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•SPMS represents a considerable negative impact on patients’ HRQoL•Unfortunately, there is a lack of data about the impact of SPMS disability on HRQoL•DISCOVER study is an observational, retrospective study in clinical practice in Spain•DISCOVER study assess the impact of SPMS on participants’ functional status and HRQoL•People with SPMS experience a high physical impact, fatigue and cognitive impairment

Se pensaba que el sistema nervioso central no contaba con sistema linfático. Recientemente se ha demostrado la existencia de un auténtico sistema linfático cerebral, denominado sistema glinfático, constituido por los espacios paravasculares arteriales y venosos y linfáticos durales, encargado de limpiar el espacio intersticial cerebral. La proteína acuaporina-4, localizada en los pies astrocitarios opuestos a los espacios paravasculares, juega un papel crucial en la eliminación de moléculas de desecho, tales como la proteína beta-amiloide o la tau. El sistema glinfático se activa durante el sueño, sobre todo durante la fase de ondas lentas y si se duerme de lado, con el ejercicio físico y se deteriora con el envejecimiento. Aunque disponemos de datos preliminares, probablemente el sistema glinfático interviene de forma decisiva en la fisiopatología de enfermedades neurológicas tales como enfermedades neurodegenerativas, desmielinizantes, hidrocefalia a presión normal, ictus o determinadas cefaleas. La descripción de este sistema debería conllevar nuevas posibilidades de tratamiento para estas enfermedades.

“Other Primary Headaches” in the ICHD-3 encompasses activity-related headaches, headaches due to direct physical stimuli, epicranial headaches and a miscellanea, including hypnic headache and new daily-persistent headache. They can be primary or secondary and their etiologies differ depending on headache type. For instance, activity-related headaches can be induced by Valsalva maneuvers (“cough headache”) or prolonged exercise (“exercise and sexual headaches”). Almost half of cough headaches are secondary to posterior fossa abnormality, whereas only 20% of exertional/sexual headaches are secondary, with subarachnoid hemorrhage the most frequent etiology. This article reviews the clinical diagnosis and management of these heterogeneous headaches.

Status epilepticus, particularly non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), is a frequent complication in patients with altered renal function receiving treatment with intravenous cefepime. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case, illustrated by video-EEG, of a critically ill patient receiving treatment with cefepime who developed an episode of confirmed symptomatic myoclonic status epilepticus (MSE). Case report and video-EEG. A 60-year-old man, who had received a liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis one year ago, was admitted to our intensive care unit due to septic shock. Computed tomography revealed a prostatic abscess as cause of his sepsis. On Day 27, a respiratory infection due to Pseudomona aeruginosawas diagnosed, and treatment with intravenous cefepime (2 g/8 hours) was initiated. On Day 32, his mental status deteriorated and he developed inattention, a reduced level of consciousness, and multifocal and generalised continuous myoclonic jerks. A video-EEG study was compatible with the diagnosis of symptomatic MSE. On Day 35, cefepime was stopped and general anaesthesia with midazolam was started in order to achieve a faster clinical improvement. We used the BIS-Vista™ monitor to guide general anaesthesia and detect potential episodes of NCSE. On Day 40, an EEG confirmed the existence of moderate diffuse encephalopathy. Finally, the patient died as a consequence of severe heart failure. Cefepime may be a cause of MSE in non-anoxic comatose patients. Clinicians should be aware of this possibility when evaluating comatose patients on cephalosporin therapy in order to establish a correct diagnostic approach and accurate prognosis.

Background.Status epilepticus, particularly non‐convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), is a frequent complication in patients with altered renal function receiving treatment with intravenous cefepime. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first case, illustrated by video‐EEG, of a critically ill patient receiving treatment with cefepime who developed an episode of confirmed symptomatic myoclonic status epilepticus (MSE). Methods.Case report and video‐EEG. Results.A 60‐year‐old man, who had received a liver transplant due to alcoholic cirrhosis one year ago, was admitted to our intensive care unit due to septic shock. Computed tomography revealed a prostatic abscess as cause of his sepsis. On Day 27, a respiratory infection due to Pseudomona aeruginosawas diagnosed, and treatment with intravenous cefepime (2 g/8 hours) was initiated. On Day 32, his mental status deteriorated and he developed inattention, a reduced level of consciousness, and multifocal and generalised continuous myoclonic jerks. A video‐EEG study was compatible with the diagnosis of symptomatic MSE. On Day 35, cefepime was stopped and general anaesthesia with midazolam was started in order to achieve a faster clinical improvement. We used the BIS‐Vista™ monitor to guide general anaesthesia and detect potential episodes of NCSE. On Day 40, an EEG confirmed the existence of moderate diffuse encephalopathy. Finally, the patient died as a consequence of severe heart failure. Conclusions.Cefepime may be a cause of MSE in non‐anoxic comatose patients. Clinicians should be aware of this possibility when evaluating comatose patients on cephalosporin therapy in order to establish a correct diagnostic approach and accurate prognosis. [Published with video sequences] Content available: Video