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Hypoxia, characterized by nonphysiological levels of oxygen tension, is a key phenomenon common to the majority of malignant tumors with poor prognosis. Many efforts have been made to develop hypoxia imaging for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of diseases, as well as for evaluating therapies. PET Imaging using 18F-fluoronitroimidazoles (i.e., [18F]FMISO as a lead radiotracer) has demonstrated potential for clinical investigations, but the poor contrast and prolonged acquisition times (>2.5 h) strongly limit its accuracy and routine developments. Here, we report an original [18F]fluoronitroimidazole bearing a sulfo group ([18F]FLUSONIM) that displays highly hydrophilic properties and rapid clearance, providing high-performance hypoxia specific PET imaging. We describe the synthesis and radiosynthesis of [18F]FLUSONIM, its in vivopreclinical evaluation by PET imaging in healthy rats and a rhabdomyosarcoma rat model, as well as its radiometabolization and histological studies. [18F]FLUSONIM was prepared in a single step by high yielding radiofluorination of a sultone precursor, highlighting the advantages of this new radiolabeling approach not yet explored for radiopharmaceutical development. PET imaging experiments were conducted by systematically comparing [18F]FLUSONIM to [18F]FMISO as a reference. The overall results unequivocally demonstrate that the developed radiopharmaceutical meets the criteria of an ideal candidate for hypoxia PET imaging─rapid and efficient radiosynthesis, total stability, exclusive urinary elimination, high specificity for hypoxic regions, unprecedented tumor/background ratios, short acquisition delays (<60 min), and promising potential for further preclinical and clinical applications.

La 18F-Fludarabine a montré des résultats prometteurs dans l’évaluation des pathologies lymphoprolifératives chez l’homme et dans l’étude du myélome multiple chez les modèles murins. Afin d’évaluer son intérêt dans le myélome multiple chez l’être humain, nous menons une étude prospective multicentrique exploratoire évaluant la TEP à la 18F-Fludarabine (FludaTEP) en comparaison à la TEP au 18F-FDG (TEP-FDG) pour le bilan initial ou de rechute et l’évaluation de la réponse thérapeutique des patients porteurs de myélomes multiples (MM) symptomatiques.

Background Relapsing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) is associated with lower cure rates and more hemodialysis (HD) transfers, as catheter removal is recommended in these situations. The aim of our study was to evaluate the continuation of PD without perioperative transfer to HD in patients who underwent a simultaneous catheter removal and replacement for relapsing peritonitis.Methods This was a retrospective monocentric study. Patients with simultaneous catheter removal and replacement for relapsing peritonitis or peritonitis at high risk of relapse (fungal or Pseudomonasinfection) between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2016 were included. The events of interest were the continuation of PD without perioperative transfer to HD, postoperative complications, new infection with the same organism, and technique survival.Results Of the 271 incident patients in PD during this period, 11 had a simultaneous catheter removal and replacement for relapsing peritonitis (8) or high risk of relapse peritonitis (3). Eight (72.7%) patients pursued PD without transfer to HD. Six infections were due to microorganisms other than gram-positive cocci. At 1 year, 7 (63.6%) of the 11 patients were still on PD. After the surgery, there were no peritonitis or catheter-related infections caused by the same organism.Conclusion Simultaneous catheter removal and replacement for peritonitis appears to be an effective procedure for maintaining patients on PD.

Lymphoma research has advanced thanks to introduction of [18F]fludarabine, a positron-emitting tool. This novel radiotracer has been shown to display a great specificity for lymphoid tissues. However, in a benign process such as inflammation, the uptake of this tracer has not been questioned. Indeed, in inflammatory zones, elevated glucose metabolism rate may result in false-positives with [18F]FDG-PET Imaging. In the present investigation, it has been argued that cells, involved in inflammation, might be less avid of [18F]fludarabine. To generate inflammation, Swiss mice were intramuscularly injected with 0.1 mL of turpentine oil into the right front paw. Imaging sessions with 18F-labeled tracers named above were conducted on days 5 and 25 after inoculation. For each animal, volumes of interest (VOI), delineating the muscle of the inflamed (IP) and normal paws (NP), were determined on PET scans. For characterization of inflammation, muscle samples from IP and NP were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). In early (day 5) inflammation, [18F]FDG accumulation was 4.00 ± 1.65 times greater in the IP than in the contralateral NP; for [18F]fludarabine, this IP/NP ratio was 1.31 ± 0.28, resulting in a significant difference between radiotracer groups (p< 0.01). In late (day 25) inflammation, the IP/NP ratios were 2.07 ± 0.49 and 1.03 ± 0.07, for [18F]FDG and [18F]fludarabine, respectively (p< 0.001). [18F]Fludarabine showed significantly weaker uptake in inflammation when compared with [18F]FDG. This encouraging finding suggests that [18F]fludarabine-PET might well be a robust approach for distinguishing tumor from inflammatory tissue, avoiding false-positive PET results and thus enabling an accurate imaging of lymphoma.

L’IRM conventionnelle joue un rôle clé dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de glioblastomes, cependant, l’IRM multiparamétrique et la TEP pourraient fournir des informations supplémentaires en identifiant les régions à haut risque de récidive. Dans cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à la prolifération, l’hypervascularisation et l’hypoxie, considérées comme des facteurs de mauvais pronostic. Elles ont été évaluées en mesurant respectivement la captation du 18F-FLT, le rCBV et la captation du 18F-FMISO et comparées à la prise de contraste (PC) sur la séquence T1w-Gd.

The Hybrid Cybernetic Model (HCM) enables the simulation of metabolic fluxes by using Elementary Modes Analysis and taking into account of selected cellular regulations. These latter are represented by cybernetic control variables. In this study, a simplified metabolic network was established in order to isolate a subset of Elementary Modes, representative of the main phenotypic capabilities of the microorganism. An innovative classification of the modes was introduced in the dynamic model, which permitted the selection of the active modes based on the microbial kinetics. The case study presented here is a genetically modified strain of Cupriavidus necator, engineered to produce isopropanol. Available experimental data were used for identification of parameters in the dynamic model. This model can be used in order to predict the value of maximal and minimal product yields when other substrates will be tested.

Residual feed intake (RFI) has been explored as an alternative selection criterion to feed conversion ratio to capture the fraction of feed intake not explained by expected production and maintenance requirements. Selection experiments have found that low RFI in the growing pig is genetically correlated with reduced fatness and feed intake. Selection for feed conversion ratio also reduces sow appetite and fatness, which, together with increased prolificacy, has been seen as a hindrance for sow lifetime performance. The aims of our study were to derive equations for sow RFI during lactation (SRFI) and to evaluate the effect of selection for RFI during growth on sow traits during lactation. Data were obtained on 2 divergent lines selected for 7 generations for low and high RFI during growth in purebred Large Whites. The RFI was measured on candidates for selection (1,065 pigs), and sow performance data were available for 480 sows having from 1 to 3 parities (1,071 parities). Traits measured were sow daily feed intake (SDFI); sow BW and body composition before farrowing and at weaning (28.4 ± 1.7d); number of piglets born total, born alive, and surviving at weaning; and litter weight, average piglet BW, and within-litter SD of piglet BW at birth, 21 d of age (when creep feeding was available), and weaning. Sow RFI was defined as the difference between observed SDFI and SDFI predicted for sow maintenance and production. Daily production requirements were quantified by litter size and daily litter BW gain as well as daily changes in sow body reserves. The SRFI represented 24% of the phenotypic variability of SDFI. Heritability estimates for RFI and SRFI were both 0.14. The genetic correlation between RFI and SRFI was 0.29 ± 0.23. Genetic correlations of RFI with sow traits were low to moderate, consistent with responses to selection; selection for low RFI during growth reduced SDFI and increased number of piglets and litter growth, but also increased mobilization of body reserves. No effect on rebreeding performance was found. Metabolic changes previously observed during growth in response to selection might explain part of the better efficiency of the low-RFI sows, decreasing basal metabolism and favoring rapid allocation of resources to lactation. We propose to consider SRFI as an alternative to SDFI to select for efficient sows with reduced input demands during lactation.

Genetic trends for growth, feed efficiency, composition, and morphometry of carcasses were estimated in a French Large White (LW) pig population using frozen semen. Two groups of pigs were produced by inseminating LW sows with either stored, frozen semen from 17 LW boars born in 1977 or with semen from 23 LW boars born in 1998. In each group, 15 males and 90 females were randomly chosen and mated to produce approximately 1,000 pigs/group. These pigs were performance tested with individual ADFI and serial BW and backfat thickness measurements, slaughtered at 105 kg of BW, and measured for carcass traits. The data were analyzed using mixed linear animal models, including the fixed effect of the experimental group (offspring of 1977 or 1998 boars), the random effect of the additive genetic value of each animal, and, when significant, the fixed effects of sex, fattening batch, and slaughterhouse, the linear regression on BW, and the random effect of the common environment of birth litter. For each trait, the genetic trend was estimated as twice the difference between the 2 experimental groups. Results showed moderately favorable trends for on-test ADG (3.7 ± 1.3 g/d per year) and feed conversion ratio (−0.014 ± 0.005 kg/kg per year) in spite of a tendency toward an increase in ADFI (7.6 ± 4.7 g/yr). A strong reduction in carcass fatness (−0.35 ± 0.07 mm/yr for carcass average backfat thickness) and a large improvement in carcass leanness (0.31 ± 0.10 mm2/yr and 0.41 ± 0.08%/yr for loin eye area and carcass muscle content, respectively) were observed. Carcass shape measurements (back and leg length, back width, muscle thickness of hind limbs) were not affected by selection. Serial measurements of BW and backfat thickness showed that the major part of the genetic gains occurred during late growth and that the reduction in the backfat layer was more pronounced in the rear than in the front part of the carcass. The use of frozen semen appears to be a powerful practice to thoroughly investigate changes attributable to selection.

18FFDDNP has been recently described as a potent tracer to image amyloid plaques in vivoby positron emission tomography. Such a tool will be advisable to diagnose patient with mild cognitive impairment, to follow the disease progression and to evaluate new therapies. To make this radiopharmacetical affordable for the clinicians, we developed an automated method for 18FFDDNP radiosynthesis using a commercial 18FFDG unit. Radiolabeling with fluorine18 was carried out by a 18Ffluorodetosylation reaction on the precursor 2162tosyloxyoethylmethylamino2naphthylethylidenemalononitrile. The reaction was performed in acetonitrile for 15 min at 90°C, and then the reaction mixture was injected into a semipreparative highpressure liquid chromatography. The desire 18FFDDNP fraction was collected, and an SPE was performed. The 18FFDDNP was formulated in a sodium chlorideethanol solution followed by a sterile filtration. Stability of 18FFDDNP was studied after 4 h and radiochemical purity of 18FFDDNP remained >98.The overall decaycorrected radiochemical yield was 15±3 n8. Radiochemical purity was >98 and the specific activity was 164±25 GBqµmol at EOS. Pharmaceutical controls, bioburden, sterility, bacterial endotoxin and residual solvent tests were performed. The results were in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia and demonstrated our ability to produce 18FFDDNP with a pharmaceutical grade and a high reproducibility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Data were collected over the first 4 generations of a divergent selection experiment for residual feed intake of Large White pigs having ad libitum access to feed. This data set was used to obtain estimates of heritability for residual feed intake and genetic correlations (ra) between this trait and growth, carcass, and meat quality traits. Individual feed intake of group-housed animals was measured by single-space electronic feeders. Upward and downward selection lines were maintained contemporarily, with 6 boars and 35 to 40 sows per line and generation. Numbers of records were 793 for residual feed intake (RFI1) of boar candidates for selection issued from first-parity (P1) litters and tested over a fixed BW range (35 to 95 kg) and 657 for residual feed intake (RFI2) and growth, carcass, and meat quality traits of castrated males and females issued from second-parity (P2) litters and tested from 28 to 107 kg of BW. Variance and covariance components were estimated using REML methodology applied to a series of multitrait animal models, which always included the criterion for selection as 1 of the traits. Estimates of heritability for RFI1 and RFI2 were 0.14 ± 0.03 and 0.24 ± 0.03, respectively, whereas the estimate of rabetween the 2 traits was 0.91 ± 0.08. Estimates of raindicated that selection for low residual feed intake has the potential to improve feed conversion ratio and reduce daily feed intake, with minimal correlated effect for ADG of P2 animals. Estimates of rabetween RFI2 and body composition traits of P2 animals were positive for traits related to the amount of fat depots (ra= 0.44 ± 0.16 for carcass backfat thickness) and negative for carcass lean meat content (ra= −0.55 ± 0.14). There was a tendency for a negative genetic correlation between RFI2 and carcass dressing percent (ra= −0.36 ± 0.21). Moreover, selection for low residual feed intake is expected, through lower ultimate pH and lighter color, to decrease pork quality (ra= 0.77 ± 0.14 between RFI2 and a meat quality index intended to predict the ratio of the weight of ham after curing and cooking to the weight of defatted and boneless fresh ham).

The performance of an innovative two-stage continuous bioreactor with cell recycle—potentially capable of giving very high ethanol productivity—was investigated. The first stage was dedicated to cell growth, whereas the second stage was dedicated to ethanol production. A high cell density was obtained by an ultrafiltration module coupled to the outlet of the second reactor. A recycle loop from the second stage to the first one was tested to improve cell viability and activity. Cultivations of Saccharomyces cerevisiaein mineral medium on glucose were performed at 30°C and pH 4. At steady state, total biomass concentrations of 59 and 157 gDCW l−1and ethanol concentrations of 31 and 65 g l−1were obtained in the first and second stage, respectively. The residual glucose concentration was 73 g l−1in the first stage and close to zero in the second stage. The present study shows that a very high ethanol productivity (up to 41 g l−1h−1) can indeed be obtained with complete conversion of the glucose and with a high ethanol titre (8.3°GL) in the two-stage system.The performance of an innovative two-stage continuous bioreactor with cell recycle—potentially capable of giving very high ethanol productivity—was investigated. The first stage was dedicated to cell growth, whereas the second stage was dedicated to ethanol production. A high cell density was obtained by an ultrafiltration module coupled to the outlet of the second reactor. A recycle loop from the second stage to the first one was tested to improve cell viability and activity. Cultivations of Saccharomyces cerevisiaein mineral medium on glucose were performed at 30°C and pH 4. At steady state, total biomass concentrations of 59 and 157 gDCW l−1and ethanol concentrations of 31 and 65 g l−1were obtained in the first and second stage, respectively. The residual glucose concentration was 73 g l−1in the first stage and close to zero in the second stage. The present study shows that a very high ethanol productivity (up to 41 g l−1h−1) can indeed be obtained with complete conversion of the glucose and with a high ethanol titre (8.3°GL) in the two-stage system.

The milking ability of Lacaune ewes was characterised by derived traits of milk flow patterns, in an INRA experimental farm, from a divergent selection experiment in order to estimate the correlated effects of selection for protein and fat yields. The analysis of selected divergent line effects (involving 34 616 data and 1204 ewes) indicated an indirect improvement of milking traits (+17% for maximum milk flow and -10% for latency time) with a 25% increase in milk yield. Genetic parameters were estimated by multi-trait analysis with an animal model, on 751 primiparous ewes. The heritabilities of the traits expressed on an annual basis were high, especially for maximum flow (0.54) and for latency time (0.55). The heritabilities were intermediate for average flow (0.30), time at maximum flow (0.42) and phase of increasing flow (0.43), and low for the phase of decreasing flow (0.16) and the plateau of high flow (0.07). When considering test-day data, the heritabilities of maximum flow and latency time remained intermediate and stable throughout the lactation. Genetic correlations between milk yield and milking traits were all favourable, but latency time was less milk yield dependent (-0.22) than maximum flow (+0.46). It is concluded that the current dairy ewe selection based on milk solid yield is not antagonistic to milking ability.

The milking ability of Lacaune ewes was characterised by derived traits of milk flow patterns, in an INRA experimental farm, from a divergent selection experiment in order to estimate the correlated effects of selection for protein and fat yields. The analysis of selected divergent line effects (involving 34 616 data and 1204 ewes) indicated an indirect improvement of milking traits (+17% for maximum milk flow and –10% for latency time) with a 25% increase in milk yield. Genetic parameters were estimated by multi-trait analysis with an animal model, on 751 primiparous ewes. The heritabilities of the traits expressed on an annual basis were high, especially for maximum flow (0.54) and for latency time (0.55). The heritabilities were intermediate for average flow (0.30), time at maximum flow (0.42) and phase of increasing flow (0.43), and low for the phase of decreasing flow (0.16) and the plateau of high flow (0.07). When considering test-day data, the heritabilities of maximum flow and latency time remained intermediate and stable throughout the lactation. Genetic correlations between milk yield and milking traits were all favourable, but latency time was less milk yield dependent (–0.22) than maximum flow (+0.46). It is concluded that the current dairy ewe selection based on milk solid yield is not antagonistic to milking ability.

[18F]Fluoro-L-dopa, an important radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET), has been synthesized using a phase-transfer alkylation reaction. A chiral quaternary ammonium salt derived from a Cinchona alkaloid served as phase-transfer catalyst for the enantioselective alkylation of a glycine derivative. The active methylene group of this Schiff-base substrate was deprotonated with cesium hydroxide and rapidly alkylated by the 2-[18F]fluoro-4,5-dimethoxybenzyl halide (X = Br, I). The reaction proceeded with high yield (> 90%) at 0 °C or room temperature in various solvents such as toluene or dichloromethane. Preparation of the [18F]alkylating agent on a solid support was developed. After labelling, the labeled [18F]fluoroveratraldehyde was trapped on a tC18 cartridge and then converted on the cartridge into the corresponding benzyl halide derivatives by addition of aqueous sodium borohydride and gaseous hydrobromic or -iodic acid. Hydrolysis and purification by preparative HPLC made 6-[18F]fluoro-L-dopa ready for human injection in a 25−30% decay-corrected radiochemical yield in a synthesis time of 100 min. The product was found to be chemically, radiochemically and enantiomerically pure (ee > 95%). (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)

The impact of ethanol and temperature on the dynamic behaviour of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in ethanol biofuel production was studied using an isothermal fed-batch process at five different temperatures. Fermentation parameters and kinetics were quantified. The best performances were found at 30 and 33°C around 120 g l -1 ethanol produced in 30 h with a slight benefit for growth at 30°C and for ethanol production at 33°C. Glycerol formation, enhanced with increasing temperatures, was coupled with growth for all fermentations; whereas, a decoupling phenomenon occurred at 36 and 39°C pointing out a possible role of glycerol in yeast thermal protection.

New transgenic pigs expressing combinations of regulators of complement activation and other molecules are needed to resist xenograft hyperacute rejection (HAR) and to further analyze and treat xenograft rejection. Double transgenic pigs for human CD55 (hCD55) and human CD59 (hCD59) using the promoter of the human elongation factor 1 gene were generated, and their kidneys were transplanted into nonimmunosuppressed baboons. hCD55 and hCD59 were mainly expressed by the endothelial cells, and these cells showed increased resistance to complement-mediated lysis. Baboons receiving kidneys from hCD55hCD59 pigs survived for 5 and 6 days, and displayed alterations in coagulation. Thrombocytopenia and platelet microthrombi were present within the kidneys. Nontransgenic kidneys showed HAR in less than 2 days. Kidneys from pigs expressing hCD55hCD59 displayed protection against HAR in the absence of immunosuppression. Rejection was associated with coagulopathy leukocyte infiltration and a rebound of anti-Gal antibodies.

Two methods for the determination of ovulation were compared to one ultrasonography performed 5 times a day. Time of ovulation by echography was 40 $\pm$ 5.8 h (mean $\pm$ SD) after the onset of oestrus. Preovulatory LH rise (two blood samples per day) began near the onset of oestrus but, in our conditions, this parameter could not be used to predict ovulation. The basal level of progesterone (two blood samples per day) was determined with a non-linear model, the timing when progesterone rose more than one SD (0.3 ng$\cdot$ mL$^{-1}$ ) coincided with the timing of ovulation determined by echography ( $R^2 = 0.98$ ). This method was efficient and was used in a field trial to measure the consequences of the variability of the interval between AI and ovulation on litter size. The interval between AI and ovulation had an effect on litter size; litter size decreased by one piglet when this interval increased by 10 h.

Abstract: Although many studies have examined the influence of culture conditions on the production and composition of polysaccharides, little is known about the factors influencing the quality of exopolysaccharides (EPS). In this work we studied the effect of yeast extract on the production, composition and molecular weight of the EPS zooglan produced by Zoogloea ramigera 115SLR. This bacterium was grown on a new completely defined synthetic medium and on a medium containing yeast extract. Growth and polysaccharide production performances were comparable on the two media with a glucose to exopolysaccharide conversion yield of 35% (g/g). The polysaccharides produced on these two media have an identical composition but a different molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. The yeast extract medium leads to a more homogeneous polysaccharide solution.

In order to understand the role of the medium osmolality on the metabolism of glutamate-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum, the effects of saline osmotic upshocks from 0.4 osmol.?kg –1to 2 osmol.?kg –1 have been investigated on the growth kinetics and the intracellular content of the bacteria. Addition of a high concentration of NaCl after a few hours of batch culture results in a temporary interruption of the cellular growth. Cell growth resumes after about 1?h but at a specific rate that decreases with increasing medium osmolality. Investigation of the intracellular content showed, during the first 30?min following the shock, a rapid but transient influx of sodium ions. This was followed by a strong accumulation of proline, which rose from 5 to 110?mg/g dry weight at the end of the growth phase. A slight accumulation of intracellular glutamate from 60 to 75?mg/g dry weight was also observed. Accordingly, for Corynebacterium glutamicum an increased osmolality in the culture medium resulted in a higher specific rate of glutamate and proline synthesis during the growth phase.

In order to determine the response of Corynebacterium glutamicum to osmotic stress under different growth conditions, the bacteria were grown in glucose-limited continuous cultures at osmotic pressures of 0.4-2.4osmolkg^-1 by addition of NaCl to the culture medium. Steady-state continuous cultures were obtained for all investigated osmotic pressures. Increasing the medium osmolality resulted in a higher specific glucose-uptake rate, a lower glucose-to-biomass conversion yield, as well as important changes in the cellular content. A short-term response to the addition of NaCl to a continuous culture was the rapid but transient uptake of Na⁺ ions. At steady state a higher osmotic pressure resulted in a strong increase of the intracellular concentrations of proline, from 5mg/g to 125mg/g dry weight, and of trehalose from 20mg/g to 60mg/g dry weight. The level of glutamate, which was the dominant intracellular amino acid at low osmotic pressure at 55mg/g dry weight, was not affected by the addition of NaCl. The influence of the specific growth rate, between 0.1h^-1 and 0.4h^-1, on the intracellular metabolite concentration was also determined. The level of proline was found to increase strongly with the growth rate, whereas the trehalose content decreased slightly and the glutamate content did not change. The observed net increase in accumulated metabolites may be related to a requirement of a higher turgor pressure for rapid cell growth.

Abstract:  In order to determine the possible effect of nutrient limitations on the response of Corynebacterium glutamicum to a saline osmotic up-shock, the bacteria were grown in continuous cultures, at osmotic pressures of 0.4 osmol/kg and 1.2 osmol/kg, under ammonia and potassium limitation. At the low osmolality of 0.4 osmol/kg, the glutamate and proline levels of 15 mg/g and 5 mg/g dry weight respectively were lower than previously reported in glucose-limited continuous cultures (50 mg/g and 10 mg/g dry weight respectively). On the other hand, the internal trehalose pool was much higher at 40 mg/g dry weight. When the medium osmolality was increased to 1.2 osmol/kg by NaCl addition, under ammonia limitation, the proline content rose from 5 mg/g to 20 mg/g dry weight and the trehalose content from 40 mg/g to 70 mg/g dry weight, whereas the intracellular pool of glutamate remained essentially constant. An increase in the internal sodium content was also observed. Similar results were found for the internal pool of glutamate, proline and trehalose when C. glutamicum was grown under potassium limitations at an osmolality of 1.2 osmol/kg. There were also higher levels of sodium ions, glutamine and alanine. According to the present results, whereas proline was previously reported to be the dominantly accumulated osmoprotectant in C. glutamicum grown under glucose limitations, under ammonia and potassium limitations trehalose represented the dominantly synthesized metabolite.

The variation over time of the volume of Corynebacterium glutamicumfollowing osmotic upshocks produced by the addition of increasing NaCl quantities was measured by a light-scattering method. During the first seconds the cell volume rapidly decreased. The extent of volume reduction varied between 30 % at 1.5 osmol/kg and 65 % at 3.3 osmo/kg. In a second phase the cell volume increased again over a time period lasting 10 minutes or more depending on the magnitude of the saline upshock.

Le métier de cadre de santé a dû s’adapter pour permettre aux équipes de s’approprier la démarche qualité.

Des études récentes ont montré que la modulation de l’activité cérébrale grâce à la stimulation transcrânienne en courant continu (tDCS) augmente les performances de dénomination de patients aphasiques. Dans cette étude multicentrique randomisée contrôlée en simple aveugle, nous avons investigué les effets potentiels de la t-DCS sur l’amélioration du discours spontané de neuf patients aphasiques fluents et non fluents, à différents stades (aiguës et chroniques). Le critère de mesure principale était le nombre de substantifs différents en réponse à une question ouverte « quel est votre métier ? », dans un temps limité de deux minutes, celle-ci étant posée avant et après chaque période sous stimulations. Les patients ont suivi une rééducation orthophonique classique, associée à la t-DCS en condition active (2mA, 20min, anode au niveau de l’aire de Broca, cathode sur son homologue) et placebo (2mA, 30 secondes, même configuration). Chaque condition ayant été proposée sur deux périodes de trois semaines chacune avec un intervalle d’une semaine entre chaque période. Nous n’avons pas constaté d’amélioration statistiquement significative en condition active par rapport à la condition placebo. Cette absence de résultats significatifs pourrait être imputée à l’hétérogénéité du groupe. Il serait important de poursuivre les investigations afin de constituer des sous-groupes plus homogènes.

The deal of ProBio3 project is to develop the microbial conversion on specific fatty acids of carbon substrates from renewable resources and industrial by-products. The main application fields are BiojetFuels and green chemistry. The objectives focus on the identification of renewable feedstock suitable for microbial nutritional requirements, the development of an intensive bioprocess, the proof of feasibility at pilot scale (m3) with the evaluation of environmental, economic and societal impacts. During 8 years, 16 French partners (9 research units LISBP, MICALIS, IJPB, IGM, IMFT, SQPOV, TSE, TWB, IFPen, 4 industries Airbus, EADS, Sofiproteol, Tereos et 3 technical centres ITERG, CVG, CREOL) associate their interdisciplinary competences from Life Sciences to Process Engineering including Economic and Social Sciences. With Investissement d’Avenir financial support, the expected impacts are increases of fundamental knowledge of lipid metabolism in oleaginous microorganisms, development of high-throughput tools to fasten industrial engineering strains and fermentation strategies, new extraction processes involving green solvents and realistic scale up studies towards an industrial pilot; with undeniable innovative aspects, the deal is to get competitive assets for leading international positions on a new biological route.

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No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Introduction:[18F]-Fludarabine is a promising novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for lymphoid malignancies. The rationale for its development is the high selectivity of fludarabine uptake within lymphoid cells, irrespective of their cycle activity, and the fluorine atom within the molecule, which is replaced by [18F] and leads to a positron emitting biomarker. Pre-clinical studies (Dhilly et al, Mol Imaging Biol 2014,16:118-26 ; Hovhannisyan et al, EJNMMI Res 2015,5:23) showed a marked tumor uptake in lymphoma-bearing mice. The aim of this study was to describe anatomical sites with abnormal [18F]-fludarabine uptake in DLBCL patients. This study was designed as a clinical proof of concept.

The European Space Agency's Plancksatellite, launched on 14 May 2009, is the third-generation space experiment in the field of cosmic microwave background (CMB) research. It will image the anisotropies of the CMB over the whole sky, with unprecedented sensitivity (${{\Delta T}\over T}$~ 2 × 10-6) and angular resolution (~5 arcmin). Planckwill provide a major source of information relevant to many fundamental cosmological problems and will test current theories of the early evolution of the Universe and the origin of structure. It will also address a wide range of areas of astrophysical research related to the Milky Way as well as external galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The ability of Planckto measure polarization across a wide frequency range (30-350 GHz), with high precision and accuracy, and over the whole sky, will provide unique insight, not only into specific cosmological questions, but also into the properties of the interstellar medium. This paper is part of a series which describes the technical capabilities of the Planckscientific payload. It is based on the knowledge gathered during the on-ground calibration campaigns of the major subsystems, principally its telescope and its two scientific instruments, and of tests at fully integrated satellite level. It represents the best estimate before launch of the technical performance that the satellite and its payload will achieve in flight. In this paper, we summarise the main elements of the payload performance, which is described in detail in the accompanying papers. In addition, we describe the satellite performance elements which are most relevant for science, and provide an overview of the plans for scientific operations and data analysis.

The European Space Agency's Plancksatellite, launched on 14 May 2009, is the third-generation space experiment in the field of cosmic microwave background (CMB) research. It will image the anisotropies of the CMB over the whole sky, with unprecedented sensitivity (${{\Delta T}\over T}$~ 2 × 10-6) and angular resolution (~5 arcmin). Planckwill provide a major source of information relevant to many fundamental cosmological problems and will test current theories of the early evolution of the Universe and the origin of structure. It will also address a wide range of areas of astrophysical research related to the Milky Way as well as external galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The ability of Planckto measure polarization across a wide frequency range (30-350 GHz), with high precision and accuracy, and over the whole sky, will provide unique insight, not only into specific cosmological questions, but also into the properties of the interstellar medium. This paper is part of a series which describes the technical capabilities of the Planckscientific payload. It is based on the knowledge gathered during the on-ground calibration campaigns of the major subsystems, principally its telescope and its two scientific instruments, and of tests at fully integrated satellite level. It represents the best estimate before launch of the technical performance that the satellite and its payload will achieve in flight. In this paper, we summarise the main elements of the payload performance, which is described in detail in the accompanying papers. In addition, we describe the satellite performance elements which are most relevant for science, and provide an overview of the plans for scientific operations and data analysis.

The present study was designed to determine the effect of pooling embryos from two donors on the reproductive success of transfer of vitrified/warmed porcine blastocysts. Superovulated Large White hyperprolific gilts (n=24) were used as embryo donors. Gilts were artificially inseminated 12 and 24h after initial detection of estrus using fresh semen, and slaughtered on Days 5.5 to 6 of the estrous cycle (Day 0=Onset of estrus). Embryos were recovered by flushing the uterine horns, and unhatched blastocysts were selected. Vitrification and warming were performed as reported previously (Berthelot et al., 2000 Cryobiology 41, 116-124). Embryo transfers were conducted in asynchronous (-24h) Meishan gilts (n=20). Twenty vitrified/warmed blastocysts were surgically transferred into one uterine horn. Ten recipients received embryos from one donor (group 1) and the other ten transfers were performed with mixed embryos from two donors (group 2). Pregnancy was assessed ultrasonographically at Day 25 after estrus and recipients were slaughtered five days later. The pregnancy rate from the different groups was compared using Fisher exact test. The GLM procedure of SAS was used to determine the effect of the origin of embryos (one or two donors) on the number of developed fetuses and viable fetuses at Day 30 of pregnancy. The ovulation rate was 32.511.8 (meanSD). The total number of embryos collected was 634, of which 57 (9.0%), 36 (5.7%), 513 (80.9%) and 28 (4.4%), were unfertilized oocytes and degenerated embryos, morulae, unhatched blastocysts and hatched blastocysts, respectively. The ratio of collected embryos to the number of corpora lutea was 81.3%. The pregnancy rate for group 1 (70%) was not different (P>0.05) than that for group 2 (90%). No significant differences were detected between group 1 and group 2 for in vivo embryo development (number fetuses/transferred embryos in pregnant recipients; 33.3% v. 40%) or in vivo embryo survival (number viable fetuses/transferred embryos in pregnant recipients; 27.9% v. 33.9%). However, the in vivo efficiency (number viable fetuses/total transferred embryos) was higher (P&lt;0.05) when transfers were performed with embryos from two donors (19.5% v. 30.5%). These results indicate that pooling embryos from two donors increases the in vivo efficiency after transfer of vitrified/warmed porcine blastocysts. This study was supported by grant from SENECA (FPI/99, Spain).

Sperm cryopreservation is used for preservation and diffusion of genetic diversity and genetic progress. One approach to improve cryopreservation is to identify and control the cellular parameters responsible for intrinsic sperm fitness for cryopreservation. The aim of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between sperm cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio (CHO/PL) and sperm fitness for cryopreservation. CHO/PL in goat and boar semen were respectively 0.281 ± 0.048 (n= 112) and 0.375 ± 0.043 (n= 47). CHO/PL of washed stallion spermatozoa was 0.541 ± 0.072 (n =17). In stallion spermatozoa and goat semen, CHO/PL and sperm motility after thawing were negatively correlated, although the significance of this relation fluctuated between ejaculates (stallion) and between months of collection (goat). In boar, mobility parameters after thawing were not related to CHO/PL, but a positive correlation was noted between CHO/PL and the percentage of spermatozoa alive and normal 120 min after thawing. No relationship was found between blood plasma cholesterol (goat: 1160 nmol.mL−1± 186; boar: 1410 nmol.mL−1± 200) or seminal plasma cholesterol (boar sperm rich fraction: 104 nmol.mL−1±52) and sperm CHO/PL. To conclude, sperm CHO/PL is not a direct indicator of sperm fitness for cryopreservation. However, as supported by the observed correlation, it could not be ruled out that CHO/PL is involved in the cryopreservation success.