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The imperative to establish environmentally friendly and sustainable food processing techniques has compelled the food industry to explore alternative approaches that uphold food quality, ensure nutritional integrity, and minimize energy consumption. Extensive research conducted in the past decade has substantiated the superiority of membrane-based dewatering technology over conventional methods, owing to its ability to retain nutrients effectively while minimizing energy requirements. Notably, forward osmosis (FO) and membrane distillation (MD) have emerged as viable membrane technologies for food processing in the industry. However, recent reviews have underscored the prominence of FO in the enrichment of liquid food, positioning it as a preferred choice among other membrane-based processes. This review paper aims to elucidate the advancements and contributions of FO and MD in the realm of food processing while evaluating their maturity and technology readiness level for food concentration. Moreover, it endeavors to delineate specific parameters, including pretreatment techniques, membrane cleaning strategies, and membrane configurations/modules tailored to liquid food sources' distinct dewatering requirements. Although most FO and MD studies have focused on lab-scale fruit juice and whey concentration, future investigations should encompass pilot-scale process development alongside comprehensive techno-economic analyses to facilitate the smooth transition of these technologies to an industrial scale. [Display omitted] • FO and MD are the most suitable membrane-based methods for dewatering liquid food at low pressure. • FO advance over the MD since it accounts for a wide range of liquid feed source. • FO studies need to be focused on the regeneration of draw solute for practical implementation in food industry. • Future MD and FO studies need to consider a techno-economic analysis for commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes an integrated system that combines a photoelectrochemical (PEC) system and forward osmosis (FO) system in tandem operation to address water, energy, and food (WEF) scarcity. The system utilizes a combination of ammonium sulfite and ammonium sulfate solution to represent wet flue gas desulfurization products from the ammonia scrubbing process commonly used in oil and gas producing countries. Under simulated sunlight, the sulfurous solution in the PEC system is oxidized at a reduced titania nanotube array (TNA) working electrode to produce hydrogen, a clean energy source (Energy). The oxidized sulfurous solution entering the draw solution (DS) compartment of the FO unit was then diluted when the FO system operates against simulated brackish water as the feed solution (FS, Water). The DS effluent is recirculated to ensure continuous operation of both PEC and FO systems. At a certain point in time, the DS effluent is also used as a cultivation solution for basil plants, the growth is visually more favorable compared to those supplied with tap water (Food). A concentrated DS (0.8:0.2 ratio of (NH 4) 2 SO 3 :(NH 4) 2 SO 4) showed excellent water desalination performance. It had a high water flux of 17 LMH with 11.8 % water recovery, highest salt rejection (98.6 % for Na+ and 98.3 for Cl−), and lowest reverse solute flux (RSF) (3.5 g‧m−2‧h−1 for SO 4 2−, 5.25 g‧m−2‧h−1 for SO 3 2−, 3.1 g‧m−2‧h−1 for NH 4 +) against 5 g‧L−1 NaCl FS for 5 h, with a cathodic current density of 0.15 A‧cm−2. Overall, this study demonstrates the successful implementation of a bench-scale integrated system that produces tangible outcomes for water, energy, and food. [Display omitted] • Integrated PEC-FDFO system addresses WEF scarcity using wet flue gas desulfurization products. • PEC system generates hydrogen as a clean energy source while FO system desalinates water. • DS effluent from FO system dilutes and is used for basil cultivation, showing favorable growth. • High sulfite concentrations and stable TNA electrodes enhance system performance and durability. • Integrated PEC-FDFO system: Sustainable WEF solution transforming air pollutants for tangible outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]