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The velocity at which blood lactate concentration ([LA]) of 4 mmol/L is reached (v4) is widely used to determine fitness, but there are few published data on using [LA] as a guide for the exercise speed for training in horses. In this study, the effect of 3 conditioning programs with [LA] guided exercise speeds on v4, v200(speed at a heart rate of 200 beats/min), blood [LA], plasma FFA ([FFA]), and alanine concentrations ([alanine]), before and after exercise, as well as heart rate during exercise, of horses was examined. Six 2-yr-old Haflinger stallions underwent an initial treadmill-based standard exercise test (SET). A regression analysis [LA]-speed relationship was used to calculate v1.5, v2.5, and v4. Horses were then randomly assigned to 1 of 3 conditioning programs according to a 3 × 6 Latin square design. During 6 wk, horses exercised on the treadmill every other day for 45 min at their calculated v1.5or v2.5or 25 min at their v4. Each conditioning period (CDP) was followed by 5 wk without conditioning. At 2 and 9 d, and 5 wk, after the end of the CDP, the horses performed another SET to evaluate again the v4and v200. Blood [LA], plasma [FFA], and [alanine] were measured before and after heart rate during exercise sessions 1, 11, and 21 in each CDP. None of the exercise programs had an effect on v4and v200(P> 0.05). The increase of the mean [LA] after exercise decreased during CDP (P< 0.05), and the increase of mean heart rate during exercise tended to decrease as well (P= 0.07). There was no difference among the conditioning programs. Plasma [FFA] before exercise was not influenced by the CDP (P> 0.05). The plasma [FFA] was always greater after exercise (P< 0.05), but there was no difference among conditioning programs. Overall, the increase was greatest after the 21st exercise session compared with the 1st and 11th exercise sessions (P< 0.05). The mean plasma [alanine] before exercise remained similar during all CDP (P> 0.05). Mean plasma [alanine] of the horses was increased after all exercise sessions measured (P< 0.05). There was no difference among conditioning programs (P> 0.05). It is concluded that conditioning with the exercise types used had small effects. This could have been because the exercise stress was too small, but also because the workload was not increased during the CDP.

In the model of low-energy

The measurement of the strong-interaction effects in pionic hydrogen gives access to fundamental properties of the pion–nucleon interaction. Methods developed within the framework of Heavy-Baryon Chiral Perturbation Theory allow calculations with an accuracy of a few per cent, which should be tested by experiment. Techniques advanced for recent experiments on the precision spectroscopy of X-rays from antiprotonic and pionic atoms will be used in a new series of measurements for pionic hydrogen. The aim is to achieve finally an accuracy of 0.2% for the hadronic shift ∈1sand most important of about 1% for the broadening Γ1s. An essential part of the experimental program is an improved understanding of the atomic cascade. At first, the value of ∈1shas to be proven not to be influenced by molecular formation. Secondly, a more accurate determination of Γ1srequires a detailed study of Coulomb deexcitation.

Palladium-complex loaded Al-MCM-41 catalysts have been used to heterogenize the homogeneous catalyzed Suzuki reaction. The Suzuki reaction is a convenient method for the C–C coupling of arylhalogenides with arylboronacids yielding biphenyles. The mesoporous catalyst supports were prepared by anchoring of alkylsilylsulfonic acid to as-prepared calcined Al-MCM-41. The PdCl2[Ph2P(CH2)2S(CH2)3SO3Na]2complex was used as catalytically active precursor and directly loaded onto the support from solution. Materials were characterized by 29Si MAS NMR, 13C CP/MAS NMR, nitrogen adsorption, TG/DTA, CHNS analysis, XPS, and TEM. The Si/Al ratio of the Al-MCM-41 was 10.7. The pore size was ≈30 Å. The catalytic tests were performed in a batch reactor at 78°C in a toluene/ethanol/water mixture with sodium carbonate as base and cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide as surfactant. Conversions and selectivities were determined by gas chromatography. For comparison also large pore SBA type mesoporous molecular sieves were included. The results indicate that Pd-complex/MCM-41 catalysts can be successfully used in the Suzuki C–C-coupling reaction. Catalysts can be recycled and re-used. The recycled catalysts show an enhanced activity.

The coupling reaction of p-iodoanisole and phenylboronic acid occurs with high yields in aqueous medium in the presence of palladium complexes with water-soluble phosphine ligands on different mesoporous inorganic supports. Silica and alumina supports were similarly prepared and functionalized with sulfonate groups. The catalyst was immobilized by ion exchange. A novel approach to the amphiphilization of the supports by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was applied to modify phase transfer steps favorably and to embed the catalyst in this bipolar surface layer. The reaction is accelerated and conversions with these embedded catalysts exceed those in homogeneous systems.

Zusammenfassung: Auf insgesamt 17 Versuchsflächen wurden Begiftungsversuche mit verschiedenen Köderpräparaten und unterschiedlicher Ausbringungstechnik durchgeführt. Neben der praxisüblichen breitwürfigen Ausbringung wurden die Köder auch konzentriert in Kunststoffbechern oder Tonrohren zusammen mit einem Stück Apfel als Lockmittel ausgelegt. Insgesamt waren die Bekämpfungserfolge sehr unterschiedlich und deshalb noch unbefriedigend. Ganz allgemein war die Wirksamkeit bzw. die Annahme der Giftköder vom gesamten Nahrungsangebot abhängig. Erst bei Nahrungsmangel wurden die Köder in größerem Umfang angenommen. Bei der Verwendung von Ködern mit blutgerinnungshemmenden Wirkstoffen wurden bei der konzentrierten Ausbringung längerfristig etwas bessere Ergebnisse mit einem geringeren Mittelaufwand erzielt als bei breitwürfiger Verteilung der Köder. Bei der Verwendung von Köderstationen erscheint die Verwendung von Lockstoffen und Pheromonen erfolgversprechend.

Besides other products, linear middle-range olefins were obtained in the low temperature oligomerization of ethylene with a selectivity of 30–58% and a linearity up to 85%. Activated ticanium and zirconium complexes as catalysts were attached to SiO2 through surface bounded bidentate S- and N-containing ligands, the former being superior to the latter with respect to product quality.

Thyronine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and reversetriiodothyronine (rT3) levels were evaluated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in serum of 12 patients with definite amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by specific radioimmunoassays. Circulating microsomal and thyroglobulin antibodies were also evaluated. In all patients serum levels of T4, T3 and rT3 were within normal limits. In CSF, the rT3 levels were significantly elevated to 0.118 µg/l (mean), the T4 levels were not significantly elevated, and the T3 levels were below the detection limit of 0.03 µg/l. A correlation between the elevated rT3 levels in CSF and the severity or type of ALS could not be demonstrated by this study. The antithyroid antibodies (thyroglobulin antibodies, microsomal antibodies) showed normal titres and did not suggest disturbances of thyroid autoimmunity in the patients with ALS.

The objective of the DEAR experiment is a precision measurement of the strong interaction shifts and widths of the K-series lines in kaonic hydrogen and the first observation of the same quantities in kaonic deuterium. These results will allow a precise determination of the isospin dependent kaon-nucleon scattering lengths and will help to determine the kaon-nucleon sigma terms. With the present performance of the DAFNE collider a kaonic hydrogen measurement with a precision better than the best existing experiment seems feasible now. In a preparing experiment kaonic nitrogen X rays were measured.

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