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Abstract:In the characters of Betsy Trotwood, Miss Havisham, and Miss Wade, Dickens created a pattern of a scorned woman who adopts a protégée whom she teaches to hate men. This pattern has four main components. Firstly, the elder woman has had a negative experience with a man that mingles romance and economics. Secondly, the mentor selects a protégée whom she teaches to reject men, and, by extension, the nuclear family. The protégée is somehow disadvantaged in socio-economic terms. Next, the mentor is associated with rage and violence. Finally, both the mentor and mentee either come back into the fold of the patriarchy or are severely punished. Dickens's creation of this pattern is an endorsement of the traditional view that women should be wives and mothers and a rejection of the advent of what, later in the nineteenth century, would be recognized as the "New Woman."

Most research on resilience has been conducted in North America and Western Europe, limiting our understanding of the processes of overcoming trauma in other cultural settings. This study explored the process of resilience through in-depth interviews with 19 emerging adults in Kosovo, a collectivist and post-conflict society. The study also included an examination of resilience among LGBTQ+ young adults in Kosovo. We used the resilience portfolio model as a framework, which in addition to being one of the few theoretical models previously applied to Kosovo resilience research, is also designed to be adaptable for different cultural contexts. The three domains of the resilience portfolio model, meaning making, regulatory, and interpersonal strengths, manifested in numerous ways in this sample. Participants described relying on some psychosocial strengths that are commonly identified in resilience research in other settings, such as social support and future orientation, as well as some factors, such as dignity, that have been less studied and may reflect more unique aspects of Kosovar culture. LGBTQ+ participants mentioned peer support as important, especially as many received limited support from family members. The process of coming out and activism were also highlighted as key strengths for LGBTQ+ participants. The results highlight the need to consider cultural settings in resilience research. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of supporting LGBTQ+ communities in Kosovo by recognizing their challenges, traumas, and capabilities.

The importance of constructing Csp2–Csp3bonds has motivated the development of electrochemical, photochemical and thermal activation methods to reductively couple abundant aryl and alkyl electrophiles. However, these methodologies are limited to couplings of very specific substrate classes and require specialized sets of catalysts and reaction set-ups. Here we show a consolidation of these myriad strategies into a single set of conditions that enable reliable alkyl–aryl couplings, including those that were previously unknown. These reactions rely on the discovery of unusually persistent organonickel complexes that serve as stoichiometric platforms for C(sp2)–C(sp3) coupling. Aryl, heteroaryl or vinyl complexes of Ni can be inexpensively prepared on a multigram scale by mild electroreduction from the corresponding C(sp2) electrophile. Organonickel complexes can be isolated and stored or telescoped directly to reliably diversify drug-like molecules. Finally, the procedure was miniaturized to micromole scales by integrating soluble battery chemistries as redox initiators, enabling a high-throughput exploration of substrate diversity.

While research knowledge of bias-based bullying is increasing, there has been only limited research comparing in-person and online bias-based victimization incidents. The current study presents data on 521 bias-based incidents experienced by a large sample of youth (n= 854), 13–21 years old, examining differences between incidents that occurred solely online, solely in-person, or both online and in-person. Specifically, we examined whether the three types of incidents differed by: (a) respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., gender, race/ethnicity, immigrant status, religion, any disability, sexual orientation); (b) incident-level characteristics (i.e., victimization type, perpetrator relationship, number of perpetrators, physical injury, any weapon used, duration of the incident, location of the incident, and disclosure); and (c) negative impact (emotional distress, school-related problems, and physical symptoms). Results indicated that online-only bias-based victimization incidents occurred less frequently, and impacted victims less negatively, than either in-person only or combined online/in-person bias victimization. Incidents that were a mix of online and in-person bias-based victimization were the most distressing type of incident for youth, even controlling for other aggravating features (e.g., the number of perpetrators). Findings highlight the importance of asking vulnerable youth about the context of bias-based victimization they may have experienced and suggest that prevention initiatives will need to incorporate strategies to address the different environments in which bias-based victimization incidents occur.

Prior research on persuasion has explored whether marketers benefit more from choosing to advertise via stories, which invoke narrative transportation, or choosing to advertise via facts, which involve argument-based processing. The present research proposes that marketers need not treat such a decision as an either/or trade-off. Rather, it is possible to blend story-based and argument-based processing to produce effective persuasion. In particular, while prior research suggests that dispersing arguments throughout a narrative might be more persuasive, the current work reveals consolidating arguments within a narrative—clustering the presentation of arguments together—can enhance persuasion. Four main experiments and one supplemental experiment demonstrate that consolidating arguments increases elaboration of those arguments without disrupting transportation. As a result, when arguments are strong, consolidating arguments within a story can be an effective means of blending fact and fiction.

While narrative theory acknowledges that consuming a text is both an act of interpretation and creation, some texts offer more agency to create than others. To extend current narrative theory, we introduce narrative agency: the ability to control the development of the story characters and plot, with lasting changes to the narrative world. We first explain how narrative agency stems from spatial embeddedness and character embodiment and then use the three constructs to offer a typology of narrative consumption. We then set an agenda for future research centered on (1) the implications that space and body have for narrative agency, (2) how consumers negotiate interactions and ownership in highly agentic narrative consumption, and (3) the dynamics of return and transformation after highly agentic narrative journeys.

Stories can inspire and propel people’s individual and collective action to unite social movements. In this article, we outline key social movement storytelling practices and integrate them with insights from academic research to build a framework for understanding how stories unite social movements. This framework includes research-supported storytelling practices for two types of essential social movement stories: individual meand movement westories. Stories of meare the personal stories of individual changemakers. Stories of weare the stories that these individuals tell about the movement. We identify how individual changemakers’ mestories intersect with and strengthen a movement’s westory. Finally, we highlight insights that deepen our conceptual and practical understanding of social movement storytelling.

Recent research shows that certain marketing strategies lead to increased perceptions of brand heritage. Yet while strategies to increase brand heritage have been identified, an empirical framework that explains how and why brand heritage perceptions are formed is needed. The present research focuses on comprehension processes and proposes that perceptions of brand heritage are formed through narrative processing—and that a key element to maintaining these perceptions is consumers’ ability to construct a single coherent mental representation of the brand’s story wherein the past can inform the present and continuity is maintained. Consistent with prior work on heritage branding, the current research shows disruptions in the brand’s life (e.g., ownership transfers or changes in product design) lead to corresponding reductions in brand heritage due to breaks in continuity. In line with theoretical models of narrative processing, this research suggests that certain types of cues might help counter narrative disruptions, whereas other cues might facilitate it.

From large brands’ in-house writing teams to freelance writers to customers themselves, writing persuasive content is the key to effective communication. Our research focuses on the investigation of how narrative forms, which can generate a sense of personalness, may drive electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) effectiveness and delineates the process behind the effect. Personalnessis defined as the level of intimacy delivered when narrating an experience, or the capability of eliciting a sense of intimacy with the “other,” through the expression of an experience. Together, four studies show that it is this sense of intimacy, which motivates engagement with the content, and enables the mental representation of the narrative (a.k.a. narrative transportation), consequently increasing the likelihood of accepting the recommendation. The effect does not hold for embarrassing products that make the visualization of the scene and of the elements within the scene nondesirable.

Previous research has established that brand narratives can strengthen the connection between consumers and brands. The present investigation raises the question of whether this finding holds when narratives are written in metaphoric terms. Three studies, including a pilot study of Amazon.com brand reviews (N=1,000) and two experiments (N=4,017), illustrate that metaphoric (vs. nonmetaphoric) narratives can actually weaken the self-brand connection. The studies illuminate that, while metaphoric narratives are prevalent in consumer reviews, such reviews seem less likely to provide the narrative structure necessary to establish a strong connection with the brand. This work contributes to the novel insight that while consumers often use metaphors as a way to talk about brands, relying on metaphors may actually weaken the review writer’s connection with the brand. This effect remains robust even when considering high levels of brand familiarity and linguistic abilities of the brand review writer.

Consumer research has demonstrated that narrative and analytical processing are different styles of information processing. However, an enduring question is when do consumers engage in narrative processing? We propose that consumers are more likely to engage in narrative processing when they face an experiential purchase decision rather than a material purchase decision. Narrative transportation, a consequence of narrative processing, thus becomes a critical element for persuasion in the context of experiences, more than in the context of material products. Additionally, factors that inhibit narrative thought, such as marketing communications that include an inconsistency or reduce character identification, lower narrative transportation and harm the evaluations of experiential purchase decisions but not material purchase decisions. Two preliminary studies plus three experiments offer support for our theorizing.

Narrative ads tell stories to communicate with consumers; the persuasive power of narrative ads depends on whether they succeed in transporting viewers into their story world. Previous research has shown that subjective comprehension promotes transportation, which in turn improves brand attitudes, and that a strong link between the product and the story enhances subjective comprehension. We test this extended transportation-imagery model in two studies conducted in a Western European and an East Asian country and provide evidence for its (cross-cultural) generalizability. We also propose that individual differences in need for closure (people’s tolerance for ambiguity and desire for definitive answers) moderate the relationship between subjective comprehension and transportation and, as a result, influence the extent to which a strong product-story link increases product attitudes via subjective comprehension and transportation. Support for the predicted moderator effect is obtained primarily in the Western European country.

Background: Ureteral reimplantation remains the primary surgical method used for patients with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Cystoscopy is commonly performed first to visualize anatomy and rule out possible abnormalities. Urine cultures may also be obtained. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prudency of preoperative urine cultures and cystoscopies in pediatric patients undergoing ureteral reimplantation.Methods: Pediatric urologists were surveyed regarding collecting urine cultures in asymptomatic patients and cystoscopies before reimplantation. A retrospective review was also conducted of patients who underwent ureteral reimplantation for VUR between March 2018 and April 2021 at Cook Children’s Medical Center.Results: When physicians were asked the frequency they obtain urine cultures before reimplantation on asymptomatic patients, 36% said “never” and 38% said “always.” Regarding cystoscopy, 53% said “never” and 32% said “always.” Inclusion criteria were met by 101 patients. Cystoscopies were performed in 46 patients and never altered the reimplantation. There were 20 preoperative, 90 intraoperative, and 61 postoperative urine cultures. Complications were associated with positive cultures of urine collected intraoperatively and postoperatively only.Conclusion: Cystoscopies and asymptomatic urine cultures obtained before ureteral reimplantation provide no additional benefit while increasing cost for patients’ families. Further research is needed to thoroughly identify the prudency of such practices in ureteral reimplantation for VUR.

Approximately 4% to 35% of pediatric patients undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LLy) develop drug-induced hyperglycemia. Though hyperglycemia is associated with poor outcomes, no guidelines for identifying drug-induced hyperglycemia currently exist, and the time course for developing hyperglycemia remains relatively uncharacterized after induction therapy. The present study evaluated a hyperglycemia screening protocol that was implemented to identify hyperglycemia more promptly, examined predictors of hyperglycemia during ALL and LLy therapy, and described the timeline for developing hyperglycemia. A retrospective review of 154 patients diagnosed with ALL or LLy at Cook Children’s Medical Center between March 2018 and April 2022 was performed. Predictors of hyperglycemia were examined with Cox regression. The hyperglycemia screening protocol was ordered for 88 (57%) patients. Fifty-four (35%) patients developed hyperglycemia. In multivariate analyses, age 10 years or older (hazard ratio = 2.50, P= 0.007) and weight loss (vs gain) during induction (hazard ratio = 3.39, P< 0.05) were associated with hyperglycemia. The present study identified a population of patients at risk of developing hyperglycemia and identifies strategies for hyperglycemia screening. In addition, the present study showed that some patients developed hyperglycemia after induction therapy, which highlights the importance of continued blood glucose monitoring in at-risk patients. Implications and suggestions for further research are discussed.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an understudied cause of myocardial infarction primarily affecting women. It is not known to what extent SCAD is genetically distinct from other cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Here we present a genome-wide association meta-analysis (1,917 cases and 9,292 controls) identifying 16 risk loci for SCAD. Integrative functional annotations prioritized genes that are likely to be regulated in vascular smooth muscle cells and artery fibroblasts and implicated in extracellular matrix biology. One locus containing the tissue factor gene F3, which is involved in blood coagulation cascade initiation, appears to be specific for SCAD risk. Several associated variants have diametrically opposite associations with CAD, suggesting that shared biological processes contribute to both diseases, but through different mechanisms. We also infer a causal role for high blood pressure in SCAD. Our findings provide novel pathophysiological insights involving arterial integrity and tissue-mediated coagulation in SCAD and set the stage for future specific therapeutics and preventions.

Historically, febrile neutropenia (FN) has constituted a common but life-threatening emergency in pediatric oncology patients. As such, hygiene precautions have consistently been recommended for immunosuppressed patients. These precautions, however, were more strictly and widely adopted during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Universal mask mandates, emphasis on hand hygiene, and encouragement of social distancing were some of the many initiatives introduced in an effort to reduce transmission of the virus. There is little data available regarding whether the universal adoption of these precautions was associated with any changes in the incidence of hospitalizations for FN in pediatric oncology patients. A retrospective chart review was utilized to evaluate newly diagnosed patients admitted for FN in the first 14 months of the pandemic compared with the same time period during the previous year. During the pandemic, the admission rate for FN was 28.9%, compared with 29.1% prepandemic (P= 0.97). There was no significant difference in causative organisms when comparing time periods. In addition, the presence of a state government-enforced mask mandate was associated with an increased admission rate for FN during the pandemic period.

Fever of unknown origin is a common presentation in children with an extensive differential diagnosis that encompasses multiple specialties. From a hematologic standpoint, the differential includes hyperinflammatory syndrome, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), among others. Due to the rarity of HLH and nonspecific symptoms at initial presentation, specialists are often consulted later in the disease progression, which complicates disease evaluation further. Cook Children’s Medical Center (CCMC) has recently developed a multidisciplinary histiocytic disorder group that is often consulted on cases presenting with fever of unknown origin to increase awareness and potentially not miss new HLH cases. In this study, we examine the clinical presentation and workup of 13 patients consulted by the HLH work group at a single institution and describe the clinical course of 2 patients diagnosed with HLH. The goal of this project was to describe the formation of a disease-specific team and the development of a stepwise diagnostic approach to HLH. A review of the current diagnostic criteria for HLH may be warranted given findings of markers such as soluble IL2 receptor and ferritin as nonspecific and spanning multiple disciplines including rheumatology, infectious disease, and hematology/oncology.

abstract:Dickens's final completed fiction, Holiday Romance, is a neglected and misunderstood work. It is a suite of four short stories and what little critical attention it has garnered has missed the main idea behind the work. While most scholars who have written about Holiday Romance consider it as little more than children's entertainment, it is better interpreted as political commentary on expanding voting rights. Read in the context of Dickens's complex views on the Second Reform Act of 1867, this work reflects his support for expanding the vote, his pessimism that Parliament could introduce any meaningful reform, and also his anxiety over mob rule. Throughout the four stories, children dream of role reversals with adults, sometimes resulting in utopic visions and sometimes descending into disturbing fantasies of violence. This article explores the way Dickens used the image of the abused child one last time as a potent symbol of the need for reform.

Our study aims to report the prevalence of potentially actionable oncogenic variants in a sample of pediatric tumors from a single institution using a reference laboratory for tumor profiling. We investigated genomic alterations and immunotherapy biomarkers such a tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, and programmed death-ligand 1. Patients treated in the Cook Children’s Health Care System who had tumor profiling performed by Foundation Medicine between January 1, 2013, and May 1, 2019, were included. Demographic variables, results of tumor profiling, and subsequent use of targeted therapies were captured. Eighty-one patients were in our final data set; patients had diagnoses of central nervous system tumors (n=5), leukemia and lymphoma (n=4), neuroblastoma (n=32), and other solid tumors (n=40). One or more genomic alterations were identified in 68 (84%) of patients, 34 of which had potential targeted therapies available. In all, 44/51 patients tested for tumor mutation burden had low tumor burden, and the rest had intermediate burden. All 41 patients tested for microsatellite instability status were microsatellite stable. Six of 34 patients tested for programmed death-ligand 1 status were positive. Twelve patients received targeted therapy. This study highlights a subset of pediatric tumors harboring targetable genetic alterations and describes the use of a reference laboratory for tumor profiling.

Children with certain brain tumors often present with malnutrition and experience a decline in nutritional status throughout treatment. This can negatively affect outcomes. Studies have demonstrated that proactive enteral feeding can be beneficial to childhood cancer patients in helping to maintain or improve their nutritional status. To date, no classification parameters exist for pediatric brain tumor diagnoses and their corresponding nutritional risk. Our neuro-oncology team set out to develop a nutrition risk classification for pediatric brain tumors with a corresponding decision aid for nutrition intervention. We report the use of this decision aid in 15 pediatric brain tumor patients at high risk for nutritional deficits. Despite being high risk, weight loss did not exceed 5% in 93% (14/15) and 87% (13/15) of our patients from diagnosis to start of cycle 2 of chemotherapy and from diagnosis to end of therapy, respectively. Patients underweight at diagnosis (5/15) experienced improvements in nutritional status, and only 1 patient had a negative change in body mass index z-score ≥1 SD from diagnosis to end of therapy. This strategy was well-accepted by parents who reported satisfaction with the approach, their child’s nutritional status throughout treatment, and the psychosocial aspects of feeding.

Dystrophinopathies result from mutations to the DMDgene. We report 5 boys in 3 families with heterogenous phenotypes due to a point mutation in the DMDgene: a hemizygous tyrosine-to-cysteine change in exon 15 (c.1724T>C) resulting in an amino acid substitution of leucine to proline at codon 575. This mutation has been reported before, with at least 3 prior patients presenting with similar clinical findings of myalgia, myoglobinuria, and occasional muscle cramping. The mutation on DMDc.1724T>C (p.Leu575Pro) is listed in the Clinvar database as a variant of unknown significance. Our report provides contributing evidence that this alteration should be classified as pathogenic.

Multicellular systems, from bacterial biofilms to human organs, form interfaces (or boundaries) between different cell collectives to spatially organize versatile functions1,2. The evolution of sufficiently descriptive genetic toolkits probably triggered the explosion of complex multicellular life and patterning3,4. Synthetic biology aims to engineer multicellular systems for practical applications and to serve as a build-to-understand methodology for natural systems5–8. However, our ability to engineer multicellular interface patterns2,9is still very limited, as synthetic cell–cell adhesion toolkits and suitable patterning algorithms are underdeveloped5,7,10–13. Here we introduce a synthetic cell–cell adhesin logic with swarming bacteria and establish the precise engineering, predictive modelling and algorithmic programming of multicellular interface patterns. We demonstrate interface generation through a swarming adhesion mechanism, quantitative control over interface geometry and adhesion-mediated analogues of developmental organizers and morphogen fields. Using tiling and four-colour-mapping concepts, we identify algorithms for creating universal target patterns. This synthetic 4-bit adhesion logic advances practical applications such as human-readable molecular diagnostics, spatial fluid control on biological surfaces and programmable self-growing materials5–8,14. Notably, a minimal set of just four adhesins represents 4 bits of information that suffice to program universal tessellation patterns, implying a low critical threshold for the evolution and engineering of complex multicellular systems3,5.

Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura) has spread rapidly, challenging berry and cherry crop production due to its ability to lay eggs into ripening fruit. To prevent infestation by this pest, insecticides are applied during fruit ripening and harvest. We field-tested the Rapid Assessment Protocol for IDentification of resistance in D. suzukii(RAPID) on seventy-eight populations collected across eight U.S. states in 2017 and 2018. Exposure to LC50rates of malathion, methomyl, spinetoram, spinosad, and zeta-cypermethrin led to average female fly mortality of 25.0% in 2017, and after adjusting concentrations the average was 39.9% in 2018. Using LC99× 2 discriminating concentrations in 2017 and LC90× 8 rates in 2018, average female mortalities were 93.3% and 98.5%, respectively, indicating high overall susceptibility. However, using these high concentrations we found 32.0% of assays with survival of some female flies in 2017 and 27.8% in 2018. The adjustment in discriminating dose from 2017 to 2018 also reduced the proportion of assays with <90% survival from 17.6 to 2.9%. Populations with low mortality when exposed to spinosad were identified using this assay, triggering more detailed follow-up bioassays that identified resistant populations collected in California coastal region berry crops. Widespread evaluations of this method and subsequent validation in California, Michigan, and Georgia in 2019–2021 show that it provides a quick and low-cost method to identify populations of D. suzukiithat warrant more detailed testing. Our results also provide evidence that important insecticide classes remain effective in most U.S. regions of fruit production.

Caneberries are trellised to facilitate harvest and agrochemical applications as well as to improve crop yield and quality. Trellising can also increase airflow and light penetration within the canopy and affect its microclimate. We compared an experimental trellis that split the canopy into halves to standard I- and V-trellises, measuring Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura) fruit infestation as well as canopy temperature and relative humidity in raspberries at two commercial you-pick diversified farms. To evaluate the combined effects of trellising systems and pruning, we pruned one half of each row in blackberry plantings at two research farms and assessed D. suzukiiinfestation, canopy microclimate (temperature, relative humidity, and light intensity), fruit quality parameters (interior temperature, total soluble solids, and penetration force), and spray coverage/deposition. Trellis installation costs, labor inputs, and yield were used to further evaluate the trellis systems from an economic perspective. Fruit quality was not affected by trellising or pruning and lower total yield was observed in the experimental trellis treatment on one farm. Although D. suzukiiinfestation was only affected by trellising and pruning at one site, we observed a relationship between higher temperatures and reduced infestation on nearly all farms. Occasionally, lower relative humidity and high light intensity corresponded with lower infestation. Ultimately, the experimental trellis was less economically efficient than other trellising systems and our ability to successfully manipulate habitat favorability varied in a site-specific manner. Drosophila suzukiimanagement approaches that rely upon unfavorable conditions are likely to be more effective in hot, dry regions.

IntroductionBicuspid aortic valve (BAV) affects 1% of the general population. NOTCH1was the first gene associated with BAV. The proportion of familial and sporadic BAV disease attributed to NOTCH1mutations has not been estimated.AimThe aim of our study was to provide an estimate of familial and sporadic BAV disease attributable to NOTCH1mutations.MethodsThe population of our study consisted of participants of the University of Leicester Bicuspid aoRtic vAlVe gEnetic research—8 pedigrees with multiple affected family members and 381 sporadic patients. All subjects underwent NOTCH1sequencing. A systematic literature search was performed in the NCBI PubMed database to identify publications reporting NOTCH1sequencing in context of congenital heart disease.ResultsNOTCH1sequencing in 36 subjects from 8 pedigrees identified one variant c.873C>G/p.Tyr291* meeting the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics criteria for pathogenicity. No pathogenic or likely pathogenic NOTCH1variants were identified in 381 sporadic patients. Literature review identified 64 relevant publication reporting NOTCH1sequencing in 528 pedigrees and 9449 sporadic subjects. After excluding families with syndromic disease pathogenic and likely pathogenic NOTCH1variants were detected in 9/435 (2.1%; 95% CI: 0.7% to 3.4%) of pedigrees and between 0.05% (95% CI: 0.005% to 0.10%) and 0.08% (95% CI: 0.02% to 0.13%) of sporadic patients. Incomplete penetrance of definitely pathogenic NOTCH1mutations was observed in almost half of reported pedigrees.ConclusionsPathogenic and likely pathogenic NOTCH1genetic variants explain 2% of familial and <0.1% of sporadic BAV disease and are more likely to associate with tetralogy of Fallot and hypoplastic left heart.

Telomeres, the end fragments of chromosomes, play key roles in cellular proliferation and senescence. Here we characterize the genetic architecture of naturally occurring variation in leukocyte telomere length (LTL) and identify causal links between LTL and biomedical phenotypes in 472,174 well-characterized UK Biobank participants. We identified 197 independent sentinel variants associated with LTL at 138 genomic loci (108 new). Genetically determined differences in LTL were associated with multiple biological traits, ranging from height to bone marrow function, as well as several diseases spanning neoplastic, vascular and inflammatory pathologies. Finally, we estimated that, at the age of 40 years, people with an LTL >1 s.d. shorter than the population mean had a 2.5-year-lower life expectancy compared with the group with ≥1 s.d. longer LDL. Overall, we furnish new insights into the genetic regulation of LTL, reveal wide-ranging influences of LTL on physiological traits, diseases and longevity, and provide a powerful resource available to the global research community.

Drosophila suzukii(Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) also known as spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a pest native to Southeast Asia. In the last few decades, the pest has expanded its range to affect all major European and American fruit production regions. SWD is a highly adaptive insect that is able to disperse, survive, and flourish under a range of environmental conditions. Infestation by SWD generates both direct and indirect economic impacts through yield losses, shorter shelf life of infested fruit, and increased production costs. Fresh markets, frozen berries, and fruit export programs have been impacted by the pest due to zero tolerance for fruit infestation. As SWD control programs rely heavily on insecticides, exceedance of maximum residue levels (MRLs) has also resulted in crop rejections. The economic impact of SWD has been particularly severe for organic operations, mainly due to the limited availability of effective insecticides. Integrated pest management (IPM) of SWD could significantly reduce chemical inputs but would require substantial changes to horticultural management practices. This review evaluates the most promising methods studied as part of an IPM strategy against SWD across the world. For each of the considered techniques, the effectiveness, impact, sustainability, and stage of development are discussed.Graphical Abstract

AbstractAcute open abdomen with loss of domain is an extremely difficult surgical scenario, and secondary complications are common. This case describes a 33-year-old woman who initially underwent an elective, laparoscopic endometrioma resection during which a complete iatrogenic transection of the left ureter and part of the sigmoid mesentery occurred. After discharge 5 days later, she was immediately readmitted for worsening abdominal pain. During the emergency abdominal reexploration, an ischemic, perforated sigmoid colon was removed and large volume paracentesis was performed due to fecal contamination. Nine additional reexplorations over 2 months resulted in an extreme acute open abdomen with loss of domain. Viscera was protected with negative pressure wound therapy, but primary myofascial closure was not feasible. Through surgical collaboration between two institutions, an abdominal dynamic tissue system was installed, which achieved primary myofascial closure 31 days after installation. Nine days later, complete wound closure utilizing porcine urinary bladder matrix was accomplished. This case highlights the successful achievement of primary myofascial closure and complete wound healing without a surgical site infection or hernia development in this heavily contaminated abdomen using dynamic tissue system biomechanics with porcine urinary bladder matrix biologics.

Objective: Increasing meaning in life (MiL) among people experiencing disease or adversity may improve coping and resilience. The purpose of this review is to characterize the effects of MiL interventions.Data Source: A systematic search of PubMed, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar was conducted encompassing the following parameters: meaning in life, purpose in life, or sense of purpose with randomized controlled trials.Study Inclusion & Exclusion Criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions with at least one outcome that measured improvement in MiL and were published in English between January 2000 and January 2020.Data Extraction & Synthesis: 33 randomized controlled trials (k= 35) were identified. Data were coded by authors and a research assistant for intervention type, control group type, and risk of bias. The random effects model of Review Manager 5.3 was used to produce SMD and evaluate heterogeneity.Results: The effect size for studies with a passive control group was SMD = 0.85 (95% CI 0.54 to 1.17) and for studies with an active control group was SMD = .032 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.55). Mindfulness programs produced the largest effect size (1.57) compared to passive controls, while narrative programs produced the largest effect relative to active controls (0.61). There was considerable heterogeneity in most estimates.Conclusion: Several interventions increase MiL, including some that are relatively brief and do not require licensed professionals.