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Around the world, more than two thirds of the population persist with traditional cooking practices that are deeply embedded within cultural and social norms. This paper discusses insights from a qualitative study on how changes emerge and unfold in these socially embedded energy practices. The research draws on social practice theory to help make sense of the motivations and social processes behind shifting away from a traditional and social norm, and adopt alternative, modern energy practices. Insights are drawn from primary data collected across two study phases in 2015 and 2016 from the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Findings suggest the importance of energy poverty interventions to integrate and consider both intrinsic and extrinsic incentives, practice leadership and positive relations between communities and the institutions that provide support. We conclude by reflecting on the implications of these findings for the design of policies and interventions aiming to inspire a social change amongst the energy impoverished.

The identification and quantification of defects are undoubtedly thorough challenges in the characterization of “defect-engineered” metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). UiO-66, known for its exceptional stability and defect tolerance, has been a popular target for defect-engineering studies. Herein, we show that synthesizing UiO-66 in the presence of an excess of benzoic acid is a reliable method for obtaining UiO-66 samples with a very high concentration of missing-cluster defects, allowing one to modulate specific properties (i.e., surface area and hydrophobicity). This was elucidated by a multitechnique marriage of experimental and computational methods: a combination of PXRD, dissolution/1H NMR spectroscopy, and N2sorption measurements was used to quantify the defect loading, while vibrational spectroscopies (FTIR and Raman) allowed us to unequivocally identify the defect structure by comparison with DFT-simulated spectra and visual analysis of the computed vibrational modes.

A real‐time interactive black‐blood imaging system is described. Rapid blood suppression is achieved by exciting and dephasing slabs outside the imaging slice before each imaging excitation. Sharp‐profiled radio frequency saturation pulses placed close to the imaging slice provide good blood suppression, even in views containing slow through‐plane flow. In vivo results indicate that this technique improves endocardial border definition during systole in real‐time cardiac wall‐motion studies. Phantom and animal results indicate that this technique nearly eliminates flow artifacts in real‐time intravascular studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:807–812. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Summary: Two trials were conducted to investigate the effects of l-carnitine supplementation upon maximum and submaximum exercise capacity. Two groups of healthy, untrained subjects were studied in double-blind cross-over trials. Oral supplementation of 2 g per day l-carnitine was used for 2 weeks in the first trial and the same dose but for 4 weeks in the second trial. Maximum and submaximum exercise capacity were assessed during a continuous progressive cycle ergometer exercise test performed at 70 rpm. In trial 1, plasma concentrations of lactate and $$\dot V_{O_{2\max } }$$ ) or in maximum heart rate. In trial 1, there was a small improvement in submaximal performance as evidenced by a decrease in the heart-rate response to a work-load requiring 50% of $$\dot V_{O_{2\max } }$$ . The more extensive trial 2 did not reproduce the significant result obtained in trial 1, that is, there was no significant decrease in heart rate at any given submaximal exercise intensity, under carnitine-supplemented conditions. Plasma metabolic concentrations were unchanged following l-carnitine, in both trials. It is concluded, that in contrast to other reports, carnitine supplementation may be of little benefit to exercise performance since the observed effects were small and inconsistent.

The effects of strength training of the quadriceps on peak power output during isokinetic cycling has been investigated in a group of 17 young healthy volunteers. Subjects trained by lifting near-maximal loads on a leg extension machine for 12 weeks. Measurements of maximal voluntary isometric force were made at 2-3 week intervals and a continual record was kept of the weights lifted in training. Peak power output was measured at 110 rev min-1 and at either 70 or 80 rev min-1 before and after the 12 week training period. Measurements of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were made on 12 subjects before and after training. The greatest change was in the weights lifted in training which increased by 160-200%. This was accompanied by a much smaller increase in maximum isometric force (3-20%). There was no significant change in peak power output at either speed. The VO2max remained unchanged with training. The role of task specificity in training is discussed in relation to training regimes for power athletes and for rehabilitation of patients with muscle weakness.

This study compared the isometric strength, leg extensor power, and some potentially related functional abilities of elderly women selected for exercise studies according to two sets of readily applicable exclusion criteria. The health status criteria (“healthy” and “medically stable”) differed principally in respect to duration of freedom from diagnosed or symptomatic disease, medication taken and Body Mass Index. Fifty “healthy” women and fifty “medically stable” women, aged 65 to 89 and evenly distributed over the age range, were recruited through local and national newspapers. There was no significant difference between the two health groups in strength or power. However, the women in the “medically stable” group were heavier and had more difficulty in rising from a chair. The strength of the relationships between strength, power and kneel rise time were very dependent on body weight for the “medically stable” women but not for the “healthy” women. The health criteria used to classify elderly subjects must be clearly specified so that there may be easier interpretation of results from future studies. This is especially true in studies where body weight might be important.

cis- and trans-5-Acetoxy-7a-nitro-5,7-dihydroindane are formed as well as the 4- and 5-nitroindanes when indane is reacted with nitric acid and acetic anhydride. These adducts both decompose on standing by loss of nitrous acid forming 5-acetoxyindane. The cisisomer is obtained in greater amount and it undergoes elimination less readily than the trans.

The timing of assembly and tectonic origins of terranes in the northern Cordillera of Alaska, British Columbia, and the Pacific Northwest are debated. Stikinia, a long‐lived arc terrane, has an enigmatic regional Mesozoic accretionary history and its tectonic origins remain unconstrained. Zircon U‐Pb geochronology and Lu‐Hf isotopic data on Triassic–Jurassic sedimentary and igneous rocks from central Stikinia shed light on the terrane‐scale effects of a latest Triassic–Early Jurassic collision between Stikinia and pericratonic Yukon‐Tanana terrane. Main age peaks from central Stikinia are 250–160 Ma, reflecting ongoing Mesozoic arc‐related igneous activity within Stikinia. Comparison of isotopic evolution and unconformity development between central Stikinia and northern Stikinia (Whitehorse trough) provide new constraints on regional latest Triassic–earliest Jurassic deformation. We attribute the shortening‐related deformation to variable along‐strike interactions during end‐on collision with the Yukon‐Tanana terrane, with significant crustal thickening at the northern apex of Stikinia that did not persist farther south. A small pre‐Devonian zircon population is significant, as the oldest exposed rocks in Stikinia are Early Devonian. Pre‐Devonian age peaks differ from those of the northern Yukon‐Tanana terrane, but resemble zircons from southern Wrangellia. These zircons are likely multi‐cyclic, derived from crust that originated in the Arctic region near the northern end of the Caledonide orogeny. We suggest that Stikinia was an independent crustal block prior to latest Triassic onset of collision with Yukon‐Tanana terrane. The ongoing, end‐on collision in turn promoted oroclinal assembly of the peri‐Laurentian terranes. Regional Triassic–Jurassic deformation in Stikinia is attributed to collision with the Yukon‐Tanana terraneEnd‐on collision of Stikinia with the Yukon‐Tanana terrane promoted oroclinal assembly of the Intermontane terranesPre‐Devonian zircons in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks suggest that Stikinia and the Yukon‐Tanana terrane remained separate until the Mesozoic Regional Triassic–Jurassic deformation in Stikinia is attributed to collision with the Yukon‐Tanana terrane End‐on collision of Stikinia with the Yukon‐Tanana terrane promoted oroclinal assembly of the Intermontane terranes Pre‐Devonian zircons in Mesozoic sedimentary rocks suggest that Stikinia and the Yukon‐Tanana terrane remained separate until the Mesozoic

Rydon and Smith1described a sensitive method for the detection of amino- and imino-compounds on paper chromatograms : the method consisted of exposure of the dried chromatograms to an atmosphere of chlorine, followed by aeration to remove ‘background’ chlorine, and detection of the resultant ehloramines by liberation of iodine from a starch/potassium iodide reagent. In Reindel and Hoppe's modification2of the procedure, the chromatograms were moistened with an acetone/alcohol mixture and exposed to gaseous chlorine in a tank before detection of the chloramino derivatives with a tolidine/ potassium iodide reagent. In a further modification3, the chromatograms were moistened with steam, exposed to gaseous chlorine, heated briefly to 50° and developed with the tolidine/potassium iodide reagent.