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Background: A correlation exists between the microbial flora of the upper and lower airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) or with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The sinuses can function as a bacterial reservoir where gram-negative bacteria adapt to the airways and repeatedly are aspirated to and colonize the lungs according to the theory of the united (unified) airways. Whereas the pattern of bacterial flora in the lower airways has been extensively studied, the upper airways have drawn limited attention. Objective: Our aim was to review the literature that reported bacterial flora in the sinuses and nasal cavities of patients with CF or PCD. Methods: A number of medical literature data bases were systematically searched between January 1960 and July 2016. We applied the following inclusion criteria: a minimum of one case of PCD (or Kartagener syndrome) or CF, and microbiology analyses from the nose or paranasal sinuses. Results: We included 46 studies (1823 patients) from 16 countries. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 30% of the noses and sinuses of patients with CF. Other common bacteria found included Pseudomonas aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, and Haemophilus influenzae. In PCD, H. influenzae was the most common bacteria (28%), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. If studies that included nonsurgical swab and blowing samples were excluded, then P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterium in patients with CF (34%) and in patients with PCD (50%), followed by S. aureus and H. influenza. Conclusion: S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, coagulase negative staphylococci, and H. influenzae dominated in the upper airways of patients with CF. In patients with PCD, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa dominated. When studies that included swab and blowing samples were excluded, P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterium in both groups. Direct comparisons among the studies were restricted due to very heterogeneous methods, and a better standardization of procedures and outcomes is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicone implants have been used for breast augmentations, both cosmetically and in reconstructive surgery since the 1960s. Rupture of breast implants and silicone migration is a well-known complication. In this case report and literature review, we present a case of a 53-year-old woman with bilateral cosmetic silicone gel breast implant in 1986, and a replacement with saline gel in 2005. The patient had no breast complaints and observed no change in breast volume during this period. In 2020, silicone was randomly identified in a right-sided cervical lymph node in an attempt to remove suspicious lymphadenopathy. The source of the silicone is still doubted; that is, it is not known if the silicone originated from the saline implant or the silicone gel implant. In our literature review, we find that distant migration of silicone and lymphadenopathy have occurred for silicone breast implants although very rare for saline gel breast implants. • A case of cervical lymphadenopathy caused by silicone breast migration is described. • The patient had primarily long-standing silicone gel breast implant and has saline breast implant afterwards. • The origin of the silicone conglomerate in the cervical lymph node remains unknown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]