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Purpose: Corneal diseases are the fourth reason for blindness around the world which can be treated with corneal transplantation as a gold standard approach. However, alternative strategies get more valuable to peruse due to the challenges of donor shortage and failing the corneal transplantation procedure. This study aims to find the trend of biological products introduced to the market for corneal regeneration. Methods: Biological products introduced by different companies were evaluated in this review. The available and underevaluation products introduced to market are reported in this review. This search was done by keywords related to corneal/product, corneal/biological scaffold, corneal/biological product, corneal/allograft, corneal/xenograft, eye drops, biological eye drops, and amniotic membrane/cornea. Results: Decellularized products of xenogeneic or allogeneic cornea and amniotic membrane matrixes were mostly employed as corneal scaffold. In addition, biological eye drops, gels, and (platelet-rich plasma) PRP are used in several reports as bioactive ingredients. Conclusion: Herein, the most important issue about biological products that researchers are involved in is preserving the most active ingredients after decellularization or extraction process with minimum modification along with reasonable final cost. Lay Summary: Although at first glance cornea appears as simple avascular collagenous tissue, corneal diseases are the fourth leading cause of blindness according to the WHO reports. Currently, corneal transplantation has been chosen as a gold standard treatment. In recent years, the rising growth of smart biomaterials can be considered as a turning point in modern medicine by using smart scaffolds, a hydrogel with self-healing properties that could be potentially loaded with a drug, autologous cells, or stem cells. Here, we review available and under evaluation products introduced to the market to some extent overcome the cornea transplantation side effects.

To introduce an assessment tool (rubric) for evaluating ophthalmology residents’ competency in pterygium surgery.

Cartilage and facial muscle tissue provide basic yet vital functions for homeostasis throughout the body, making human survival and function highly dependent upon these somatic components. When cartilage and facial muscle tissues are harmed or completely destroyed due to disease, trauma, or any other degenerative process, homeostasis and basic body functions consequently become negatively affected. Although most cartilage and cells can regenerate themselves after any form of the aforementioned degenerative disease or trauma, the highly specific characteristics of facial muscles and the specific structures of the cells and tissues required for the proper function cannot be exactly replicated by the body itself. Thus, some form of cartilage and bone tissue engineering is necessary for proper regeneration and function. The use of progenitor cells for this purpose would be very beneficial due to their highly adaptable capabilities, as well as their ability to utilize a high diffusion rate, making them ideal for the specific nature and functions of cartilage and facial muscle tissue. Going along with this, once the progenitor cells are obtained, applying them to a scaffold within the oral cavity in the affected location allows them to adapt to the environment and create cartilage or facial muscle tissue that is specific to the form and function of the area. The principal function of the cartilage and tissue is vascularization, which requires a specific form that allows them to aid the proper flow of bodily functions related to the oral cavity such as oxygen flow and removal of waste. Facial muscle is also very thin, making its reproduction much more possible. Taking all these into consideration, this review aims to highlight and expand upon the primary benefits of the cartilage and facial muscle tissue engineering and regeneration, focusing on how these processes are performed outside of and within the body.

To evaluate in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) findings of ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) during treatment with topical interferon alfa-2b (IFN alfa-2b).