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Targeted radionuclide therapy, in which radiopharmaceuticals deliver potent radionuclides to tumours for localized irradiation, has addressed unmet clinical needs and improved outcomes for patients with cancer1–4. A therapeutic radiopharmaceutical must achieve both sustainable tumour targeting and fast clearance from healthy tissue, which remains a major challenge5,6. A targeted ligation strategy that selectively fixes the radiopharmaceutical to the target protein in the tumour would be an ideal solution. Here we installed a sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) chemistry-based linker on radiopharmaceuticals to prevent excessively fast tumour clearance. When the engineered radiopharmaceutical binds to the tumour-specific protein, the system undergoes a binding-to-ligation transition and readily conjugates to the tyrosine residues through the ‘click’ SuFEx reaction. The application of this strategy to a fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitor (FAPI) triggered more than 80% covalent binding to the protein and almost no dissociation for six days. In mice, SuFEx-engineered FAPI showed 257% greater tumour uptake than did the original FAPI, and increased tumour retention by 13-fold. The uptake in healthy tissues was rapidly cleared. In a pilot imaging study, this strategy identified more tumour lesions in patients with cancer than did other methods. SuFEx-engineered FAPI also successfully achieved targeted β- and α-radionuclide therapy, causing nearly complete tumour regression in mice. Another SuFEx-engineered radioligand that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) also showed enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Considering the broad scope of proteins that can potentially be ligated to SuFEx warheads, it might be possible to adapt this strategy to other cancer targets.

Background: Headache is one of the most common neurological symptoms. Headache disorders are associated with a high global burden of disease. Prior studies indicate that short-to-medium term sodium reduction reduces headache symptom. This study evaluated the effects of long-term reduced-sodium, added-potassium salt on headache frequency and severity in rural China. Methods: The Salt substitute and stroke study (SSaSS) was an open-label cluster-randomised trial in rural China designed to evaluate the effect of salt substitution on mortality and cardiovascular events. Participants included adults with a history of prior stroke and those aged ≥60 years with uncontrolled high blood pressure (BP). Villages were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio either to intervention with salt substitute (75% sodium chloride and 25% potassium chloride by mass) or to control with continued use of regular salt (100% sodium chloride). In this pre-specified analysis, between-group differences in headache frequency and severity were evaluated. The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier number: NCT02092090). Results: A total of 20,995 participants were included in the trial (mean age 64.3 years, 51% female, mean follow-up 4.7 years). At final follow-up at the end of the study, headache outcome data including frequency and severity of headaches was available for 16,486 (98%) of 16,823 living participants. Overall, 4454/16,486 (27%) individuals reported having headache: 27.4% in the intervention group (2301/8386) vs 26.6% in the control group (2153/8100) (RR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.16, p= 0.48). There was no difference in headache severity between intervention and control groups (p= 0.90). Conclusion: Long term salt substitution did not reduce the frequency or severity of headaches in this population.

ABSTRACTAccurate reconstructed series are crucial for studying the differences in regional hydroclimatic variations in Europe over the past millennium. Using hierarchical clustering analysis and stepwise regression methods, we reconstructed yearly time series of the summer standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for six European regions over the past millennium. Our analysis also revealed prominent regional hydroclimatic differences in multidecadal signals over the past 500 years. For instance, in the 1500s–1570s (from the beginning of the 1500s to the end of the 1570s), drying trends were observed in northern and southeastern Europe, whereas southwestern Europe experienced a wetting trend. Moreover, drying trends were observed in northern and central Europe in the 1640s–1670s. Additionally, wetting trends were observed in western and central Europe during the 1830s–1850s, with drying trends in northern and southeastern Europe. Notably, the hydroclimatic variations in most European regions showed drying trends in the 1920s–1950s, especially in southern Europe. By utilizing large amounts of tree-ring samples and directly comparing regional hydroclimatic variations, our reconstructions provide a consistent and comprehensive dataset for further analysis. The reconstructed dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.07215.

•Water security is under threat on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains.•Climate change and economic growth are responsible for increased water stress.•Balancing water for humans and nature is vital in achieving SDGs.

BackgroundIn rural China, mortality surveillance data may be an alternative to primary data collection in clinical trials; SmartVA (verbal autopsy) is also a potential alternative for endpoint adjudication. The feasibility and validity of both need to be assessed.MethodsWe used mortality data from the first 24 months of the China Salt Substitute and Stroke Study (SSaSS) trial and assessed the agreement between (1) mortality surveillance data and face-to-face visits for fact of death; (2) mortality surveillance data and SSaSS adjudication for causes of death; (3) SmartVA and SSaSS adjudication for causes of death; (4) cause-specific mortality fraction of different methods. Face-to-face visits and SSaSS adjudication were taken as reference methods. The agreement was measured by sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) across different 10th Revision of International Statistical Classification of Diseases chapters.ResultsOne thousand three hundred and sixty-five deaths were included. Mortality surveillance data had 82% sensitivity for fact of death and 81% sensitivity for causes of death, with substantial variances across different disease types and reasonable quality for circulatory death (91% sensitivity and 94% PPV). The sensitivity of SmartVA for causes of death was 61%, with reasonable quality for deaths of external causes of morbidity (90% sensitivity). The leading causes of death from different sources were the same with some variances in the fractions.ConclusionUsing mortality surveillance data for fact of death in clinical trials need to account for under-reporting. A face-to-face visit to all participants at the completion of trials may be warranted. Neither mortality surveillance data nor SmartVA provided valid data source for endpoint events.

A 42-year-old woman diagnosed with de-novo stage IV breast cancer underwent 18F-fluoroestradiol (FES) PET/CT to evaluate the estrogen receptor status of metastatic lesions. The largest pulmonary nodule showed obvious FES uptake, consistent with pulmonary metastases from breast cancer. Interestingly, the images revealed a striking accumulation of FES in ground-glass attenuation in the left lobe of lung, suggestive of radiation pneumonitis.

The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, AD950-1250) is the most recent warm period lasting for several hundred years and is regarded as a reference scenario when studying the impact of and adaptation to global and regional warming. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of temperature variations on decadal-centennial scales during the MCA for four regions (Northeast, Northwest, Central-east, and Tibetan Plateau) in China, based on high-resolution temperature reconstructions and related warm-cold records from historical documents. The ensemble empirical mode decomposition method is used to analyze the time series. The results showed that for China as a whole, the longest warm period during the last 2000 years occurred in the 10th–13th centuries, although there were multi-decadal cold intervals in the middle to late 12th century. However, in the beginning and ending decades, warm peaks and phases on the decadal scale of the MCA for different regions were not consistent with each other. On the inter-decadal scale, regional temperature variations were similar from 950 to 1130; moreover, their amplitudes became smaller, and the phases did not agree well from 1130 to 1250. On the multi-decadal to centennial scale, all four regions began to warm in the early 10th century and experienced two cold intervals during the MCA. However, the Northwest and Central-east China were in step with each other while the warm periods in the Northeast China and Tibetan Plateau ended about 40–50 years earlier. On the multi-centennial scale, the mean temperature difference between the MCA and Little Ice Age was significant in Northeast and Central-east China but not in the Northwest China and Tibetan Plateau. Compared to the mean temperature of the 20th century, a comparable warmth in the MCA was found in the Central-east China, but there was a little cooling in Northeast China; meanwhile, there were significantly lower temperatures in Northwest China and Tibetan Plateau.

ABSTRACTBrown adipose tissue (BAT) is important in monitoring energy homeostasis and cancer cachexia. Different from white adipose tissue, BAT is characterized by the presence of a large number of mitochondria in adipocytes. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a critical transporter, is expressed in the outer membrane of mitochondria. We speculated that [18F]DPA714, a specific TSPO tracer, may monitor BAT activity in tumor-bearing mice in vivo. We first analyzed the radioactive uptake of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers in BAT of CT26 xenograft mice with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) and [18F]DPA714. We also studied the BAT uptake of [18F]DPA714 in CT26, A549 and LLC tumor models. The dynamic distribution of [18F]FDG is quite variable among animals, even in mice of the same tumor model (%ID/g-mean: mean ± SDM, 8.61 ± 8.90, n = 16). Contrarily, [18F]DPA714 produced high-quality and stable BAT imaging in different tumor models and different animals of the same model. Interestingly, %ID/g-mean of [18F]DPA714 in BAT was significantly higher on day 26 than that on day 7 in CT26 xenograft model. Taken together, these results strongly indicate the potential feasibility of [18F]DPA714 PET imaging in investigating BAT and energy metabolism during tumor progression in preclinical and clinical study.

This paper presents new high-resolution proxies and paleoclimatic reconstructions for studying climate changes in China for the past 2000 years. Multi-proxy synthesized reconstructions show that temperature variation in China has exhibited significant 50–70-yr, 100–120-yr, and 200–250-yr cycles. Results also show that the amplitudes of decadal and centennial temperature variation were 1.3°C and 0.7°C, respectively, with the latter significantly correlated with long-term changes in solar radiation, especially cold periods, which correspond approximately to sunspot minima. The most rapid warming in China occurred over AD 1870–2000, at a rate of 0.56° ± 0.42°C (100 yr)−1; however, temperatures recorded in the 20th century may not be unprecedented for the last 2000 years, as data show records for the periods AD 981–1100 and AD 1201–70 are comparable to the present. The ensemble means of dryness/wetness spatial patterns in eastern China across all centennial warm periods illustrate a tripole pattern: dry south of 25°N, wet from 25°–30°N, and dry to the north of 30°N. However, for all centennial cold periods, this spatial pattern also exhibits a meridional distribution. The increase in precipitation over the monsoonal regions of China associated with the 20th century warming can primarily be attributed to a mega El Ni˜no–Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. In addition, a significant association between increasing numbers of locusts and dry/cold conditions is found in eastern China. Plague intensity also generally increases in concert with wetness in northern China, while more precipitation is likely to have a negative effect in southern China. 本文综述了近来中国过去2000年气候变化研究中新取得的高分辨率代用资料和重建序列。结果显示: (1) 中国温度存在50–70年、100–120年和200–250年的准周期变化, 其年代和百年际变幅分别约为1.3℃和0.7℃, 且在百年尺度上与太阳辐射的长期变化显著相关, 尤其是气温寒冷阶段与太阳活动极小期相对应。 (2) 1870–2000年是中国增温最快的阶段, 速率为0.56 ± 0.42°C (100 yr)−1, 但20世纪的气温记录可能并不是过去2000年未曾出现过的, 重建表明公元981–1100年和1201–1270年间的温暖程度可与之相比。 (3) 对中国东部所有百年尺度暖期的集合平均显示其旱涝格局呈三极空间分布: 25°N以南偏旱, 25°–30°N偏涝, 30°N以北偏旱; 而在所有百年尺度冷期旱涝格局则呈经向分布。 (4) 强厄尔尼诺–南方涛动和北大西洋年代际振荡是导致20世纪中国季风区降水增加的主要原因。 (5) 在中国东部, 蝗灾与温度及降水变化显著相关, 干冷气候条件下蝗灾较多; 北部地区的鼠疫与干湿变化呈正相关, 但南方地区的鼠疫却与干湿变化呈负相关。

Using the southern limit of snowfall recorded in Chinese documents, chronologies of tree-ring width, and tree-ring stable oxygen isotope (δ18O), the annual temperature anomaly in southern China during 1850–2009 is reconstructed using the method of signal decomposition and synthesis. The results show that the linear trend was 0.47°C (100 yr)−1over 1871–2009, and the two most rapid warming intervals occurred in 1877–1938 and 1968–2007, at rates of 0.125°C (10 yr)−1and 0.258°C (10 yr)−1, respectively. The decadal variation shows that the temperature in the moderate warm interval of the 1910s–1930s was notably lower than that of the 1980s–2000s, which suggests that the warming since the 1980s was unprecedented for the past 160 years, though a warming hiatus existed in the 2000s. Additionally, there was a rapid cooling starting from the 1860s, followed by a cold interval until the early 1890s, with the coldest years in 1892 and 1893. A slight temperature decline was also found from the 1940s to the late 1960s. This study provides an independent case to validate the global warming for the past 160 years and its hiatus recently, because the proxy data are not affected by urbanization. 利用历史文献中的降雪南界、树轮宽度及树轮稳定氧同位素(δ18O)等多种代用资料, 通过高低频信号分解回归再合成方法, 重建了1850–2009年华南地区年平均气温变化序列. 结果显示: 1871–2009年华南气温变化的线性趋势为0.47°C (100 yr)−1, 其中1877–1938和1968–2007年两个时段升温最为强劲, 速率分别达到0.125°C (10 yr)−1和0.258°C (10 yr)−1. 年代际尺度上暖期包括1910s–1930s和1980s–2000s, 后者温暖程度显著高于前者, 是过去160年间的最暖时段, 不过2000年后增暖趋势有所停滞. 此外, 从1860s开始华南气温迅速下降, 随后的寒冷阶段持续到1890s, 其中1892和1893年达到最低值; 另一段降温期出现在1940s-1860s, 但降温速率较缓. 代用资料不受城市热岛效应影响, 基于此重建的温度序列独立于气温观测资料, 为研究20世纪全球变暖特征和近年来的增暖停滞提供了新证据.

China is distinguished by a prominent monsoonal climate in the east of the country, a continental arid climate in the northwest and a highland cold climate on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Because of the long history of Chinese civilization, there are abundant and well-dated documentary records for climate variation over the whole of the country as well as many natural archives (e.g., tree-rings, ice cores, stalagmites, varved lake sediments and corals) that enable high-resolution paleoclimatic reconstruction. In this paper, we review recent advances in the reconstruction of climate and extreme events over the last 2000 years in China. In the last 10 years, many new reconstructions, based on multi-proxies with wide spatial coverage, have been published in China. These reconstructions enable us to understand the characteristics of climate change across the country as well as the uncertainties of regional reconstructions. Synthesized reconstructed temperature results show that warm intervals over the last 2000 years occurred in AD 1–200, AD 551–760, AD 951–1320, and after AD 1921, and also show that cold intervals were in AD 201–350, AD 441–530, AD 781–950, and AD 1321–1920. Extreme cold winters, seen between 1500 and 1900, were more frequent than those after 1950. The intensity of regional heat waves, in the context of recent global warming, may not in fact exceed natural climate variability seen over the last 2000 years. In the eastern monsoonal region of China, decadal, multi-decadal and centennial oscillations are seen in rainfall variability. While the ensemble mean for drought/flood spatial patterns across all cold periods shows a meridional distribution, there is a tri-pole pattern with respect to droughts south of 25°N, floods between 25° and 30°N, and droughts north of 30°N for all warm periods. Data show that extreme drought events were most frequent in the periods AD 301–400, AD 751–800, AD 1051–1150, AD 1501–1550, and AD 1601–1650, while extreme flood events were frequent in the periods AD 101–150, AD 251–300, AD 951–1000, AD 1701–1750, AD 1801–1850, and AD 1901–1950. Between AD 1551–1600, extreme droughts and flood events occurred frequently. In arid northwest China, climate was characterized by dry conditions in AD 1000–1350, wet conditions in AD 1500–1850, and has tended to be wet over recent decades. On the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, centennial-scale oscillations in precipitation have occurred over the last 1000 years, interrupted by several multi-decadal-scale severe drought events. Of these, the most severe were in the 1480s and 1710s. In southwest China, extreme droughts as severe as those seen in Sichuan and Chongqing in 2006 are known to have occurred during historical times.

Using the dataset provided by the Smithsonian Institution’s Global Volcanism Program, we have extracted the large volcanic eruptions (volcanic explosivity index ⩾ 4) from the period 1750–2010 and have then analyzed the main characteristics of large volcanic eruptions since 1750 according to their geographic latitudes, their elevations, and the years and months in which they occurred. The results show that most large volcanic eruptions were located around the margins of the Pacific Ocean and the islands of Sumatra and Java, especially in the equatorial regions (10°N-10°S). Large volcanic eruptions were concentrated at 1000–2000 m elevations and in the months of January and April. There were more eruptions in the summer half-year (from April to September) than in the winter half-year (from October to the next March). Large volcanic eruptions have interdecadal fluctuations, including cycles of 15–25 years and 35–50 years, which were detected by Morlet wavelet analysis, with the fluctuations being more frequent after 1870 than before. During the periods 1750–1760, 1776–1795, 1811–1830, 1871–1890, 1911–1920 and 1981–1995, there were relatively many large volcanic eruptions.

The starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season during historical times (1736–1911) in Fuzhou and Guangzhou of South China, were determined and reconstructed on the basis of historical documents in the Yu-Xue-Fen-Cunarchive, together with observed features of precipitation during the pre-summer rainy season. In addition, starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season from 1953 in Fuzhou and from 1952 in Guangzhou were reconstructed for the instrumental period. These data allowed for analyses of inter-annual and inter-decadal changes in the starting dates of the pre-summer rainy season in South China over the past 300 years. Results show that the mean starting date of the pre-summer rainy season in South China was the first pentad of May; in addition, periodicities in the starting dates of 2–3 years, 10 years, and 40 years were detected during the period 1736–1911, and of 2–3 years, 10 years, and 22 years during the instrumental period. From 1736 to 1911, the earliest starting dates at Fuzhou and Guangzhou both occurred at the fourth pentad of April, while the latest starting dates were at the sixth pentad of May in Fuzhou and the first pentad of June in Guangzhou. During the instrumental period, the earliest and latest starting dates were at the fourth pentad of April and the first pentad of June, respectively, in both Fuzhou during 1953–2010 and Guangzhou during 1952–2010. The maximum difference between neighboring decades during 1736–1911 was 2.2 and 1.6 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively, and during the instrumental period it was 2.5 and 2.4 pentads in Fuzhou and Guangzhou, respectively.

Substantial evidence-practice gaps exist in the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in China. Clinical pathways are tools for improving ACS quality of care but have not been rigorously evaluated.

Organizational and wider health system factors influence the implementation and success of interventions. Clinical Pathways in Acute Coronary Syndromes 2 is a cluster randomized trial of a clinical pathway–based intervention to improve acute coronary syndrome care in hospitals in China. We performed a qualitative evaluation to examine the system-level barriers to implementing clinical pathways in the dynamic healthcare environment of China.

The general characteristics of climate changes over the past 2000 years in China, regional differences and uncertainties were analyzed based on the recently peer-reviewed high time-resolution climatic reconstructions. The results showed that there exists four warm periods of the temperature variation in China since the Qin Dynasty, including the western and eastern Han Dynasties (200 BC-AD 180), the Sui and Tang dynasties (541–810), the Song and Yuan dynasties (931–1320), and the 20th century, and three cold phases involving the Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties (181–540), the late Tang Dynasty (811–930), and the Ming and Qing dynasties (1321–1920). The Song and Yuan warm period is consistent with the Medieval Warm Period over the Northern Hemisphere, and the cold phases of the North-South Dynasties and the Ming and Qing dynasties are paralleled to the Dark Ages Cold Period and the Little Ice Age, respectively. The 13th-15th century could be a shift to the wet condition of the climate, and the low precipitation variability is exhibited in western China prior to 1500. In the context of the climate warming, the pattern of the drought in north and flood in south is prevalent over the eastern China. In addition, the published reconstructions have a high level of confidence for the past 500 years, but large uncertainties exist prior to the 16th century.The general characteristics of climate changes over the past 2000 years in China, regional differences and uncertainties were analyzed based on the recently peer-reviewed high time-resolution climatic reconstructions. The results showed that there exists four warm periods of the temperature variation in China since the Qin Dynasty, including the western and eastern Han Dynasties (200 BC-AD 180), the Sui and Tang dynasties (541–810), the Song and Yuan dynasties (931–1320), and the 20th century, and three cold phases involving the Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties (181–540), the late Tang Dynasty (811–930), and the Ming and Qing dynasties (1321–1920). The Song and Yuan warm period is consistent with the Medieval Warm Period over the Northern Hemisphere, and the cold phases of the North-South Dynasties and the Ming and Qing dynasties are paralleled to the Dark Ages Cold Period and the Little Ice Age, respectively. The 13th-15th century could be a shift to the wet condition of the climate, and the low precipitation variability is exhibited in western China prior to 1500. In the context of the climate warming, the pattern of the drought in north and flood in south is prevalent over the eastern China. In addition, the published reconstructions have a high level of confidence for the past 500 years, but large uncertainties exist prior to the 16th century.

Based on phenological records extracted from Chinese historical dairies, spring phenological series in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) of China since 1834 is reconstructed. Together with temperature and phenological observation data, the indicating significance of spring phenological series to temperature changes is also analyzed. The results are shown as follows. (1) From 1834 to 1893, spring phenodate in the YRD was fluctuated and gradually delayed, but, advanced greatly at the end of the 19th century. From 1900 to 1990, although the decadal variations were found, no clear multi-decadal trend was detected. From 1990 to 2010, spring phenodate showed significantly advance again. Compared with the mean value for 1977–1996, the latest phenodate occurred in 1893 with 27 days delayed while the earliest phenodate occurred in 2007 with 17 days advanced. (2) The correlation coefficients between spring phenodates and temperatures from December to March and from January to March exceeded −0.75 and −0.80, respectively, indicating that our phenodate series well presents the long-term changes of winter and early spring (especially from January to March) temperatures. These results provide important basic data for the long-term integrated temperature reconstruction over China in the future work.

Abstract: Using 24 proxy temperature series, the rates of temperature change in China are analyzed at the 30- to 100-year scales for the past 2000 years and at the 10-year scale for the past 500 years. The results show that, at the 100-year scale, the warming rate for the whole of China in the 20th century was only 0.6±1.6°C/100 a (interval at the 95% confidence level, which is used hereafter), while the peak warming rate for the period from the Little Ice Age (LIA) to the 20th century reached 1.1±1.2°C/100 a, which was the greatest in the past 500 years and probably the past 2000 years. At the 30-year scale, warming in the 20th century was quite notable, but the peak rate was still less than rates for previous periods, such as the rapid warming from the LIA to the 20th century and from the 270s–290s to 300s–320s. At the 10-year scale, the warming in the late 20th century was very evident, but it might not be unusual in the context of warming over the past 500 years. The exact timing, duration and magnitude of the warming peaks varied from region to region at all scales. The peak rates of the 100-year scale warming in the AD 180s–350s in northeastern China as well as those in the 260s–410s and 500s–660s in Tibet were all greater than those from the mid-19th to 20th century. Meanwhile, the rates of the most rapid cooling at scales of 30 to 100 years in the LIA were prominent, but they were also not unprecedented in the last 2000 years. At the 10-year scale, for the whole of China, the most rapid decadal cooling in the 20th century was from the 1940s to 1950s with a rate of −0.3±0.6°C/10 a, which was similar to rates for periods before the 20th century. For all regions, the rates of most rapid cooling in the 20th century were all less than those for previous periods.

In recent years, researchers studying historical climates have given an increasing amount of attention to the Yu‐Xue‐Fen‐Cun record of the Qing Dynasty of China. These records play an important role in the quantitative reconstruction of the climate from the past 300 years in China due to their uniform recording formats and measurement methods. As a result of collective effort, methods for climate reconstruction are constantly improving, and regions with reconstructed high‐resolution historical climate data are expanding. This study reviews the features of the Yu‐Xue‐Fen‐Cun record and summarizes the progress and primary results achieved over the past 20 years. Studies showed that temperature variations over eastern China had three stages: a relatively cold phase in the 18th century, the coldest phase in the 19th century, and the warmest phase during and after the 20th century. However, the amplitudes between the maximum and minimum temperatures differed from 4.2 to 5.7 °C among different regions and sites. The variation in annual precipitation in North China showed an opposite phase to the Meiyu rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the periods of 1736–1767, 1916–1948, and after 1955, and a consistent phase in the periods of 1792–1836 and 1845–1885. The rainband regularly moved away from South China in early May to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in mid‐June, and then finally arrived in North China in early July. This article is categorized under: Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change High‐resolution climate reconstruction from Chinese rainfall and snowfall archives.