magnetopause shadowing during intense dropouts is highlighted in this workA simplistic but functional model of magnetopause shadowing is introducedAn improved version of Salammbô code is presented, taking into account magnetopause shadowing effect‐induced losses

Existen pocos estudios que evalúen las características radiológicas del desarrollo de la tuberosidad tibial anterior (TTA). El presente trabajo tiene por objeto evaluar las características radiológicas de la TTA en una población pediátrica de acuerdo a grupos de edad.

Analizar la evidencia científica sobre le efectividad del tratamiento en el abordaje de la marcha de puntillas idiopática.

The sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] cultivar CI0947bmr(Reg. No. CV‐137, PI 672153) was jointly developed and released by the Centro Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria y Forestal (CENTA) research program in El Salvador and the Texas A&M Agrilife Research sorghum breeding program in 2013. CI0947bmris a brown midrib (bmr), dual‐purpose sorghum selected for productivity in Central American environments. CI0947bmrwas developed from a pedigree breeding program, and it was derived from a BC1F2population of the pedigree B03292bmr/Tortillero//Tortillero. All generation advancement and selection were completed in San Andres, El Salvador. To confirm performance of the line, CI0947bmrwas evaluated in replicated yield trials in 10 Central American environments ranging from Panama to Guatemala in 2010 and 2011. Compared with Sureno (a non‐bmrdual‐purpose sorghum cultivar grown in the region), CI0947bmris similar in maturity, dry biomass yield, grain yield, and composition, with lower concentration of lignin and higher in vitro dry matter digestibility and total digestible nutrients. Given these characteristics, CI0947bmrcan be used for forage production (grazing and silage) or for grain production with the post‐harvest plant residue suitable as forage. In addition, producers can save seed for replanting. This cultivar is designed to provide small livestock producers and dairies in Central America with access to sorghum forage with improved forage quality without sacrificing dry matter yield, grain yield, or grain quality.

We investigated how ventilation with low tidal volumes affects the pharmacokinetics of sevoflurane uptake during the first minutes of inhaled anaesthesia.

To evaluate ex vivo the accuracy of the multifrequency electronic apex locator (EAL) Joypex 5 in primary molars. Fourteen primary molars were selected for a total of 25 root canals. Working length measurements were performed by direct observation (DO), using a 15 K-file into the root canal until its tip was visible at the apical foramen and electronically using the EALs Joypex 5. Data were analysed statistically using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). To assess whether a significant difference in accuracy of the electronic apex locator existed, the Student’s ttest was performed at 5 % significance. No statistical difference was observed between the direct observation and the EAL measurement (p< 0.05). The ICC confirmed the agreement of different methods to measure canal length. The R2coefficient was close to 1, denoting a strong agreement between measures obtained with Joypex 5 and DO. The multifrequency EALs Joypex 5 showed adequate accuracy in the root length determination of primary teeth.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the subgingival microbiota and determine the most prevalent periodontal pathogens implicated in feline periodontal disease and to correlate these findings with the clinical periodontal status. Subgingival microbiological samples were taken under sedation from 50 cats with clinical signs of periodontal disease. Pooled paper point samples from 4 selected subgingival sites were cultured on blood agar and on Dentaid-1 medium. Suspected pathogens were identified, subcultured, and preserved. The association between the microbiological findings and the clinical status was studied using correlation coefficients (CC). In addition, cats were stratified in subgroups according to presence of putative pathogens, and comparisons were carried out using unpaired t-test. Three bacterial species were frequently detected including Porphyromonas gulae (86 %), Porphyromonas circumdentaria (70 %) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (90 %). The mean proportion of total flora was high for P. gulae (32.54 %), moderate for P. circundentaria (8.82 %), and low for F. nucleatum (3.96 %). Among the clinical variables, tooth mobility was correlated (CC > 0.50, p < 0.001) with recession, pocket depth, attachment level, gingival index, and calculus index (CC = 0.29, p = 0.04) as well as with total bacterial counts (CC = 0.38, p = 0.006). Cats with more than 10 % of P. gulae showed significantly more mobility (p = 0.014) and recession (p = 0.038), and a tendency for deeper probing pocket depths (p = 0.084) and attachment loss (p = 0.087). The results from this cross-sectional study confirmed that P. gulae is the most relevant pathogen in periodontal disease in cats.

A numerical study of the effects of tapering a hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBGF) on the spatial parameters: effective area, nonlinear parameter and dispersion parameter is presented. The taper on the fiber is modeled by scaling the cross section of the original fiber geometry. Both the air and the silica contribution to the effective area and the nonlinear parameter are shown. The obtained results show a blueshift of the transmission band and of the zero-dispersion wavelength. By tapering the fiber 30%, the transmission band and the zerodispersion wavelength blueshift around 300 nm and 320 nm, respectively. HC-PBGFs have made possible the study of nonlinear optical effects and by tapering the fiber, such nonlinear phenomena can be made stronger.

We present the calculations of the higher order dispersion coefficients in a photonic crystal fiber. The dispersion coefficient is obtained from the calculated effective index of the fiber structure by double differentiation with respect to the wavelength (or frequency), or from the integral formula used to calculate the group index. Although both approaches are equivalent we show that they lead to totally dissimilar results, like different zero dispersion wavelength and hence the higher-order dispersion coefficients are different. In fact, the way in which the higher-order dispersion coefficients are calculated will affect the prediction of the dynamics of the supercontinuum generation. This effect will be discussed in this work.

Between 1998 and 2007, 22 patients with fractures of the scapula had operative treatment more than three weeks after injury. The indications for operation included displaced intra-articular fractures, medialisation of the glenohumeral joint, angular deformity, or displaced double lesions of the superior shoulder suspensory complex.Radiological and functional outcomes were obtained for 16 of 22 patients. Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, Hand (DASH) and Short form-36 scores were collected for 14 patients who were operated on after March 2002. The mean delay from injury to surgery was 30 days (21 to 57). The mean follow-up was for 27 months (12 to 72). At the last review the mean DASH score was 14 (0 to 41). Of the 16 patients with follow-up, 13 returned to their previous employment and recreational activities without restrictions. No wound complications, infection or nonunion occurred.Malunion of the scapula can be prevented by surgical treatment of fractures in patients with delayed presentation. Surgery is safe, effective, and gives acceptable functional results.

The fatigue crack growth of longitudinal SAW welds of a API 5L X42 steel pipe was evaluated using curved three point bend test specimens, where the radius of curvature of the specimens was equal to the pipe radius, so that no extensive machining or flattening was required. The fatigue crack growth tests were done in a servohydraulic closed loop machine under load control, in air at room temperature. The da/dN vs ∆K plots and Paris’s equation constants were obtained for the base metal, deposited metal and heat affected zone in the CR orientation, which corresponds to the short transverse direction of the pipe. The greater resistance to fatigue crack growth was the base metal, whereas the deposited metal showed the least resistance to the fatigue crack propagation. The deposited metal and the heat affected zone behaved according to Paris’s law, unlike the base metal, that showed a high dispersion of the fatigue crack growth rates. This behavior was due to the propagation of the crack in the direction transverse to the banded microstructure. Furthermore, the differences in fatigue crack growth rates among each zone were also related to the roughness of the fracture surfaces and fracture toughness.

Las células dendríticas son células presentadoras de antígeno capaces de inducir la activación y maduración de linfocitos T CD4+ vírgenes hacia un fenotipo efector especifico Th1 o Th2, dependiendo del tipo de antigeno presentado, las senales co-estimuladoras que expresan y el ambiente de citoquinas en el cual se produce la interaccion celula-celula. El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la respuesta de las celulas dendriticas estimuladas in vitrocon distintas concentraciones de las bacterias periodontopatógenas Pgy Aa. En celulas dendriticas derivadas de monocitos de sangre periferica estimuladas con 101a 109bacterias/mL de Pgy Aase evaluo la expresion del marcador de maduracion CD80 mediante citometria de flujo y de las citoquinas IL1β, IL2, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, IL13, IFNγ, TNFα y TNFβ mediante RT-PCR cuantitativa. Aay Pgindujeron maduracion de las celulas dendriticas, detectandose significativamente mayor expresion de CD80 con la estimulacion de Aa, e indujeron predominantemente la expresion de citoquinas propias de una respuesta Th1. Dependiendo de la carga bacteriana, fueron detectados distintos umbrales de induccion de expresion de citoquinas. Aaindujo la sintesis de IL1β, IL12, IFNγ, TNFα y TNFβ a menor carga bacteriana que Pg. Tomados en conjunto, estos datos nos permiten especular un mayor potencial antigenico y proyectar una mayor capacidad patogenica durante la infeccion periodontal de Aaen comparación a Pg.

We report an ultra-widely tunable long-period holey-fiber grating, which combines the wide-range single-mode behavior and transverse strain sensitivity of the holey fibers with the advantages of mechanically induced long-period fiber gratings. We obtain a versatile widely tunable long-period holey-fiber grating with attractive transmission spectral characteristics for optical communications, fiber-based amplifiers, and lasers. The mechanically induced long-period holey-fiber grating shows a continuous tuning range over 500 nm, more than 12 dB depth notches with less than 0.75 dB out-of-band losses, and bandwidth control from 10 to 40 nm.

Polycarbonate/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PC/PCL) blends are found to be miscible when extruded samples are studied without any further thermal treatment. PCL crystallizes in blends containing 60% or less polycarbonate, a component that remains amorphous for all blend compositions under these conditions. Single, broad calorimetric glass transitions together with distinct component dynamics determined by thermally stimulated depolarization current experiments indicate the miscibility of the blends and the existence of different average local compositions. The Lodge−McLeish model is applied to the compositional variation of the two effective glass transition temperatures. Quantitative agreement is obtained for both components by adjusting the self-concentration values to best fit the experimental points. The relevant length for PCL is very close to its Kuhn length, whereas for PC the best fit leads to a slightly shorter characteristic length. It is shown that upon annealing at sufficiently high-temperature PC undergoes crystallization and thereby induces phase segregation in the otherwise amorphous regions of the blends.

Dairy manure application to soils can result in phosphorus (P)‐related degradation of water quality. The P in these manure‐impacted soils can be labile even years after abandonment and under conditions normally associated with high P stability. Failure of P to stabilize with time compounds the environmental consequences of dairy manure disposal, especially on sandy soils. The objectives of this study were to compare chemical characteristics of active and abandoned dairy manure–impacted soils and minimally impacted soils and to assess the continuous release of P in relation to sparingly soluble salts using repeated water extractions, X‐ray diffraction, and speciation modeling of column leachates. Soil samples from Ap horizons were collected from nine highly manure‐impacted (total P > 1000 mg P kg−1soil) areas on four active and five abandoned dairies and four minimally impacted soils (total P < 200 mg P kg−1soil). Soil extracts were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), Ca, Mg, Na, and K. The EC of the soil solutions decreased as active dairy > abandoned dairy > minimally impacted soils. Release of Mg and SRP were significantly correlated (r2= 0.68) and did not decline after abandonment; Ca release was not correlated with SRP (r2= 0.01), and declined significantly (p< 0.05) after abandonment. Speciation data from column leachates suggested that Mg‐P phases and/or the most soluble Ca‐P phases could control P solution activities. An implication of this study is that P stabilization via crystallization of calcium phosphates (even at near‐neutral pH) may be preempted by Mg‐P association. Thus, mechanisms to minimize P release may require P‐retaining soil amendments or management of animal rations to eliminate Mg‐P formation.

Spain's Salmonella surveillance system backed by regionally-based epidemiologists around the country made it possible to detect and halt the spread of a foodborne salmonellosis outbreak due to powdered infant formula contaminated with a lactose-fermenting strain of Salmonella virchow. Forty-eight cases involving children, mostly under 7 months old, were detected in 14 out of Spain's 17 Regions. The outbreak started in January and ended in June 1994. All cases were microbiologically confirmed. The implicated strain had a 3.6 kb plasmid, was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except nitrofurantoin and was phagetype 4a. Isolates from 8 of 24 Brand “A” milk samples tested had the same characteristics as case isolates. All affected/suspect batches of Brand “A” milk were destroyed and the product withdrawn from sale, which led to the end of the outbreak. This incident underscores the importance of maintaining surveillance systems able to detect and prevent foodborne outbreaks and alert to the possibility of isolating unusual lactose-fermenting Salmonella serotypes in especially sensitive food products.

Abstract.: Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces neuritelike process outgrowth in cultured adult pancreatic β cells. DbcAMP partially mimics this effect on cell morphology, and both compounds act synergistically to promote neuritelike process outgrowth. To determine if NGF- and dbcAMP-induced differentiation was accompanied by changes in β cell electrical activity, we studied the macroscopic Na current of adult rat β cells identified with the reverse hemolytic plaque assay and cultured for one week with these factors. After 5–7 days, β cells cultured in the presence of 2.5S NGF exhibited a 48% increase on the macroscopic Na current, which was due to an increase on Na current density. We did not observe changes on voltage dependence of current activation, nor on steady-state inactivation. Although dbcAMP also promotes changes on β cell morphology, it did not affect the Na current density.

Three 46,XY unrelated individuals out of 84 postpubertal male inpatients with severe mental deficiency in a psychiatric hospital were found to have megalorchidia and macrogenitosomia. One of the cases had a similarly affected brother. Endocrine studies were performed in two of the cases with similar results. Normal plasma levels of pituitary gonadotropins were found. A normal testicular function was demonstrated by the finding of normal: (a) baseline plasma testosterone levels and a significant rise following human chorionic gonadotropin administration, (b) sperm analysis, and (c) morphology and cell architecture of the testes. These results were compatible with normofunctional testicular hyperplasia confirming previous observations and allowing the definite individualization of a syndrome with mental deficiency probably due to an X-linked recessive mutation.

ABSTRACTFew data are available concerning behavior of reimplanted human hematopoietic cells after autologous stem cell transplantation. This paper reports the possibility to transfer gene markers coding for -galactosidase (-Gal) activity by retroviral vectors into a human leukemic growth factor-dependent cell line, TF-1, and into human hematopoietic progenitors isolated from peripheral blood or bone marrow. Using various combinations of retroviral vectors and packaging cell lines, we demonstrated high expression of a bacterial -Gal activity induced by the LacZ gene, the nlsLacZ gene, or the Sh-ble/LacZ gene, in human hematopoietic cells. The expression of the nlsLacZ construct was stable until the end of the culture in infected CD34cell-enriched cell populations, and a slow decrease of transgene expression was observed in a transduced TF-1 cell population during a 1-year long-term culture. Data obtained with the nlsLacZ gene demonstrate that both retroviral transfer and corresponding gene expression were not found to modify the pattern of cell proliferation and differentiation. These results open interesting prospectives for the use of the nlsLacZ gene to mark and follow the fate of progenitor cells isolated from patients with cancers prior to reimplantation.