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Electrical transformers are generally designed to operate from sinusoidal sources. However, increased use of nonlinear loads, such as electric motor drives, lighting, fluorescent lamps, rectifiers, and computers, which generate high values of harmonics, makes this transformer operate in the nonlinear region. This paper discusses and focuses on the effect of the characteristics of a single-phase transformer when it is operated from a non-sinusoidal source with a non-linear load. An experimental 1 kVA single-phase transformer with a voltage of 220V and frequency of 50Hz with linear and nonlinear loads was considered. The results of this investigation show the losses increased by 25% when the transformer was fed from a sinusoidal power supply and the load was non-linear. In addition, the losses and THD for the current reached 40% and 12.4%, respectively, at nearfull load when the transformer was fed from a non-sinusoidal power supply and non-linear loads. The correlation between total harmonic distortion (THD) and these types of power supplies and loads was illustrated. The results showed that increasing the current harmonic distortion will lead to increased transformer losses and thus reduce their life expectancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant tissue culture and novel breeding techniques such as genome editing in the economically important crop Arachis hypogaea constitute potential for genetic improvement. Therefore, in this study, high-frequency in vitro regeneration via formation of adventitious shoots was described for different A. hypogaea lines. The leaflets of the primary leaves of 5-day-old seedlings were cultured for 16 weeks on Murashige and Skoog's medium supplemented with equimolar concentrations (22.19 µM) of the cytokinins 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); thidiazuron (TDZ); zeatin (Zea) or meta-topolin (MT), which was reduced to 7.40 µM after eight weeks plus 2.3 µM kinetin. Highest shoot regeneration percentages of 89.1% and 81.3% for BAP and TDZ containing media, respectively, were achieved in the line 'Jimmy's pride' with the maximum shoot number obtained on BAP. The regeneration percentages for three further lines were lower than 50%. Furthermore, the effect of different light qualities, applied using LEDs, and compared to fluorescent lamps was investigated. Shoot regeneration percentages did not improve significantly under the different LEDs, instead a pronounced effect on the regeneration efficiency of the culture temperature was observed which differed among the light treatments. However, fluorescent lamps can be replaced by red or blue LEDs without negative effects on shoot regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First-time synthesis BiOCl/BiOBr/Bi2O3 ternary photocatalyst via microwave method. • Three component integration accelerates charge transfer and enhances TCH, RhB, and MO degradation. • High-efficiency degradation of pollutants under solar simulator and fluorescent lamp. • Remarkable stability of 99.7% degradation efficiency maintained over seven cycles. • Predominant role of 1O2 in visible light degradation. This research addresses the urgent need for efficient water treatment methods to treat water pollution resulting from industrial activities and population growth. It focuses on developing semiconductor-based photo-catalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light, aiming to contribute to pollution control and sustainable energy solutions. A novel layer-structured ternary BiOCl/BiOBr/Bi 2 O 3 nanocomposite was successfully synthesized via a rapid, one-step microwave-assisted method. The unique layered structure of this heterojunction facilitated efficient migration and separation of photoinduced electron-hole pairs, essential for effective photocatalysis. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited excellent photocatalytic performance, achieving complete degradation of 30 mg L−1 RhB, 98.0% efficiency for 10 mg L−1 TCH, and 83.0% efficiency for 10 mg L−1 MO. Furthermore, the photo-catalyst displayed remarkable photostability, retaining 99.7% efficiency even after seven cycles of RhB degradation. The study also revealed favorable conditions for RhB degradation, emphasizing the impact of high temperature and low pH media while demonstrating the catalyst's resilience to the presence of ions (NO 3 −, Cl−, SO 4 2−, and NH 4 +). The study indicates that singlet oxygen (1O 2) was predominant among the oxidizing species in photodegradation. This work introduces a highly efficient and stable ternary BiOCl/BiOBr/Bi 2 O 3 nanocomposite as a promising solution for addressing water pollution issues and harnessing visible light for photocatalytic applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste phosphor (WP) from fluorescent lamp is a hazardous waste and an important secondary resource for recycling mercury and rare earths. To avoid mercury pollution during rare earth recovery, it is necessary to conduct deep mercury removal before rare earth recovery. However, the mechanism of mercury removal in WP is not clear, which restricts the progress of efficient mercury removal methods. Effects of treatment temperature and time on thermal evolution of WP were analyzed by different characterization methods. Model-free, model-fitting and z (α) master plots method are used in combination to explain the complex mechanism of mercury removal in WP. The mechanism of mercury removal will change gradually with the process of mercury removal. The average E α for mercury removal is 100.76 kJ/mol and 190.36 kJ/mol at conversion α (i.e. mercury removal efficiency) of 0.1–0.3 and 0.3–0.9, respectively. Simple mercury compounds are decomposed at α less than 0.3 (∼600 °C), according with the model of random nucleation and subsequent growth. A large amount of tightly combined mercury is released rapidly at α of 0.3–0.75 (600–700 °C), ascribing to the decomposition of carbonate and the structure transformation of silicon oxide. The process mechanism gradually change from 1D/2D diffusion to 3D diffusion, increasing the mass transfer resistance of mercury diffusion. Thermal desorption of residual bound mercury at α larger than 0.75 (∼700 °C) is controlled by phase boundary reaction. More efficient mercury removal effects can be obtained by adding additives to roasting. The results are beneficial to the research of deep mercury removal methods of WP. [Display omitted] • The thermal evolution characteristics of spent phosphors were studied. • Decomposition or transformation of impurities leaded to significant Hg desorption. • Removal of elemental mercury bound to impurities strongly depended on temperature. • The mechanism of mercury removal was a function of conversion. • The change of Hg removal mechanism depended on removal rule of different Hg species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meaning and purpose in life are important components of young adult development, and are associated with a myriad of positive outcomes. Recently, Bronk, Riches, and Mangan (2018) developed a set of short Likertformat scales directed at measuring meaning and purpose-the Claremont Purpose Scale (CPS). Their definition of purpose includes three dimensions: Meaningfulness, Goal-Orientation, and Beyond-the-Self. Drawing on their work, we employ a scenario-based measurement approach that incorporates principles of Rasch measurement theory and Guttman facet theory design. These scenarios systematically cover a wide range of lived-experience descriptions of what living a life of meaning and purpose (LAMP) looks like, from relatively commonplace to extraordinary. The full portfolio of scales (the BC-LAMP) is intended for large-scale administration with the goal of helping institutions generate evidence regarding their students' trajectories toward purposeful lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate the concentrations of Hg and its aspects methyl mercury (Me-Hg) and inorganic mercury (I-Hg) in the biological samples (BSs) of fluorescent lamp industries workers (FLIWs). Different BSs including red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, urine, hair and nails were collected from the workers exposed to Hg and unexposed persons were selected as control group to measure both the T-Hg concentration as well as its species in different biological samples through quantitative analysis. Health data was collected through questionnaire survey. The mean concentrations of T-Hg (31.9 μg/L), Me-Hg (27.7 μg/L), and I-Hg (5.36 μg/L) in RBCs were found significantly (P < 0.001) higher among the workers (n = 40) as compared to the control group (n = 40). Similarly the mean Hg concentrations in plasma, urine, hair and nails were also significantly higher among the workers than the control group. The statistical relation between Hg concentration and demographic characteristics observed that workers experience and fish consumption has increased the Hg concentration while age, weight and smoking found no significant effect on Hg concentration in the BSs. The study observed that the workers were highly exposed to high concentration of Hg and they are at a high health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a method for reducing the light noise of color sensor by integrating the Low Pass Filter (LPF) on color sensors of line trace robot. The proposed method is able to reduce the blinking of the fluorescent lamp's noise and smooth variation in the color sensor. The light noise reduction is composed of two steps: pre-acquiring color sensor values (white standard value, black standard value) at various points of the course and normalizing sensor value from various points in the course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper provides an analysis on the lighting within a production hall, case in which the visual comfort of workers has to be ensured by inducing them positive sensations during their activity, such as visual performance, which determines the fast and clear perception of the visual load, even in difficult conditions and for long periods, so that the workers to be able to visually perceive the surrounding environment. Therefore, there is carried out a comparative study on the general lighting of a production hall, between the case of fluorescent lamps and the case of LED technology. Following the performed study, there is revealed the necessity of using quality lighting for the development of production processes in best conditions, as well as for an as low as possible power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The equipment designed for use in explosive atmospheres has to fulfil the requirements of ATEX Directive 2014/34/EU (transposed into Romanian legislation by GD 245/2016). In order to verify the explosion protection characteristics of equipment these shall be subjected to type tests. In case of fluorescent luminaires with type of protection increased safety "e", supplied by electronic ballasts, these shall be subjected to the asymmetric pulse and asymmetric power tests. The purpose of this paper is to present the importance of the asymmetric pulse and asymmetric power tests, and also, to underline the testing methodology developed based on the requirements imposed by the applicable standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although alternatives to mercury (Hg) are available in most products and industrial activities, Hg continues to be an ingredient in some products, including fluorescent lamps and electrical and electronic equipment (EEE). In this work, low-cost passive air samplers (PASs) were used to investigate the atmospheric Hg pollution in Zhongshan, a large industrial city and major hub of mercury-added product manufacturing in South China. The GEM concentrations in the atmosphere were measured for two weeks during the summer of 2019 at a total of 144 sites across Zhongshan. Comparison with the results of active sampling confirmed that the PASs yielded accurate and reliable gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) concentrations and were thus well-suited for multi-site field monitoring. The mean GEM concentrations in the areas with mercury-added product manufacturing activities (5.1 ± 0.4 ng m−3) were significantly higher than those in other parts of Zhongshan (1.5 ± 0.4 ng m−3), indicating that local releases, rather than regional transport, were responsible for the atmospheric Hg pollution. Elevated GEM concentrations (up to 11.4 ng m−3) were found in the vicinity of fluorescent lamp and EEE factories and workshops, indicating significant Hg vapor emissions, presumably from the outdated production technologies and non-standard operation by under-trained workers. The Hg emissions from mercury-added product manufacturing were estimated to be 0.06 and 7.8 t yr−1 for Zhongshan and China, respectively, based on the scales of fluorescent lamp and EEE production. The non-carcinogenic health risk of Zhongshan residents from inhalation and ingestion was judged acceptable, whereby the inhalation exposure in Hg-polluted areas exceeded that of dietary ingestion. These findings demonstrate that mercury-added product manufacturing still contributes notably to anthropogenic gaseous Hg releases in the industrial areas with intense mercury-added product manufacturing activities. [Display omitted] • Gaseous Hg concentrations measured by passive and active sampling were comparable. • Atmospheric Hg concentrations in Zhongshan had distinct spatial distribution patterns. • Fluorescent lamp and electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) production released Hg. • Fluorescent lamp and EEE production in China emitted atmospheric Hg at ca. 7.8 t yr−1. • Zhongshan residents had greater exposure to Hg from inhalation than dietary ingestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precisely predicting the amount of household hazardous waste (HHW) and classifying it intelligently is crucial for effective city management. Although data-driven models have the potential to address these problems, there have been few studies utilizing this approach for HHW prediction and classification due to the scarcity of available data. To address this, the current study employed the prophet model to forecast HHW quantities based on the Integration of Two Networks systems in Shanghai. HHW classification was performed using HVGGNet structures, which were based on VGG and transfer learning. To expedite the process of finding the optimal global learning rate, the method of cyclical learning rate was adopted, thus avoiding the need for repeated testing. Results showed that the average rate of HHW generation was 0.1 g/person/day, with the most significant waste categories being fluorescent lamps (30.6 %), paint barrels (26.1 %), medicine (26.2 %), battery (15.8 %), thermometer (0.03 %), and others (1.22 %). Recovering rare earth element (18.85 kg), Cd (3064.10 kg), Hg (15643.43 kg), Zn (14239.07 kg), Ag (11805.81 kg), Ni (4956.64 kg) and Li (1081.45 kg) from HHW can help avoid groundwater pollution, soil contamination and air pollution. HVGGNet-11 demonstrated 90.5 % precision and was deemed most suitable for HHW sorting. Furthermore, the prophet model predicted that HHW in Shanghai would increase from 794.43 t in 2020 to 2049.67 t in 2025. • Data-driven models were adopted to promote the HHW management. • The estimated amount of HHW in Shanghai was 2049.67 t in 2025. • HVGGNet-11 with 90.5 % of precision was most suitable for HHW sorting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization and infrastructure development have changed the night-time light regime of many coastal marine habitats. Consequently, Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) is becoming a global ecological concern, particularly in nearshore coral reef ecosystems. However, the effects of ALAN on coral architecture and their optical properties are unexplored. Here, we conducted a long-term ex situ experiment (30 months from settlement) on juvenile Stylophora pistillata corals grown under ALAN conditions using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and fluorescent lamps, mimicking light-polluted habitats. We found that corals exposed to ALAN exhibited altered skeletal morphology that subsequently resulted in reduced light capture capacity, while also gaining better structural and optical modifications to increased light levels than their ambient-light counterparts. Additionally, light-polluted corals developed a more porous skeleton compared to the control corals. We suggest that ALAN induces light stress in corals, leading to a decrease in the solar energy available for photosynthesis during daytime illumination. [Display omitted] • Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a novel environmental stressor for coral reefs. • Corals were exposed to ALAN from settlement for 30 months. • ALAN alters coral skeletal morphology and optical properties. • The coral skeleton's ability to capture light is impaired by ALAN exposure. • Ongoing exposure to ALAN could deteriorate coral ecological functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of scrap fluorescent lamps in China has increased greatly in recent years, and the improper disposal of mercury-containing waste has posed a major risk to residents’ health. This paper describes research based on a sample from China to investigate the disposal and willingness to pay for scrap fluorescent lamps in households. We estimated that 4.19 million scrap fluorescent lamps are generated from households in Beijing per year. Most residents cannot recycle due to a lack of recycling facilities, and 34.7 kg scrap mercury is out of control. We found that 68.6% of Beijing residents are willing to pay extra fees to dispose of scrap fluorescent lamps safely, and the average value is 1.98 CNY/lamp, which is twice the value of the subsidiary standard that the government gives to treatment plants. We found that the length of residence period, cognition of hazardous waste and the understanding of extended producer responsibility (EPR) are the dominant factors that affect residents’ payment decisions. Governmental departments should consider establishing a special fund to ensure the safe disposal of household scrap fluorescent lamps by installing recycling facilities in communities and by subsidizing recycling enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protection of works of art and cultural assets against light-induced aging is vital when planning exhibitions. Newly developed lighting systems render the selection of suitable light sources more difficult, not least in the context of energy–economical systems. This study accordingly examines different lighting systems (fluorescent tubes, halogen lamps, low-voltage metal halide lamps, and LED lamps) in terms of the damage potential they hold for the materials concerned. The changes in color were evaluated using the CIEDE2000 color-difference formula. This study focuses on selected organic materials and shows that changes in color already occur after only a brief exposure time. The color changes induced by the fluorescent tubes were consistently more intense than those induced by the other light sources. The results obtained with the remaining lamps show that the color changes depend more on the material under investigation than on the source used. The changes determined after a relatively short exposure period (five months) vividly demonstrate that exposing sensitive materials to light for longer terms (as is the case during a permanent exhibition) is most definitely a non-viable option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of Hg and the high consumption of fluorescent lamps (FL) have increased environmental concerns. However, other toxic and potentially toxic elements, like rare earth elements (REE), are neglected in FL. The problems FL cause are currently less in focus since they are being replaced with light emitter diodes (LED). However, replacement is lagging mainly in developing countries, which are usually more affected by electronic wastes. Therefore, it can take many years for FL to be completely phased-out and no longer be a matter of environmental concern. It is essential to keep the FL issue under our attention, considering current consumption and disposal scenarios and the lamps' composition, as demonstrated through life cycle assessment (LCA) works. This revision summarizes the information available in the literature, focusing on 2010–2020, on the current scenario of FL regarding its replacement, LCA, contamination risks, disposal, and recycling, highlighting the areas that still require attention. The Hg in lamps can reach the order of mg per lamp. However, Cd, As, Pb, and other potentially toxic metals are also found in FL. In fact, REE have high concentrations in FL, representing more than 23 % of the phosphor, and these emergent contaminants are unregulated and have poorly understood environmental effects. Recycling of FL is often low or even inexistent among countries. However, authors have proposed efficient methods for recovering metals (>90 % efficiency) and using end-of-life FL in manufacturing new materials. This might be a silver lining to the critical contamination problem arising from FL. [Display omitted] • Review of the life cycle assessment of fluorescent lamps focusing on 2010–2020. • Environmental contamination due to inappropriate discard of spent fluorescent lamps. • Current information regarding fluorescent lamp production and recycling. • Recycling strategies and metal recovery from fluorescent lamps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare earth element (REE) recycling remains low at 1%, despite significant uncertainties related to future supply and demand and EU 2020 energy efficiency objectives. We use a global production network framework of REE flows from mine to REE phosphors in energy-efficient lamps to illustrate the potential of closed-loop recycling for secondary supply under different scenarios of primary supply and forecasted demand for LEDs, CFLs and LFLs. We find that different End-of-Life Recycling Rate scenarios for REE secondary supply range between meeting forecasted REE demand and filling primary supply gaps, and competing with primary supply. Our argument centres on diversifying REE sourcing with recycling and the choice between primary and secondary supply. We stress that secondary REE phosphor supply requires further policy support for lamp collection and a discussion of the value of REE phosphor recycling which underlies its economic feasibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recovery of raw materials from waste represents a sustainable growth opportunity for those countries with limited mineral resources availability. A case study for an integrated approach to recover raw materials from spent fluorescent lamps is presented, with the aim of improving the current treatments which are only able to recover the glass fraction. In particular a hydrometallurgical process was developed to obtain valuable metals such antimony, copper, and rare earths (yttrium and europium). Grinded powders were leached with several inorganic acids, then antimony and copper were recovered by electrodeposition; Y and Eu were finally precipitated as oxalates. The precipitate was dissolved and the rare earths were separated by solvent extraction. This approach, based on the holistic view of all elements contained in an End-of-Life complex product, ensures both environmental and economic sustainability since it allows waste reduction and materials recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light quality has significant effects on the growth of Paeonia suffruticosa calli in vitro. In this study, callus growth was examined under six different combinations of light of different wavelengths using cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs): 100% white (W; 410 - 730 nm); 100% red (R; 622 - 625 nm); 100% blue (B; 467 - 470 nm); 80% R plus 20% B; 70% R plus 30% B; or 60% R plus 40% B. Calli grown under regular fluorescent lamps served as the controls. Calli cultured under red light at 622 - 625 nm had the highest average fresh weight (FW; 1.2206 g per callus) and average increase in callus FW (1.1519-fold per callus), compared to calli grown under the other six light conditions. Chlorophyll concentrations per callus were highest in calli cultured under 60% R plus 40% B light. Callus physiology and biochemistry, including total soluble sugar concentrations and peroxidase activity, were higher under 100% R light than under the other six light conditions. Total soluble protein and phenolic compound concentrations were higher under 100% B light than under the other six light conditions. This study indicates that CCFLs are a more effective light source than regular fluorescent lamps for callus growth in P. suffruticosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The purpose is to review the current status of the recycling technologies of rare earth from waste tricolor phosphors in fluorescent lamps. [•] The main characteristics of the tricolor phosphors are presented, and summarize the typical single recycling and reusing technologies with regard to waste tricolor phosphors and the rare earths inside. [•] Several combined processes and typical technologies for recycling and rusing rare earths from waste fluorescent lamps are evaluated. [•] Based on the review, the prospect of recycling technologies was suggested finally. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Noble-metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) with a tunable bandgap has evoked great interest as a robust and efficient catalyst for environmental remediation. Herein, we prepared g-C 3 N 4 -w with good water-dispersibility via a eutectic NaCl/KCl-assisted thermal polycondensation of dicyandiamide followed by sonication-exfoliation and water-washing processes. G-C 3 N 4 -w possesses a superior performance of formaldehyde (HCHO) removal at ambient temperature to the pristine g-C 3 N 4 obtained via direct calcination of dicyandiamide. Indoor fluorescent-lamp irradiation further upgrades the catalytic decomposition of HCHO for the g-C 3 N 4 samples, especially for g-C 3 N 4 -w. The HCHO removal efficiency for 180 min is 66.4% and 38.5% under indoor fluorescent lamp irradiation, and 37.1% and 14.2% without light illumination for g-C 3 N 4 -w and g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. The intriguing HCHO removal capability of g-C 3 N 4 -w is contributed by its large specific surface area, abundance of defects, rapid charge transfer and extending visible-light response. [Display omitted] • Noble-metal-free catalyst developed for room-temperature removal of formaldehyde. • g-C 3 N 4 -w shows superior HCHO removal performance to directly calcined g-C 3 N 4. • Indoor fluorescent-lamp irradiation boosts HCHO catalytic oxidation over g-C 3 N 4 -w. • Rapid electron transfer and abundance of defects enhance the activity of g-C 3 N 4 -w. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines the feasibility of adopting LED lamp in replacing the conventional fluorescent lamp. Analysis and comparison have been carried out on the two lighting systems in terms of electrical and photometrical performance. A case study on UTeM''s building has also been presented, which focuses on the economic evaluation. In addition, various lighting energy saving strategies have been proposed. The economic benefits of the respective energy saving measures have been successfully quantified. The study suggests that LED tubes has great potential to replace fluorescent lamps, mainly driven by the cost savings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study that deals with the performance of light-emitting diode (LED) retrofit versions of fluorescent tubes. The study asks whether LED retrofit versions of these tubes offer the benefits their makers claim. It examines the LED tube retrofit replacement for conventional fluorescent lamps which according to the article is becoming commonplace in the lighting market.

Light emitting diodes have many positive features comparing with incandescent and fluorescent lamps like its small size; high luminous efficiency, long lifetime and reliability. That features increases the popularity of LEDs using in lighting. However there are many cheap, non-certified light emitting diodes bulbs in the market, where the parameters of the light emitting diodes bulbs are undeclared or declared incorrectly. The simple and low cost evaluation methods for evaluation of efficiency of light sources are presented in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With the introduction of LCD technologies, there is almost no demand for new CRTs worldwide. Other alternative recycling outlets are needed, but still waiting to be explored. The author suggests in China recycling of scrap cathode ray (CRT) glass to leaded fluorescent lamp glass is the best industrially available way, but ultimately all the leaded glass may need extracting glass by metallurgy as the progress of the lead free process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to synthesize rare earth doped phosphors for display applications in Compact fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) and test the utility of these phosphors in accidental radiation dosimetry. The present paper reports the Photoluminescence (PL) and Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics YGdBO3 doped with Eu and Tb phosphors. The method of preparation followed is a standard solid state reaction (SSR). The PL observed with excitation at 254 nm for the YGdBO3 doped with Eu generates emission at 367, 454,595, 611 and 628 nm. The intensity of peak at 366 nm is relatively less as compared to 594, 613 and 629nm peaks. Photoluminescence spectra of YGdBO3: Tb3+(0.5%) being excited with 254 nm generates an emission at 367, 470,489, 497 and 545 nm. The PL emission at 545 nm is very sharp and followed by a hump at 554 nm. The peak observed at 367 in both the specimens are normally due to crystal field. Thermoluminescence studies of beta irradiated YGdBO3: Eu and Tb3 did show good well defined high intensity isolated TL peak around 200oC. The calculated trap depth is 0.4ev. The TL dosimetry (TLD) studies are interesting. It is proposed the YGdBO3: Tb3+ can be used as lamp as well TLD phosphor in the case of accidental radiation monitoring. It is found the YGdBO3:Tb3+ phosphors can act as phosphor in compact fluorescent lamps as well as a radiation detector in case of accidental nuclear fallout like recent one in Japan, a two in one concept. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Photoluminescence (PL) of the Sr2CeO4 phosphor, doped with Erbium with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1mol %) is described in the present paper. The phosphors were synthesized using the standard solid state reaction technique using urea and citric acid as fluxes. The prepared phosphors are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and SEM. PL emission of undoped Sr2CeO4 phosphor and doped with various concentrations of Er was studied. The observed PL emission is at 470nm followed by the primary Er emissions with good intensity at 527, 536, 550, 559 and 567nm. The present phosphor may be a good candidate for compact fluorescent lamps for green emission. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This research paper analyzes a method of improving a compact fluorescent lamp's power factor through the use of two passive valley fill filters. The electronic diagram of the Philips Ecotone 18W compact fluorescent lamp is being introduced in the PSpice Orcad program. The results obtained following the use of the above-mentioned filters are being analyzed through computer simulation as well as practical measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: The advantage of the LEDs illumination in general household lighting was proposed. High efficiency white LED as the light source was provided the energy saving illumination of the general household lightings. Different spaces in general household with different standards of average illuminance were designed and simulated by LightTools and DIALux software. The power consumptions and efficiency of traditional illuminated light sources and LED light source in lighting the household environment were analyzed and compared with each other at the same standard of average illuminance. Finally, it provided the advantage of using white LEDs in different spaces of the general household lighting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A roll-to-roll imprinted optical setup consisting of a gratings upon a light bar (LB) is designed to shrink the coupling length between a point light source and a light guide for application in a mobile phone display. Grating period and shape was analyzed by investigating the relationship between the angular distributions of incident beam on the grating and the illumination characteristics of LED. The design has a potential to eliminate the brightness enhancement film (BEF) for a red-green-blue (RGB) light-emitting diode (LED) or a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlight module in the LCD systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With two regulations, 244/2009 and 245/2009, the European Commission recently put into practice the EuP Directive in the area of lighting devices, aiming to improve energy efficiency in the domestic lighting sector. This article presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment comparison of four different lighting technologies: the tungsten lamp, the halogen lamp, the conventional fluorescent lamp and the compact fluorescent lamp. Taking advantage of the most up-to-date life cycle inventory database available (ecoinvent data version 2.01), all life cycle phases were assessed and the sensitivity of the results for varying assumptions analysed: different qualities of compact fluorescent lamps (production phase), different electricity mixes (use phase), and end-of-life scenarios for WEEE recycling versus municipal solid waste incineration (disposal phase). A functional unit of “one hour of lighting” was defined and the environmental burdens for the whole life cycle for all four lamp types were calculated, showing a clearly lower impact for the two gas-discharge lamps, i.e. the fluorescent and the compact fluorescent lamp. Differences in the product quality of the compact fluorescent lamps reveal to have only a very small effect on the overall environmental performance of this lamp type; a decline of the actual life time of this lamp type doesn''t result in a change of the rank order of the results of the here examined four lamp types. It was also shown that the environmental break-even point of the gas-discharge lamps is reached long before the end of their expected life-span. All in all, it can be concluded that a change from today''s tungsten lamp technology to a low-energy-consuming technology such as the compact fluorescent lamp results in a substantial environmental benefit. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Green-emitting phosphors of Sr3La(PO4)3:Ce3+,Tb3+ have been synthesized by a solid-state reaction. The energy transfer from Ce3+ to Tb3+ is a resonant type via a dipole-dipole mechanism with an energy-transfer critical distance of 7.6 A. By utilizing the principle of energy transfer and appropriate tuning of activator contents, we have also made an attempt to observe a strong green emission performance displayed by this phosphor for use as a coating material on compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). The results clearly indicate that the luminous efficiency based on Sr3(La0.67Ce0.08Tb0.25)(PO4)3 was found to be 69 lmIW. The good luminous efficiency and lumen maintenance (2000 h, 91.8%) of the green-emitting CFL demonstrate that this phosphor can be suitable for application on a short UV fluorescent lamp. Additionally, the Sr3(La0.67Ce0.08Tb0.25)(PO4)3 green phosphor has advantages of environmental friendliness and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We synthesized polymorphs of Y2-xSi2O7:Eux by a solid-state reaction and then examined the red-emitting Y2-xSi2O7:Eux (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2) phosphors for their potential use in cold-cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs). The ultimate goal was to use polymorphs of Y2Si2O7 to generate an emission shift to a deep red color. We found that all the crystalline phases of Y2-xSi2O7:Eux (α, β, γ, and δ) could be made by the solid-state reaction. They are adjusted by changing the concentration of Eu ions and altering the annealing temperature. The 5D0 → 7F2 transition (peak wavelength of 626 nm) of Eu3+ ion in the Y2Si2O7 lattice is desirable for CCFL application. The maximal luminance at 626 nm was obtained with Y1.84Si2O7:Eu0.16 in the α phase. However, for the CCFL application, it is necessary to solve the side peak resulting from the 5D0 → 7F1 transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, only x-ray fluoroscopy is available for visualization of the extrahepatic bile ducts intraoperatively. We hypothesized that with an appropriate fluorophore and imaging system, invisible near-infrared (NIR) light could be used for image-guided procedures on the extrahepatic bile ducts. Methods: We quantified the performance of three 800 nm NIR fluorophores, differing primarily in their degree of hydrophilicity, for real-time imaging of the extrahepatic bile ducts in rats and pigs: IR-786, indocyanine green (ICG), and the carboxylic form of IRDye™ 800CW (CW800-CA). The signal-to-background ratio (SBR) of the common bile duct relative to liver and pancreas was measured as a function of the dose of contrast agent, injection site, and kinetics using an intraoperative NIR fluorescence imaging system described previously. Bile samples were examined by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) to determine the chemical form of fluorophores in bile. Results: Non-sulfonated (IR-786) and di-sulfonated (ICG) NIR fluorophores had poor efficiency and kinetics of excretion into bile. Tetra-sulfonated CW800-CA, however, provided sensitive, specific, and real-time visualization of the extrahepatic bile ducts after a single low-dose given either intraportally or intravenously via systemic vein. A SBR ≥2 provided sensitive assessment of extrahepatic bile duct anatomy and function for over 30 min post-injection, including the detection of millimeter-sized, radiolucent inclusions in pigs. CW800-CA remained intact chemically after secretion into bile. Conclusion: The combination of invisible NIR light and an IV injection of CW800-CA provides prolonged, real-time visualization of the extrahepatic bile duct, without ionizing radiation and without changing the look of the operative field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study compared the sustainability of two recycling treatments of fluorescent powders aimed at recovering rare earths. The analysis has been performed to evaluate the environmental impacts and economic aspects by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cycle Cost (LCC). The first process includes a thermal pretreatment at 950 °C of powders, followed by sulfuric acid leaching, precipitation with oxalic acid and recovery of rare earths as oxides, and wastewater treatment. The second one differs only for the preliminary treatment; a mechanical activation has been proposed as an alternative to thermal pretreatment. The LCA proved the advantage of secondary production of rare earth oxides (REOs), compared to the current supply from ores. Furthermore, an environmental advantage of process A was estimated for combining the highest recovery and the lowest hazardous level of waste to dispose of, thanks to the preliminary removal of mercury. The potential benefit of REO recoveries was mainly highlighted in the categories of climate change and resource use, energy carriers and the leaching phase was identified as the main burden in most of the analyzed environmental categories. The final oxide from Process A contains more terbium than the product obtained from Process B. Labor is the main item of operating costs, and electric energy represents around 99% and 73% for Process A and Process B, respectively. The sensitivity analysis shows that varying the plant's capacity, the net profit increases. The main factor that influences the economic feasibility is the prices of rare earths. [Display omitted] • Hydrometallurgical processes for rare earth recovery from lamps were described. • Process A had thermal pre-treatment, instead Process B included a mechanical activation. • Process A appears to be more environmentally and economically sustainable. • The total treatment cost (€/batch) was 695 and 633 for Process A and B. • LCA proved the environmental advantage of the secondary production of REOs from lamps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented in which the author explores his experience of coming up with the Tubelite lighting and implementing it in city streets of Great Britain.