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Purpose: The aim of our study was to compare the incidence of idiopathic central precocious puberty (CPP) in our highly specialized Endocrinological Center before and after the onset of COVID-19 lockdown; we also aimed to identify any potential difference between girls with CPP from the two different time periods. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the auxological profile of 49 girls with idiopathic CPP: 30 with pre-lockdown onset and 19 with post-lockdown onset of the disease. We collected patients’ characteristics (medical history, physical examination, baseline and dynamic hormonal assessment, bone age, pelvic ultrasound) and compared them between the two groups. Results: We registered an almost threefold increase in CPP incidence in the 2020–2021 period compared to the previous six years. In post-lockdown patients we found a trend for an earlier diagnosis in terms of both chronological age (p0.0866) and days between the onset of first pubertal signs and diagnosis (p0.0618). We also found that post-lockdown patients had a significantly lower hypothalamus-pituitary–gonadal axis activation (lower ∆LH% after GnRH test, p0.0497), a significantly lower increase in bone age calculated at RUS with TW3 method (p0.0438) and a significantly reduced ovarian activation in females (lower delta-4-androstenedione levels, p 0.0115). Interestingly, post-lockdown patients were born from mothers with an older age at menarche (p0.0039). Conclusions: Besides confirming a significant increase in new diagnoses of CPP in the post-lockdown period, our findings among Post-lockdown girls also suggest a less progressive form of CPP and a stronger environmental influence compared to genetic background in determining the timing of pubertal onset.

Purpose: To investigate predictors of testicular response and non-reproductive outcomes (height, body proportions) after gonadotropin-induced puberty in congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH). Design: A retrospective analysis of the puberty induction in CHH male patients, undergoing an off-label administration of combined gonadotropin (FSH and hCG). Methods: Clinical and hormonal evaluations before and during gonadotropin stimulation in 19 CHH patients genotyped by Targeted Next Generation Sequencing for CHH genes; 16 patients underwent also semen analysis after gonadotropins. Results: A lesser increase in testicular volume after 24 months of induction was significantly associated with: (I) cryptorchidism; (II) a positive genetic background; (III) a complete form of CHH. We found no significant correlation with the cumulative dose of hCG administered in 24 months. We found no association with the results of semen analyses, probably due to the low numerosity. Measures of body disproportion (eunuchoid habitus and difference between adult and target height: deltaSDSth), were significantly related to the: (I) age at the beginning of puberty induction; (II) duration of growth during the induction; (III) initial bone age. The duration of growth during induction was associated with previous testosterone priming and to partial forms of CHH. Conclusions: This study shows that a strong genetic background and cryptorchidism, as indicators of a complete GnRH deficiency since intrauterine life, are negative predictors of testicular response to gonadotropin stimulation in CHH. Body disproportion is associated with a delay in treatment and duration of growth during the induction, which is apparently inversely related to previous androgenization.

To compare the response to denosumab (DMAb) therapy with that of oral bisphosphonate (BISPH) treatment in postmenopausal women with primary osteoporosis (PO). In this retrospective study, we compared data of 75 PO female patients treated for 24 months with DMab (DMAb Group, age 72.6 ± 8.9 years) with those of 75 PO patients treated with oral bisphosphonates (BISPH Group), matched for age, body mass index, femoral bone mineral density (BMD), prevalent fragility fractures and familiar history of hip fracture. In all subjects at baseline and after 24 months we assessed the calcium–phosphorous metabolism parameters, BMD at lumbar spine (LS-BMD) and femoral neck (FN-BMD) by dual X-ray absorptiometry and the morphometric vertebral fractures by radiograph. The patients were considered inadequate responders in the presence of ≥ 2 incident fragility fractures and/or a decrease in BMD greater than the least significant change (LS 2.8%, FN 5.9%). After 24 months, the DMab Group showed a greater ALP decrease (− 22.8 ± 18.2%), a higher LS-BMD and FN-BMD increase (6.6 ± 6.9 and 4.4 ± 8.2%, respectively) and a lower number of patients with an incident fracture (8%) and with an inadequate response (6.7%) than BISPH Group (− 14.9 ± 15.3, 2.5 ± 4.3, 1.9 ± 4.5, 21.3 and 22.7%, respectively, p< 0.05 for all comparisons). The inadequate response was 4.5-fold more likely in BISPH Group than in DMab one (p= 0.027), regardless of possible confounders. In postmenopausal PO females, denosumab was more effective than oral bisphosphonates in increasing BMD and reducing bone turnover and the number of inadequate responder patients.