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Sediment is considered the largest surface water pollutant by volume, which is crucial for surface water planning and management. Different management scenario evaluations require multiple in-stream suspended sediment forecasts and estimations. Physically-based models are considered to be good modeling techniques for suspended sediment estimation; nevertheless, they require a large number of parameters and intensive calculations. This study aims to enhance suspended sediment predicting techniques using efficient fusion modeling that can be used for evaluations by watershed managers and stakeholders. Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and Bayesian regression models were tested to find the best alternative to a calibrated and validated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to predict suspended sediment loads in the Saginaw River watershed. For both methods, four different method-types were tested, namely General, Temporal, Spatialand Spatiotemporal. Results of the study showed that both methods can be used as good alternatives to the SWAT model at the global level for watershed estimations. The best suspended sediment replicating models, the Bayesian Spatiotemporaland ANFIS Spatial, produced results with Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency values of 0.95 and 0.94, respectively. For the subbasin level, Bayesian and ANFIS techniques showed satisfactory results for 84 and 77 subbasins, respectively, out of 155 subbasins in the watershed. Box-Cox transformation of suspended sediment load values, made the use of the Bayesian model feasible and improved the prediction of the ANFIS models. However, suspended sediment data exhibited a bimodal distribution after transformation, making the modeling process challenging and complex.

The distribution of slip during subduction megathrust earthquakes depends on the slip deficit that accumulates on the plate interface prior to the event. We develop 3‐D finite element models of subduction zones to investigate how locked zones restrict surrounding regions on the plate boundary from sliding. What is new is that we quantify the slip around asperities on the megathrust. The models show plate interface slip increasing from zero at the edge of a locked zone to the relative plate motion over a distance of ~200 km along the megathrust. This area of reduced slip accumulates a seismic moment deficit up to 10 times larger than the moment deficit in the asperity alone. Updip of locked areas, slip at the trench can be reduced by more than 50% of the plate motion. Despite large displacements of the upper plate near the trench, this region moves as a semirigid block. Rupture models of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, its tsunami characteristics, and geophysical observations near the trench can be interpreted to reflect the consequences of slip deficit accumulated on a low friction interface updip of the seismogenic zone. Neighboring asperities affect plate interface slip in a nonlinear way. Multiple asperities have overlapping pseudo‐coupled regions that may restrict the magnitude of coseismic slip in single‐asperity ruptures. Once an earthquake has a rupture length greater than ~250 km, it may recover the entire accumulated slip deficit. This is consistent with the magnitude of coseismic slip in several recent great megathrust earthquakes. Locked asperities on subduction megathrusts cause slip deficit to accumulate in regions that would otherwise slide at the convergence rateUnruptured locked zones restrict the maximum magnitude of slip in earthquakes that rupture adjacent sections of the plate boundaryModeled patterns of interseismic deformation near the trench are compatible with tsunami‐related coseismic observations

AbstractUnderstanding deuterium-tritium mix in capsules is critical to achieving fusion within inertial confined fusion experiments. One method of understanding how the mix of hydrogen fuels can be controlled is by creating various structured deuterated foams and filling the capsule with liquid tritium. Historically, these materials have been a stochastically structured gas-blown foam. Later, to improve the uniformity of this material, pore formers have been used which are then chemically removed, leaving behind a foam of monodisperse voids. However, this technique is still imperfect in that fragments of the pore templating particles may not be completely removed and the void distribution may not be uniform over the size scale of the capsule. Recently, advances in three-dimensional printing suggest that it can be used to create microlattices and capsule walls in one single print. Demonstrated here are proof-of-concept microlattices produced using two-photon polymerization with submicrometer resolution of various structures as well as a microlattice-containing capsule. With this technology, complete control of the mixing structure is possible, amenable to modeling and easily modified for tailored target design.

In April 2017, a sequence of earthquakes offshore Valparaíso, Chile, raised concerns of a potential megathrust earthquake in the near future. The largest event in the 2017 sequence was a M6.9 on 24 April, seemingly colocated with the last great‐sized earthquake in the region—a M8.0 in March 1985. The history of large earthquakes in this region shows significant variation in rupture size and extent, typically highlighted by a juxtaposition of large ruptures interspersed with smaller magnitude sequences. We show that the 2017 sequence ruptured an area between the two main slip patches during the 1985 earthquake, rerupturing a patch that had previously slipped during the October 1973 M6.5 earthquake sequence. A significant gap in historic ruptures exists directly to the south of the 2017 sequence, with large enough moment deficit to host a great‐sized earthquake in the near future, if it is locked. The 2017 Valparaíso sequence occurred between the two main patches of moment release from the 1985 Valparaíso earthquakeA large gap in historic ruptures south of the 2017 sequence, suggests a potential for great‐sized earthquakes here in the near futureLow resolution in geodetic coupling to the south of the 2017 sequence denotes the need for seafloor geodetic monitoring in subduction zones

Following the 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, uncertainty over the nature of the coseismic rupture developed. Seismological evidence pointed to significant involvement of the subduction megathrust, while geodetic and field observations pointed to a shallow set of intracrustal faults as the main participants during the earthquake. The addition of tsunami observations and modeling as reported in Bai et al. (2017) places additional constraints on the specific location of coseismic slip, which when combined with other observations indicates the simultaneous occurrence of shallow slip on the subduction interface and slip on overlying, upper crustal fault structures. This Kaikoura‐style earthquake, involving synchronous ruptures on multiple components of the plate boundary, is an important mode of plate boundary deformation affecting seismic hazard along subduction zones. Complex Kaikoura earthquake ruptured subduction interface and produced large surface offsets on crustal strike‐slip faultsBai et al. (2017) demonstrate that tsunami observations imply coseismic slip occurred on the shallow megathrustCombining multiple geophysical observations helps constrain nature of earthquake rupture process

On 16 September 2015, a Mw8.3 earthquake ruptured the subduction zone offshore of Illapel, Chile, generating an aftershock sequence with 14 Mw6.0–7.0 events. A double source Wphase moment tensor inversion consists of a Mw7.2 subevent and the main Mw8.2 phase. We determine two slip models for the mainshock, one using teleseismic broadband waveforms and the other using static GPS and InSAR surface displacements, which indicate high slip north of the epicenter and west‐northwest of the epicenter near the oceanic trench. These models and slip distributions published in other studies suggest spatial slip uncertainties of ~25 km and have peak slip values that vary by a factor of 2. We relocate aftershock hypocenters using a Bayesian multiple‐event relocation algorithm, revealing a cluster of aftershocks under the Chilean coast associated with deep (20–45 km depth) mainshock slip. Less vigorous aftershock activity also occurred near the trench and along strike of the main aftershock region. Most aftershocks are thrust‐faulting events, except for normal‐faulting events near the trench. Coulomb failure stress change amplitudes and signs are uncertain for aftershocks collocated with deeper mainshock slip; other aftershocks are more clearly associated with loading from the mainshock. These observations reveal a frictionally heterogeneous interface that ruptured in patches at seismogenic depths (associated with many aftershocks) and with homogeneous slip (and few aftershocks) up to the trench. This event likely triggered seismicity separate from the main slip region, including along‐strike events on the megathrust and intraplate extensional events. Illapel mainshock slip models all have large slip north and northwest of epicenter but large uncertainties in slip location and amplitudeHigh‐quality aftershock relocations reveal complex relationship between mainshock slip and aftershocks on megathrust at 20–45 km depthStatic stress transfer from mainshock may trigger megathrust and near‐trench normal‐faulting aftershocks

A devastating tsunami struck Palu Bay in the wake of the 28 September 2018 Mw= 7.5 Palu earthquake (Sulawesi, Indonesia). With a predominantly strike‐slip mechanism, the question remains whether this unexpected tsunami was generated by the earthquake itself, or rather by earthquake‐induced landslides. In this study we examine the tsunami potential of the co‐seismic deformation. To this end, we present a novel geodetic data set of Global Positioning System and multiple Synthetic Aperture Radar‐derived displacement fields to estimate a 3D co‐seismic surface deformation field. The data reveal a number of fault bends, conforming to our interpretation of the tectonic setting as a transtensional basin. Using a Bayesian framework, we provide robust finite fault solutions of the co‐seismic slip distribution, incorporating several scenarios of tectonically feasible fault orientations below the bay. These finite fault scenarios involve large co‐seismic uplift (>2 m) below the bay due to thrusting on a restraining fault bend that connects the offshore continuation of two parallel onshore fault segments. With the co‐seismic displacement estimates as input we simulate a number of tsunami cases. For most locations for which video‐derived tsunami waveforms are available our models provide a qualitative fit to leading wave arrival times and polarity. The modeled tsunamis explain most of the observed runup. We conclude that co‐seismic deformation was the main driver behind the tsunami that followed the Palu earthquake. Our unique geodetic data set constrains vertical motions of the sea floor, and sheds new light on the tsunamigenesis of strike‐slip faults in transtensional basins. The 28 September Palu earthquake ruptured the Palu‐Koro fault in NW Sulawesi, Indonesia, and was followed by a devastating tsunami in Palu Bay. As the Palu‐Koro fault accommodates mostly horizontal motion, many studies proposed that sub‐marine landslides, rather than the earthquake itself, triggered the tsunami. This study focuses on the contribution of the earthquake to sea floor displacements. We present a unique geodetic data set and estimate a high‐resolution 3D displacement field. The rupture is not a straight feature in the landscape, but rather contains bends. It is near those bends that significant vertical displacements occurred. From the onshore geodetic data we infer another fault bend below Palu Bay. Estimations of fault slip for several scenarios of offshore fault geometries point to a few meters of sea floor uplift. We use these slip models as input for tsunami models, and can qualitatively explain the observations of tsunami runup heights and video‐based tsunami arrival times around Palu Bay. Only at a few locations our models cannot explain tsunami observations, which leaves open the contribution of other possible sources to the tsunami locally. The Palu case underlines the potential importance of fault bends to tsunami generation for similar tectonic settings around the world. New Global Positioning System observations as part of a geodetic solution for the full 3D onshore co‐seismic displacements of the 2018 Palu earthquakeBelow Palu Bay we find a strong indication of dip‐slip on a fault bend, agreeing with the notion of Palu Valley being a transtensional basinA large part of the tsunami, both in terms of arrival times and runup heights, can be explained by co‐seismic slip New Global Positioning System observations as part of a geodetic solution for the full 3D onshore co‐seismic displacements of the 2018 Palu earthquake Below Palu Bay we find a strong indication of dip‐slip on a fault bend, agreeing with the notion of Palu Valley being a transtensional basin A large part of the tsunami, both in terms of arrival times and runup heights, can be explained by co‐seismic slip

On 14 February 2016, an Mw5.7 (GNS Science moment magnitude) earthquake ruptured offshore east of Christchurch, New Zealand. This earthquake occurred in an area that had previously experienced significant seismicity from 2010 to 2012 during the Canterbury earthquake sequence, starting with the 2010 Mw7.0 Darfield earthquake and including four Mw~6.0 earthquakes near Christchurch. We determine source parameters for the February 2016 event and its aftershocks, relocate the recent events along with the Canterbury earthquakes, and compute Coulomb stress changes resolved onto the recent events and throughout the greater Christchurch region. Because the February 2016 earthquake occurred close to previous seismicity, the Coulomb stress changes resolved onto its nodal planes are uncertain. However, in the greater Christchurch region, there are areas that remain positively loaded, including beneath the city of Christchurch. The recent earthquake and regional stress changes suggest that faults in these regions may pose a continuing seismic hazard. Mw5.7 earthquake ruptured offshore to the east of Christchurch, New ZealandEarthquake occurred in area of 2010–2012 Canterbury earthquake sequence after 3 years of decaying activityRecent earthquake and regional stress modeling hint at seismic hazard remaining in Christchurch vicinity

Daclizumab inhibition of inflammation in human autoimmunity is associated with blockade of lymphoid tissue inducer cell development.