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Background: Finding natural products with anticancer activity is an effective strategy to fight this disease. In this respect, Lepidium sativum or garden cress (family Brassicaceae) has been widely used worldwide for its wide therapeutic application, including anticancer and chemoprotective agents. Plant tissue culture techniques hold great promise for natural product enhancement without any climatic boundaries. In this study, glucosinolates and petroleum ether fractions were isolated from in vitro cell cultures and used against different carcinoma cell lines to investigate their anticancer potential. Methods: In this study, callus cultures from leaf and root explants were initiated, cell suspension cultures were established, and cell growth and viability profiles were characterized. Different amino acids were added as precursors to the cell suspension cultures to enhance glucosinolates accumulation. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis (GC–MS) of glucosinolates and petroleum ether fractions was performed, and all fractions were tested against different carcinoma cell lines. Results: The findings clarified that the maximum callus initiation percentage was obtained in the medium containing 1.0 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) + 1.0 mg/l kinetin (Kin) (C1). The viable cell number of cell suspension cultures from leaves and roots increased until it reached the maximum values on day 15. Adding tyrosine and methionine to the cell suspension cultures was the most influential and recorded high glucosinolate percentages. 1H-Cyclopenta (b) pyridine-3-carbonitrile-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2-methylthio-4-spirocyclohexane was the main glucosinolate compound found in tyrosine-treated leaf suspension (GLT). Fifteen compounds were detected in the petroleum ether fraction in both cell suspensions initiated from the leaf and root (OL and OR). The major compounds were benzene-1,3,5-trimethyl (12.99%) in root cell suspension (OR), and benzene-2-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl (10.66%) in leaf cell suspension (OL). All glucosinolate extracts demonstrated significant anticancer activity against the prostate (PC3), lung (A-549), colorectal (caco2), and liver (HepG2) cell lines. Glucosinolates extracted from leaf cell suspension (GL) were the most active on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) among all remaining glucosinolate extracts. Treated hepatocellular carcinoma with an IC50 of GL extract (47.5 ug/ml) upregulates pro-apoptotic BAX and downregulates anti-apoptotic BCL2, which disrupts the BAX/BCL2 ratio, leading to activation of caspase 3 inside treated HepG2 cells. Conclusions: The anticancer action of the GL extract was validated by the cell cycle study of its glucosinolates, which successfully promoted apoptosis and reduced hepatocellular growth by causing S-phase arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is a plant valued for its properties and applications in Ethnomedicine. It is cultivated in India, tropical Africa, and America; some regions use their different tissues as food supplements. Although germination can increase seedlings' phytochemical content, few studies have described the phytochemical content of moringa seedlings during early growth. This study aimed to investigate and discuss the limited information dealing with moringa seed germination, sprout production, and seedlings' chemical composition. This bibliographical research was systematically and thoroughly conducted using some of the most internationally-recognized databases. M. oleifera plants are characterized by their ability to grow under adverse environmental conditions. Although they generally germinate at rates greater than 70%, this response depends on the altitude, light periods, temperature, and nutrient availability. Pre-germination treatments have also been reported to help improve germination yields; the most common is soaking exposure. The production of M. oleifera sprouts is a viable option for obtaining functional food as this process can increase the content of nutrients (e.g. lipids, proteins) and phytochemicals (glucosinolates and phenolic compounds). Also, sprouts can be used as additives to enrich conventional foods. It is concluded that there is little scientific information describing the germination process and the chemical composition of both moringa seeds and moringa sprouts. Therefore, it is a niche opportunity to build new research that helps fill the informational gaps mentioned above. Meanwhile, it is envisioned that biotic or abiotic agents might modulate the germination process and their chemical compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapeseed contains high levels of glucosinolates (GSLs), playing pivotal roles in defense against herbivores and pests. As their presence in rapeseed reduces the value of the meal for animal feeding, intensive efforts to reduce them produced low-seed GSL cultivars. However, there is no such variety suitable for the south part of Japan. Here, we tested the effects of cold oxygen plasma (oxygen CP) on seed germination and GSL and lipid content, in 3 rapeseed cultivars. According to the cultivars, oxygen CP slightly stimulated seed germination and modified the GSL levels, and decreased GSL levels in Kizakinonatane but increased those in Nanashikibu. In contrast, it negligibly affected the lipid content and composition in the 3 cultivars. Thus, oxygen CP modulated seed GSL levels without affecting seed viability and lipid content. Future optimization of this technique may help optimize rapeseed GSL content without plant breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sprouts are increasingly welcomed and concerned by the people worldwide as functional and nutraceutical vegetables for human health. High-pressure processing (HPP) is the most successful case of industrial implementation of a novel non-thermal processing technology. This review presents the effects of HHP on the growth, main nutrients, the biological activity and microbiological quality of sprouts, and the potential mechanisms were discussed. Further studies of the effects of HHP on nutritional and microbial quality of sprouts were also investigated. HHP can promote the growth of sprouts by increasing germination ratio, lengths of root and hypocotyl, and fresh weight under appropriate conditions. In addition, HHP can promote the breakdown of starch, protein and lipids, and the accumulation of biological active substances of sprouts, including phenolic compounds, GABA, vitamins, isothiocyanates and γ-oryzanol. The antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity are also significantly increased by the action of HHP on sprouts. Moreover, HHP can effectively kill microorganisms of seeds or sprouts under certain conditions. Therefore, the application of HHP in sprouts production has enormous potential health benefits to meet the wish of the people who want to eat safe, nutritious and high-quality vegetables in the future. • HHP can promote growth of sprouts. • HHP can accumulate bioactive compounds and increase the biological activity of sprouts. • HHP can kill pathogens of seeds or sprouts. • Future trends of HHP on growth, bioactive compounds and microbiological quality of sprouts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review presents an in-depth exploration of glucosinolates, a vital group of phytochemicals predominantly found in Brassica crops, with cruciferous vegetables serving as their primary source. Recognized as GLSs, these compounds possess remarkable concentrations and are renowned for their potential anti-cancer properties, rendering them highly valuable for human health. The objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the existing scientific knowledge surrounding glucosinolates, with a specific focus on their extraction, separation, biosynthesis, and assessment of biological activity. Furthermore, the research investigates the potential of glucosinolates to foster the development of novel medications. As environmental awareness and regulations intensify, the ban on harmful and toxic synthetic corrosion inhibitors has stimulated a growing interest in the pursuit of safe and effective alternatives. These inhibitors, containing hetero atoms and/or pi electrons, exhibit ideal characteristics for mitigating metal corrosion, particularly when metals are exposed to oxygen. In summary, this article underscores the pivotal role of glucosinolates in promoting human health, emphasizes the significance of developing environmentally safe corrosion inhibitors, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of scientific knowledge regarding glucosinolates and their potential for novel medication development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the direct in vitro toxicity in human and bovine liver cells, and inhibition of activity of ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) by five nitrile and epithionitrile derivatives from swede (Brassica napus). The following compounds were investigated: 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene (CHB, epithionitrile derivative of progoitrin), 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3,4-epithiobutane (epithionitrile derivative of progoitrin), 3-butenenitrile (nitrile from sinigrin), 4-pentenenitrile (nitrile from gluconapin), and 5-hexenenitrile (nitrile from glucobrassicanapin). Direct cytotoxicity was assessed by incubating the compounds (at 100 mM, 200 mM, 2 M) with human (HepG2) hepatocellular carcinoma cells or bovine primary hepatocytes for 24 hours. Cell viability was then assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cytotoxicity in Hep2G cells was also assessed after incubation for 72 hours at sub-chronic concentrations (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 µM) and for combinations of compounds (20 µM). The ability of compounds to inhibit activity of the ABCG2 transporter and the CYP3A4 enzyme were assessed using human ABCG2 vesicles and demethylation of erythromycin by rat liver microsomes, respectively. No reduction of cell viability compared to control assays was observed when the tested compounds were incubated with Hep2G cells or bovine liver cells at concentrations up to 2 mM for 24 hours or with Hep2G cells at concentrations up to 20 µM for 72 hours. None of the five tested compounds inhibited the ability of the ABCG2 transporter to transport the fluorescent substrate at concentrations up to 2 mM. Furthermore, no inhibition of CYP3A4 activity (measured as N-demethylation of erythromycin) was observed for CHB up to 2 mM. This study suggests that under these conditions, the selected nitrile or epithionitrile derivatives of glucosinolates are not hepatotoxic in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropospheric ozone is an important ambient atmospheric pollutant component in urban areas. Determining plant reactions to ozone in plant growth and biochemical quality contents plays an important role in understanding plant metabolism. This study aimed to provide an understanding of the effect of ozone on early vegetative growth stage Pak-Choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis). An experiment was conducted within an airtight bio-chamber for six consecutive days under 60 ppb ozone concentration. Different exposure duration conditions were 0 h/day, 1 h/day, and 4 h/day. The results showed no reaction of plant growth, but ozone exposure led to significant impacts in biochemical quality. The content of photopigments was not significantly impacted at 1 h/day, but significantly increased at the 4 h/day exposure condition. There was a significant decrease in the total glucosinolate (GLS) and total aliphatic GLS after the 4 h/day exposure condition; however, 4- Methylthiobutyl-GLS, total indole, and aromatic GLS were significantly increased. It appears that biochemical systems are more sensitive than the systems controlling plant growth, and this needs to be taken into account when implementing urban production sites for vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, sulfur is another essential element that is required for the optimal growth, development and yield of white mustard and other species of the family Brassicaceae. The effect of different pre-sowing sulfur fertilizer doses on the glucosinolate content and profile of three traditional white mustard cultivars that are widely grown in Poland was analyzed in a three-year, small-area field experiment. White mustard was grown in the experimental fields of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences in south-western Poland in 2007-2009. The experiment had a split-plot design with two levels of experimental factors. White mustard cultivar (Metex, Nakielska, Radena) was the first experimental factor, and sulfur fertilizer dose (0, 10, 20, 30 S kg ha-1) was the second experimental factor. The glucosinolate content of white mustard seeds was analyzed by gas chromatography. White mustard seeds were most abundant in sinalbin, an aromatic glucosinolate. The sinalbin content of seeds varied in response to different sulfur fertilizer doses. An increase in the sinalbin concentration was observed already in response to a sulfur dose of 10 kg ha-1 relative to the control treatment. The total content of aliphatic glucosinolates was significantly lowest in the treatment where sulfur fertilization was not applied. The content of aliphatic glucosinolates in white mustard seeds was significantly highest in the treatment fertilized with sulfur at 20 kg ha-1. Weather conditions significantly influenced the total glucosinolate content and the proportions of the analyzed glucosinolate groups in white mustard seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germination, a new processing technology, is widely used to improve the nutritional value of plant seeds. Cereals and legumes sprouts are widely popular around the world. In this study, a novel form of sprouts-based rapeseed was produced. Germination promoted the degradation of phytic acid and glucosinolates (GLs) in rapeseed. On the fourth day of germination, the degradation rate of phytic acid in rapeseed was nearly 80%, and the degradation rate of GLs reached more than 90%. The changes in lipid species and content by sprouting were assessed. The crude fat content was significantly reduced during rapeseed germination. Using non-targeted lipidomics, three hundred eighty-nine lipid molecules in 4 categories and 17 subclasses were identified in rapeseed/rapeseed sprouts. Glycerides were most abundant, followed by fatty acids, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids. Germination affected not only the lipid content but also its composition. Some functional lipids (such as FAHFAs) were generated and enriched during germination. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids first raised and then decreased during germination. The finding will serve as a theoretical reference for developing novel sprouts based on rapeseed, furnish primary data concerning the nutritional content of rapeseed sprouts, and provide fresh ideas for rapeseed resource exploitation. [Display omitted] • Germination promoted the degradation of phytic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed. • 389 lipid molecules were identified in rapeseed using non-targeted lipidomics. • Germination affected the lipid content and composition in rapeseed. • The cut-off point of rapeseed lipid metabolism occurred on the second day. • Some functional lipids in rapeseed were enriched during the germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rutabaga (Brassica napus L.) belonging to Brassicaceae family, is a rich source of polyphenols and glucosinolates. Its consumption in human diet is highly appreciated for its nutritional contribution and health benefits. Brassica napus L. is recognized as the world's most widely grown temperate oilseed crop containing erucic acid for industrial applications, plants germination, animal feed and fuel. In this work we prepared two different extracts of Rutabaga root's pulp and peel, e.g. ultrasound assisted extract (UAE) and homogenizer assisted extract (HAE). The four extracts have been analyzed by HPLC-MS to assess the phytochemical characterization and tested by antioxidant and enzyme inhibitor assays. Rutabaga pulp and peel extracts possess tyrosinase and glucosidase inhibitory activities together with a moderate antioxidant ability. Our results show a high level of glucosinolates, in particular neoglucobrassicin in the peel extract, which let us suppose a potential application as crop in industry and as supplement in human diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two genes, aldA, and mnoA, encoding an NAD-dependent aliphatic dehydrogenase and N,N′-dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline-dependent methanol dehydrogenase, respectively, are strongly expressed when Rhodococcus erythropolis N9T-4 is grown under oligotrophic conditions. In this study, we found a transcriptional regulator required for the transcription of both aldA and mnoA. The transcriptional regulator was also found to be essential for the oligotrophic growth of N9T-4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur deficiency in soils is one of the most important problems of contemporary agriculture. Balanced fertilization (which means fertilization adjusted to plant requirements, soil properties, and weather conditions) is essential for maximizing yield, while simultaneously maintaining its high quality. The aim of a two-year field experiment was to determine the effect of sulfur fertilization on the yield quantity and quality. Two plants differing in sulfur requirements were cultivated: spring oilseed rape (first year of the research) and winter wheat (second year). During each year, sulfur was added at two levels of intensity (single dose and double dose), in the form of two mineral fertilizers containing sulfate sulfur (A: ammonium sulfate; B: a mixture of ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate) and one fertilizer containing elemental sulfur (C). A single dose of sulfur for spring oilseed rape and winter wheat amounted to 25 kg ha-1 and 12.5 kg ha-1, respectively, and a double dose equalled 50 kg ha-1 and 25 kg ha-1, respectively. Sulfur doses were adjusted to the requirements of the plants. The plants were harvested at full maturity. Dry matter yield of rape seeds and wheat grains was determined, and quality analyses were conducted. Fertilizer C had the lowest and fertilized B showed the highest yield-forming effect. Sulfur fertilization did not considerably affect the fatty acid content in spring rape seeds but increased the glucosinolate content. The highest content of compounds that form vitamin E was shown in seeds after fertilization with a double dose of sulfur. The starch content in winter wheat grains decreased after sulfur fertilization, but the gluten content increased. The lowest activity of amylolytic enzymes was found in grains of plants fertilized with a double dose of elemental sulfur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Broccoli extract (BE) significantly reduces the fat content in C. elegans. • BE supplementation reduces body weight gain and food efficiency in Wistar rats. • BE reduces visceral fat accumulation and improves glucose homeostasis. • BE decreases liver steatosis by increasing lipid oxidation and reducing lipogenesis. Brassicaceae contain bioactive compounds with potential positive effects on metabolic syndrome. Here, we evaluated the eventual anti-obesity properties of an ethanolic broccoli extract (BE), selected by a tested ability to reduce Caenorhabditis elegans fat content. Two doses (14 and 140 mg/kg animal) of BE were evaluated in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) Wistar rat model. After 10 weeks of BE supplementation, animals exhibited reduced body weight gain and food efficiency, decreased atherogenic index of plasma and improved glucose tolerance in comparison with non-supplemented rats. BE also reduced the retroperitoneal fat mass and adipocyte size, all associated to down-regulation of Cebpa, Srebp1 , Fasn and Adipoq expression in adipocytes. Finally, BE significantly decreased liver steatosis, accompanied by the up-regulation of Acot8 and Acox1 , and the down-regulation of Fasn , Fatp4 and Srebf1 expression in hepatocytes. Our data provides new knowledge about the potential role of broccoli components in the prevention of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Glucosinolates are metabolized in great extension and are absent in urine samples. • Sulphoraphane-N-acetylcysteine is a good biomarker of intake of cruciferous. • 3,3′-Diindolymethane is the main metabolite of the indolic glucosinolates. • Post-menopausal women showed higher levels of broccoli sprouts metabolites. Broccoli sprouts rich in glucosinolates have shown interesting properties mitigating the inflammatory status linked to obesity. Studies performed in healthy lean subjects have shown that these compounds possess good bioavailability, however long-term studies in overweight populations are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of broccoli sprouts in overweight adults: men, non-menopausal women and post-menopausal women. An in vivo controlled parallel study was performed in 69 healthy overweight subjects that consumed broccoli sprouts (30 g/day) during 5 weeks, with a follow-up phase of 5 weeks of normal diet without broccoli sprouts. Trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT03390855. Metabolites from glutathione detoxification pathway increased in all groups after 5 weeks of broccoli consumption, especially in post-menopausal women (Sulphoraphane-N-Acetyl cysteine levels from 0.0656 nmol/mg creatinine to 1.8191 nmol/mg creatinine, p < 0.001) and similar behaviour was observed for Sulphoraphane and Sulphoraphane-Cysteine. Post-menopausal condition was associated with higher levels of metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Glucosinolates in Maca (L. peruvianum syn. L. meyenii) grown in Peru and China. • Glucotropaeolin (GLCT) and m-metoxyGLCT (MGLCT) profiles, contents and ratios. • No MGLCT detected in Maca phenotypes cultivated in Shangri-La, China. • Red coloured Maca hypocotyls found only in Peru-grown Maca crops. HPLC glucosinolate (GCSN) profiles and concentration levels were examined in hypocotyls of the four prime Maca phenotypes (Lepidium peruvianum synonym L. meyenii) labelled as "Yellow", "Black", "Red" and "Purple", grown in Peru (Pe) and/or China (Cn). In Trial I, glucotropaeolin (GLCT) and m-methoxyglucotropaeolin (MGLCT) content, and their ratios, was determined in commercial Maca products of Pe origin and compared with similar products declared as of Cn origin. In Trial II , Maca was propagated and cultivated either in Ancash – Peru, according to a traditional single stage planting system, or in Shangri-La – Cn, applying a two-stage Maca planting procedure adopted by Maca growers in Yunnan. Irrespective of the phenotype, in the Pe cultivation system, cylindrical elongated and pointed Maca hypocotyls (H) were harvested in the mixed crop, while disfigured Maca tubers resembling "ginseng-type root" (G) were predominant in the crop harvested in Cn. Two peaks of GLCT and MGLCT were detected in all analysed hypocotyls of the four Maca phenotypes grown in Pe, but only one peak (GLCT) was detected in the Maca phenotypes grown in Shangri-La, Cn. Significantly higher GLCT values were detected in all the Maca phenotypes grown in Cn than in Pe (P < 0.05), with the highest content recorded in the Black and Purple H-shaped while MGLCT was the highest in Yellow G-shaped Cn Maca tubers. Cn-made "Chinese Maca tablets" contained both GLCT and MGLCT. This indicates that Maca imported from Pe could have been used in the formulation - a fact which was subsequently confirmed by the manufacturer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy is a complex phenomenon which depends on allelochemical concentrations. So, two pot experiments were carried out to investigate the allelopathic effect of alcoholic fresh shoot extract of Eruca sativa (foliar spray) and E. sativa shoot powder (mixed with soil) on Pisum sativum plants and two associated weeds, Phalaris minor and Beta vulgaris. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons (2016-2017 and 2017-2018). Ten treatments were applied in this study. Four treatments were applied before sowing, that E. sativa shoot powder was mixed with the soil at rates of 15, 30, 45 and 60 g · pot-1. The other four treatments of E. sativa alcoholic fresh shoot extract were sprayed twice on both plants and weeds at 5, 10, 15 and 20% (w/v) concentrations. Additionally, two untreated treatments, healthy (P. sativum only) and unweeded (untreated infested P. sativum plants with weeds) were applied for comparison. The results indicated that both alcoholic extracts and powder reduced growth of both weeds. Moreover, there was a direct relationship between concentration and weed reduction. Eruca sativa alcoholic extracts increased yield parameters of P. sativum plants. The maximum yield attributes were recorded by spraying of E. sativa alcoholic extract at 20%. On the other hand, it was clearly noticed that the high powder rates affected negatively P. sativum yield parameters. But the lowest powder rate (15 g · pot-1) stimulated P. sativum yield parameters as compared to unweeded treatment. Chemical analysis of E. sativa shoot powder ensured that the abundant amount of glucosinolates (9.6 μmol · g-1) and phenolic compounds (46.5 mg · g-1) may be responsible for its allelopathic effect. In conclusion, spraying of alcoholic fresh shoot extract of E. sativa at 20% (w/v) and mixing E. sativa shoot powder at 15 g · pot-1can be applied as natural bioherbicides for controlling weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Background & aims Broccoli sprouts represent an interesting choice of healthy food product as they are rich in glucosinolates and their cognate bioactive metabolites, isothiocyanates able to counteract the negative effects of diverse pathologies. As obesity is linked to an inflammatory component, the aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of broccoli sprouts in overweight adult subjects. Methods An in vivo controlled study was performed in 40 healthy overweight subjects (ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT 03390855). Treatment phase consisted on the consumption of broccoli sprouts (30 g/day) during 10 weeks and the follow-up phase of 10 weeks of normal diet without consumption of these broccoli sprouts. Anthropometric parameters as body fat mass, body weight, and BMI were determined. Inflammation status was assessed by measuring levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and C-reactive protein. Results IL-6 levels significantly decreased (mean values from 4.76 pg/mL to 2.11 pg/mL with 70 days of broccoli consumption, p < 0.001) and during control phase the inflammatory levels were maintained at low grade (mean values from 1.20 pg/mL to 2.66 pg/mL, p < 0.001). C-reactive protein significantly decreased as well. Conclusions This study represents an advance in intervention studies as the broccoli sprouts were included in a daily dietary pattern in quantities that reflect a real consumption. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the role of this healthy rich and nutritious food product, but these promising results support the current evidence on the healthy properties of Brassica varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived substances, because of high biological activity, arouse interest of many scientists. Thus, plant extracts and pure substances are intensively studied on various insects as potential insecticides. In such studies, D. melanogaster is one of the most important model organisms. In our studies, we analysed the contents of two plant extracts and tested the activity of their main components against fruit flies and compared observed effects to effects caused by crude extracts. Then, we assessed the development of the next, unexposed generation. The chemical analysis of extracts revealed the presence of numerous glycoalkaloids and glucosinolates in Solanum nigrum and Armoracia rusticana extracts. These extracts, as well as their main components, revealed lethal and sublethal effects, such as the altered developmental time of various life stages and malformations of imagoes. Interestingly, the results for the extracts and pure main compounds often varied. Some of the results were also observed in the unexposed generation. These results confirm that the tested plants produce a range of substances with potential insecticidal effects. The different effects of extracts and pure main components suggest the presence of minor compounds, which should be tested as insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Some plant species can cross with each other but stay nevertheless distinct with little gene flow between them. Selective herbivory could explain this pattern when hybrids are more susceptible or intermediate between their parents. We performed choice and no-choice experiments with the slug Arion lusitanicus to test this hypothesis for the crop Brassica napus , wild B. rapa and their backcross hybrids. In both experiments slugs greatly preferred B. napus over B. rapa while average herbivory on backcross hybrids was intermediate. Concentrations of aliphatic glucosinolates in the hybrids were intermediate between the parental species. Slug herbivory potentially reduces establishment of backcross hybrids. This hypothesis needs to be tested in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • A process for incorporating phytochemical-rich vegetables into potato snacks was developed. • Highest phytochemical concentrations were achieved using freeze-dried vegetables. • There was excellent retention of flavonoids and glucosinolates in the final snack product. • Bioavailability of phytochemicals from the snack was similar to that of cooked vegetables. Abstract The aim was to incorporate vegetables containing the phytochemicals quercetin, apigenin, glucoraphanin and carotenoids into a processed potato-based snack and assess their bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Three different processing routes were tested for incorporation and retention of phytochemicals in snacks using individually quick frozen or freeze-dried vegetables. No significant differences in the uptake or transport of quercetin or apigenin between a vegetable mix or snacks were observed using the CaCo-2 transwell model. Simulated in vitro digestions predicted a substantial release of quercetin and apigenin, some release of glucoraphanin but none for carotenes from either the snack or equivalent steamed vegetables. In humans, there were no significant differences in the bioavailability of quercetin, apigenin or glucoraphanin from the snack or equivalent steamed vegetables. We have shown that significant quantities of freeze-dried vegetables can be incorporated into snacks with good retention of phytochemicals and with similar bioavailability to equivalent steamed vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The expression of CYP4 and CYP6 family gene responses to glucosinolates were analyzed. • The expression of ApCYP4C6 was significantly induced by glucosinolates. • Silencing of ApCYP4C6 increased sensitivity of Acyrthosiphon pisum to glucosinolates. • ApCYP4C6 is involved in the metabolism of glucosinolates in the pea aphid. Cytochrome P450 enzymes play a key role in the metabolism of plant allelochemicals of herbivorous insects. Here, we investigated the role of cytochrome P450 enzyme genes in the metabolism of glucosinolates in the pea aphids. The results showed that compared with the control untreated group, the transcription levels of two cytochrome P450 enzyme genes, ApCYP4C6 and ApCYP4C7 , were significantly increased at 24 h and 48 h after glucosinolates treatment. Furthermore, after the aphids were treated with dsCYP4C6 (double stranded CYP4C6) for 48 h, the expression level of ApCYP4C6 in the aphids was significantly decreased, and its mortality was significantly increased by glucosinolates comparing with that of the dsGFP group. The present study demonstrated that ApCYP4C6 was involved in the metabolism of glucosinolates by the pea aphids and contributed to further understanding the role of P450 genes in the tolerance of the pea aphids to plant secondary metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rutabaga sprouts belong to the Brassicaceae family and may exert a negative influence on thyroid function, because they are a rich in glucosinolates. These sprouts are also valuable source of iodine (6.5 ± 0.6 μg/100 g of fresh weight). Sprouts were tested in a long-term experiment with young male rats as an element of their diet, combined with two models of hypothyroidism, the first – deficit of iodine and the second – sulfadimethoxine ingestion as a pharmacological agent caused inhibition of thyroid peroxidase. Evaluations were performed for the serum TSH and thyroid hormones together with analyzes of thyroid histopathology, cytosolic glutathione peroxidase (GPX1), thioredoxin reductase in the thyroid, plasma GPX3 and CAT, erythrocyte GPX1. Rutabaga sprouts’ intake by healthy rats did not cause any harmful effect on their health, including thyroid function. For animals with hypothyroidism, rutabaga sprouts enhanced the adverse effect of iodine deficiency or ingestion of sulfadimethoxine on the organism. According to the results obtained for young male rats thyroid function, the interpretation of data for human exposure to rutabaga sprouts has to be avoided. Furthermore, unless new scientific data confirms a lack of the negative effect of brassica sprouts on thyroid function in human, they should not be excluded from the group of goitrogenic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the contents of glucosinolates (GSLs) and carotenoids in eleven varieties of Chinese cabbage in relation to the expression level of the important transcription factors. MS and HPLC analysis identified the presence of 13 GSLs (progoitrin, sinigrin, glucoalyssin, gluconapoleiferin, gluconapin, glucocochlearin, glucobrassicanapin, glucoerucin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin and gluconasturtiin) and four carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, α -carotene and β -carotene). GSL contents were varied among the different cabbage varieties. The total GSL content ranged from 2.7 to 57.88 μmol/g DW. The proportion of gluconapin (54%) and glucobrassicanapin (22%) was higher in all the varieties, respectively. Results documented the variation in total and individual carotenoid contents that have also been observed among different varieties; however, the total carotenoid contents ranged from 289.12 to 1001.41 mg kg −1 DW (mean 467.66). Interestingly, the proportion of lutein (66.5) and β -carotene (25.9) were higher than α -carotene (5.1) and zeaxanthin (2.5%). Consequently, the expression level of the regulatory gene, MYB28 was higher in ‘K0648’ and was directly proportional to GSL content. Similarly, the expression levels of 1-PSY were higher in ‘K0112’; however, the expression levels of 2-ZDS, 3-LCYB, 4-LCYE, 5-CHXB and 7-NCED genes showed no significant difference. In addition, the correlation between GSL and carotenoid contents and gene expression level showed moderate significant difference in each Chinese cabbage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassicaceae vegetables synthesize sulfur containing glucosinolates that are related with health promoting activities due to the hyrolysis products such as isothiocyanates. However, the bioavailability may vary since the glucosinolate content is dependent on the genetic background, growing conditions or developmental stage of the plant. Recent studies suggest that brassica sprouts are rich sources of glucosinolates and can be considered as functional foods. In the present study, glucosinolate content of green, white and romanesco cauliflower cultivars were determined in heads and sprouts. The objective of the study was to identify whether variation exists in terms of glucosinolates among the varieties with different morphological features and to further elucidate whether sprouts or heads are better sources of bioactive compounds. Green, white and romanesco cauliflower were grown in field conditions. At the same time, sprouts of the cultivars were generated in climate controlled growth rooms. Individual and total glucosinolates of heads and sprouts were determined. The highest total glucosinolate content was found in green cauliflower followed by white and romanesco type both in heads and sprouts (P<0.05). Total glucosinolates were higher in sprouts compared to heads significantly in green cauliflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To glucosinolate (GSL) contents on flower buds depending on their position orders in turnip rape ( Brassica rapa ), three Japanese ‘Nabana’ cultivars such as cv. No. 21 ( Brassica rapa , early type), cv. Husanohana ( B. rapa , late type) and cv. Norin No. 20 ( B. napus ) were investigated using HPLC analysis. Ten GSLs including glucoraphanin, sinigrin, glucoalyssin, napoleiferin, gluconapin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicanapin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin were detected. Differences in individual and total GSL contents were found between two plant varieties, which are also depending on various developmental stages. Among the GSLs, gluconapin (mean 23.11 μmole/g dry weight (DW) and glucobrassicanapin (mean 13.41 μmole/g DW) documented the most abundant compounds and contributed average 39 and 27% of the total GSLs, but indolyl and aromatic GSLs together accounted >10% of the total GSLs. The presence of significant quantities of gluconapin in the cultivars should be studied more extensively, since the GSL is mainly responsible for the bitter taste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brassica rapa is a polyploid species with phenotypically diverse cultivated subspecies. Glucosinolates ( GSLs) are secondary metabolites that contribute to anticarcinogenic activity and plant defense in Brassicaceae. Previously, complete coding sequences of 13 Br MYB transcription factors ( TFs) related to GSL biosynthesis were identified in the B. rapa genome. In the present study, we investigated GSL content and expression levels of these Br MYB TFs in 38 accessions belonging to eight subspecies of B. rapa. Twelve identified GSLs were detected and were classified into three chemical groups based on patterns of GSL content and expression profiles of the Br MYB TFs. GSL content and Br MYB TF expression levels differed among genotypes, including B. rapa subspecies pekinensis, chinensis and rapa. Br MYB28.3, Br MYB51.1 and Br MYB122.2 positively regulated GSL content in 38 accessions. Furthermore, expression levels of Br MYB28s and Br MYB34.3 increased under most abiotic and biotic stress treatments. The three Br MYB51 paralogs also showed drastically increased expression levels after infection with Pectobacterium carotovorum. The results of the present study improve our understanding of the functional diversity of these 13 Br MYB TFs during the evolution of polyploid B. rapa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broccoli is a highly consumed vegetable due to its content of bioactive nutrients and non-nutrients, including glucosinolates and isothiocyanates. Also, the consumption of craft beer has been boosted by the seek for enhanced sensory and functional properties. In this frame, broccoli have been proven as an ingredient to develop healthy beverages. The objective of the work was to evaluate alternative broccoli materials (sprouts and by-products powder) to go further from previous results, in a way contributing to the sustainability and circularity of the agro-food chain using underexploited material to supplement beers, which could be a sustainable dietary source of bioactive sulforaphane (SFN). The results showed high concentrations of SFN in beers supplemented with broccoli sprouts and powder (5.00 and 2.54 mg/L, respectively, previous to bottling). These concentrations remained stable until bottling, where they were reduced by >50%. After 150 storage days, the concentrations of SFN were 1.08 and 0.30 mg/L in beers supplemented with sprouts and powder, respectively. The sensory analysis revealed the positive attributes (colour, floral, fruity, and aftertaste as a result of the profile of volatile compounds) of beers developed using sprouts, and significant values of cooked vegetables, alcoholic, and earthy leather, which could be considered negative in beer. The latter negative tips are the ones offering sensory traits associated to ITC to broccoli-based beer. Therefore, the addition of broccoli in the format of fresh sprouts is more appropriate according to the SFN content and sensory features, providing a functional alternative that could be appreciated by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk may be an iodine source for humans, but its magnitude depends on the iodine content of cow feed. The present investigation focused on the iodine level of feed and milk in German feeding practice in comparison with the results of previous milk monitoring and dose-response experiments with dairy cows. In 73 samples of straight feedstuffs (41 concentrates, 32 silages prepared from grass or green maize) and a total of 83 vitamin mineral premixes and compound feeds, respectively, the iodine content was determined and along with the expected daily iodine intake of cows. In six Thuringian cow herds, the total cow diets (51 total mixed rations, TMR) as well as the bulk milk (n = 77) were analysed for iodine. Cereal and legume grains and extracted meals from oilseeds had very low native iodine contents at <9–43 μg iodine/kg dry matter (DM). Silages showed higher contents than the concentrates. In grass silage, the median amounted to 173 μg iodine/kg DM. The significant relationship between the silages‘ ash and iodine content indicates contamination of grass during harvesting by soil. With regard to supplements, dairy cows received via premixes a mean of 1.2 mg iodine/kg diet DM and this was in the magnitude of 0.8 mg iodine/kg DM determined in TMR on farm . However, the resulting mean milk concentration of 105 μg iodine/kg, median 100 μg/kg, is only a half of that in dose-response experiments with 200 μg iodine/kg milk at 1 mg iodine/kg cow feed DM. The decrease of iodine transfer into the mammary gland and milk is caused by rapeseed meal (RSM) with the glucosinolates and their degradation compounds, e.g. isothiocyanates. By compensating for the iodine antagonist effects of diets containing RSM, more iodine should be added. Twice the current mean feed iodine supplement would optimize the contribution of animal-source food to the human iodine supply in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Glucosinolates are important bioactive molecules and widely found in Brassicaceae species (cress, brussels sprouts, mustard, broccoli, kale etc.). Depending on the amount of these vegetables consumed, both positive and negative metabolic effects from glucosinolate metabolites may occur. The aim of this study was to investigate inexpensive animal food sources that both increase weight gain and provide enhanced performance parameters without adversely affecting the animal’s health and metabolism; to evaluate dose adjustment of food containing glucosinolates in animals; and to evaluate changes in the biochemical and performance status of chickens on the glucosinolate containing diets. Day-old Ross 308 broiler line chicks (624) were divided into 1 control and 3 treatment groups. Cress seed (Lepidium sativum) was added 0.05% for the first treatment group (group 1, 10g/kg), 0.10% for the second treatment group (group 2, 20g/kg) and 0.15% for the last treatment groups (group 3, 30 g/kg) to the diet. Serum samples were evaluated for serum glucose, adiponectin, leptin, growth hormone, estradiol and cortisol levels. Feed intake, live body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were investigated for performance parameters. The results showed that dietary cress seed supplementation as feed additive (10, 20 and 30 g/kg) did not significantly improve the dietary performance, or carcass parameters of broiler chickens. Feed intake was the highest in group 2 (20g/kg), female live weight was the highest in group 2 (20 g/kg) and 3 (30 g/kg). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the levels of glucosinolates and their degradation products in selected Brassica vegetables due to the cooking process were investigated. The purple cauliflower was found to be the best source of aliphatic and indole glucosinolates, and it was also abundant in compounds such as sinigrin, glucoraphanin and glucobrassicin. As a result of cooking rutabaga, green cauliflower and purple cauliflower, a significant decrease was noted in total glucosinolates (6.6, 68.9 and 69.2%, respectively) compared to raw vegetables. The hydrothermal processing applied led to a decline in the sum of indoles and isothiocyanates of 48.5 and 11.0%, respectively, in green cauliflower; and of 75.8 and 42.4%, respectively, in purple cauliflower; whereas, in rutabaga it led to an increase of 142.9 and 329.4%, respectively, compared with raw vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This review presents the spatio-temporal distribution of petroleum hydrocarbons including total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), total organic carbon (TOC), total aliphatics, unresolved complex mixture (UCM), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments of the Gulf (Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Oman). The TPH ranged between 0.134 and 48,018 μg g−1 dw where 10–15 μg g−1 dw was considered as a background concentration. The TOC levels were between 0.04 and 14.96% with a mean concentration of 1.154 ± 0.523%. Total aliphatic hydrocarbon levels were reported between 0.1 and 76 μg g−1, the 2005 levels that had the largest spatial coverage were between 0.1 and 4.4 μg g−1. The unresolved complex mixture was very variable post Gulf War but by 2005 most of the Gulf War artifacts had decreased and the levels were between 1.5 and 73.5 μg g−1. The ƩPAHs in bottom sediments by 2005 were between 0.3 and 3450 ng g−1. The total aromatics were limited in spatial extent and varied between 1.0 and 14,000 μg g−1. Most of the locations with elevated contamination levels were near point sources, e.g. oil facilities and ports, and these sites could be categorized as chronically contaminated by oil. This review highlights the paucity of the data both in terms of the spatial extent and temporal coverage, and with several Gulf states undergoing large-scale coastal developments and offshore oil exploration, it will be prudent to undertake regular monitoring of the petroleum hydrocarbons to ensure effective ecosystem functioning as well as seafood and drinking water safety in the Gulf region. The spatial distribution also highlights the lack of uniformity in assessments and the need to support marine pollution assessments in the Gulf countries. • Mt. Mitchell cruise of 1992 presents the best spatial coverage in Gulf, for TPH and TOC • Ports and oil facilities have chronic pollution that was not masked by Gulf War signals • By year 2000 most of the 1991 Gulf War hydrocarbon pollution was not evident • A very low level of biogenic aliphatic presence in the marine sediments, suggests the aliphatic production and consumption was fairly steady over the years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larvae of the turnip sawfly Athalia rosae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) are known to defend themselves using chemicals against predators such as ants, wasps and birds. However, only a few studies have tested the effectiveness of such chemical defences under field conditions. In a Japanese farm, a tree frog Hyla japonica (Anura: Hylidae) was observed to attack an A. rosae larva, but spit out the larva immediately after taking it into its mouth. To clarify how A. rosae larvae defend themselves against frogs, we quantitatively investigated how H. japonica attacked A. rosae larvae and palatable caterpillars of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) under field conditions. We experimentally placed an A. rosae larva or a P. rapae larva in front of tree frogs on the crop leaves. Frogs attacked both A. rosae and P. rapae larvae. However, the rate of predation by frogs was different between A. rosae and P. rapae larvae: 75% of frogs rejected A. rosae larvae, whereas 100% of frogs ate P. rapae larvae . Athalia rosae larvae attacked by frogs released their haemolymph (containing defensive chemicals) from the injured parts of their bodies. These results suggest that A. rosae larvae can chemically defend themselves against frogs in field conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Dietary isothiocyanates are a group of promising chemopreventive agents obtained primarily from cruciferous vegetables. Due to their potent chemopreventive and/or anti-cancer activities, there is a growing interest in assessing dietary isothiocyanate exposure and its impact on human health. Using the HPLC-based cyclocondensation assay, the current study measured total isothiocyanate yield from raw cruciferous vegetables. A total of 73 samples comprising nine types of cruciferous vegetables were analyzed. We observed a wide range of isothiocyanate content across the individual vegetables with an average level of 16.2μmol/100g wet weight, ranging from 1.5μmol in raw cauliflower to 61.3μmol in raw mustard greens. The data represent the maximum amount of isothiocyanates released from the intake of raw cruciferous vegetables. Given that the vegetables assayed in this study include the most commonly consumed cruciferous vegetables in western diets, the data may be particularly useful in estimation of dietary isothiocyanate exposure in these populations. However, due to the variation observed within each vegetable, biomarkers such as urinary isothiocyanate level may be necessary for accurate estimation of individual exposure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Multi-component fingerprinting and quantitation of the glucosinolates and nucleosides in samples of Radix Isatidis have been carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–DAD–ESI/MS). Five nucleosides together with one glucosinolate were identified by comparing retention times, ultraviolet spectra, mass spectra and/or empirical molecular formulae of reference compounds. Quantitation of these six compounds was carried out simultaneously by HPLC on a Phenomenex Luna C18 column using gradient elution with methanol and water and detection at 254nm. All calibration curves were linear (r>0.9994) within test ranges. Limits of detection and quantitation were 0.33ng and 2.50ng on column, respectively. Intra- and inter-day precision (as relative standard deviation) for all analytes was <2.19% with recoveries in the range 99.6%–101.8% at three concentration levels. The validated method was successfully applied to fingerprinting and assay of 25 batches of Radix Isatidis sourced from different geographical regions of China. The method is simple and reliable and has potential value in the quality control of Radix Isatidis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a complete characterization of rapeseed oil, of Banaćanka variety, as well as the potential use of oil generated after filtering, in order to obtain biodiesel. The research interest was based on the fact that Banaćanka is the oldest domestic rapeseed variety, a so-called “double-zero” or 00-rapeseed (low in erucic acid, below 5%, and glucosinolates below 30 mmol g-1), suitable for use in the region, since it is low-temperature tolerant, possesses high genetic potential for seed yield of about 5.2 t/ha and high oil content of around 45%. Transesterification was carried out in a Parr 4520 batch reactor, with KOH as a catalyst. Cold pressed oil without prior treatment was used as feedstock for transesterificataion. The paper analyses the effects of temperature, reaction duration, catalyst amount and rate of agitation on the synthesis of biodiesel at constant pressure and molar methanol/oil ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG 8 causes major yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) production worldwide. Plant tissues of Brassicaceae species contain glucosinolates that are hydrolyzed in the presence of the enzyme myrosinase into products with pesticidal properties. Growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the effect of the Brassicaceae seed meals (SMs) from Brassica juncea, Brassica napus and Sinapis alba on the suppression of the R. solani AG 8 infection of winter wheat. Pasteurized sandy soils were amended with intact and denatured SMs of rape seed and mustard at a rate of 0.5% by soil weight. Regardless of the glucosinolate type and content, all intact and denatured Brassicaceae significantly reduced the infection of winter wheat seedlings by R. solani AG 8 compared to the un-amended control. However, soils amended with S. alba SMs had the lowest severity of Rhizoctonia root rot relative to other amended soils. Phytotoxicity arising from the use of Brassicaceae SMs was observed particularly in soils amended with high glucosinolate-containing SMs. These studies demonstrate that Brassicaceae SMs can be used to manage disease caused by R. solani AG-8. However, future studies will need to focus on strategies for diminishing the crop growth-reducing effects associated with Brassicaceae SM amendment to fully maximize these fungicidal benefits. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in low but ecological-relevant doses acts as a regulator in the plant's secondary metabolism. This study investigates the effect of UVB radiation from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) [peak wavelength of (290 ± 2) nm] on the biosynthesis of health-promoting secondary plant metabolites (carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and glucosinolates) of green and red leafy vegetables of Lactuca sativa , Brassica campestris , and Brassica juncea followed by evaluation of potential adverse effects in a human liver cell model. UVB radiation led to a significant increase in individual secondary plant metabolites, especially of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates, e.g. alkenyl glucosinolate content. Kaempferol und quercetin glycoside concentrations were also significantly increased compared to untreated plants. The plant extracts from Lactuca sativa, Brassica campestris , and Brassica juncea were used to assess cytotoxicity (WST-1 assay and trypan blue staining), genotoxicity (Comet assay), and production of reactive oxygen species (EPR) using metabolically competent human-derived HepG2 liver cells. No adverse effects in terms of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, or oxidative stress were detected in an extract concentration ranging from 3.125 to 100 μg ml−1. Notably, only at very high concentrations were marginal cytostatic effects observed in extracts from UVB-treated as well as untreated plants. In conclusion, the application of UVB radiation from LEDs changes structure-specific health-promoting secondary plant metabolites without damaging the plants. The treatment did not result in adverse effects at the human cell level. Based on these findings, UVB LEDs are a future alternative, promising light source to replace currently commonly used high-pressure sodium lamps in greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf mustard is a popular cruciferous vegetable, and its chemical composition and biological activities have seldom been investigated. The aim of this study was to characterize the primary extractable components of fresh and fermented leaf mustard and determine their growth inhibitory effects on human colon cancer cells. Our results show that the contents of total soluble sugar, fat, protein, and glucosinolates in the extract of fresh leaf mustard (EFrLM) were significantly higher than those in the extract of fermented leaf mustard (EFeLM), while the inverse was true for amino nitrogen and total polyphenol contents. A total of 45 compounds and 72 volatile components were further identified in the two extracts by LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively. EFrLM and EFeLM displayed no inhibitory effects on normal human colon myofibroblast CCD-18Co cells, but both induced cell cycle arrest and extensive cellular apoptosis in HCT116 cells. Cell cycle-related genes and signaling proteins (cyclin B, cyclin D1, and cyclin E) were downregulated, and apoptosis-related genes and signaling proteins (caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3) were upregulated. Notably, EFeLM exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect than EFrLM on HCT116 cells. The results of this study lay a solid foundation for understanding the chemical constituents and biological activities of leaf mustard and highlight its anticancer potential. [Display omitted] • Fresh and fermented leaf mustard were rich in bioactive components. • Extract of fresh and fermented leaf mustard displayed significant anticancer activity on HCT116 cells. • Both extracts inhibited cancer cells by regulating genes and proteins associated with cell cycle and cell apoptosis. • In contrast, extract of fermented leaf mustard exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the results of a study which examines the effect of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), 3-butenenitrile (3BN), and ethyl thiocyanate (ESCN) on the stomatal response in Arabidopsis. The authors mentioned the closure of stomata in the wild type and the atrbohD atrbohF mutant induced by AITC, 3BN, ESCN, degradation products of glucosinolates. The study also revealed the production of extracellular reactive oxygen species mediated by salicylhydroxamic acid-sensitive peroxidase.

Abstract: The glucosinolates, sulforaphane, vitamin C and lutein content after several industrial cooking methods on the new kailan-hybrid broccoli and their changes during storage for 45days at 4°C were studied. Boiling and sous vide induced the highest glucosinolate loss (80%), while low pressure (LP) steaming, microwaving (MW) and sous vide-MW showed the lowest (40%) loss. Glucoraphanin was the most thermostable glucosinolate. Throughout their commercial life, microwaved and grilled samples showed a decrease in total glucosinolates. Generally, myrosinase activity was completely inhibited after cooking with undetected sulforaphane contents. The initial total vitamin C dropped by up to 58% after cooking and progressively decreased during storage, with sous vide-MW (92%) and microwaving (21%) showing the highest and lowest decrements, respectively. LP steaming and microwaving were the best industrial cooking methods for maintaining the glucosinolate and vitamin C contents, and enhancing up to 7.5-fold the initial lutein content. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Glucosinolates (β-thioglucoside-N-hydroxysulphates) are very important plant secondary metabolites containing a β-D-glucopyranose residue linked to a sulfur atom (i), or to a (Z)-N- hydroximinosulfate ester (ii) or a variable R group (iii) with different side-chain substituents which give their structural diversity. The objective of the present research was to compare the fmgerprint of 9 standard pure glucosinolates and Brassica vegetables extracts of broccoli, cauliflower and kohirabi, cultivated in North-West of Romania, using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR fingerprint was recorded for both, desulpho - standards of glucosinolates (sinigrin, gluconapin, progoitrin, glucoiberin, glucoraphanin, glucotropaeolin and glucobrassicin) and intact glucosinolates (sinigrin and glucotropaeolin). The extraction of glucosinolates was made according to the EU official method (EEC Regulation N. 1864/90). The FTIR spectra for standards and Brassica dried extracts were recorded in the MIR region, from 4000 and 900 cm-1. The results obtained show that HATR/FT-MIR spectroscopy can be used as a fast method for the quantification of total glucosinolates considering the IR absorption at 800 cm1or the region area of 750-900 cm-1, is the most suitable. The HATR/FT-MIR is non-destructive, cheap and fast method to fmgerprint, to predict and to quantify the glucosinolate composition of Brassica vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]