18 results on '"Fava, Francesca"'
Search Results
2. Host genetic basis of COVID-19: from methodologies to genes
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Zguro, Kristina, Fallerini, Chiara, Fava, Francesca, Furini, Simone, and Renieri, Alessandra
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The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is having a massive impact on public health, societies, and economies worldwide. Despite the ongoing vaccination program, treating COVID-19 remains a high priority; thus, a better understanding of the disease is urgently needed. Initially, susceptibility was associated with age, sex, and other prior existing comorbidities. However, as these conditions alone could not explain the highly variable clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the attention was shifted toward the identification of the genetic basis of COVID-19. Thanks to international collaborations like The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, it became possible the elucidation of numerous genetic markers that are not only likely to help in explaining the varied clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients but can also guide the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. Within this framework, this review delineates GWAS and Burden test as traditional methodologies employed so far for the discovery of the human genetic basis of COVID-19, with particular attention to recently emerged predictive models such as the post-Mendelian model. A summary table with the main genome-wide significant genomic loci is provided. Besides, various common and rare variants identified in genes like TLR7, CFTR, ACE2, TMPRSS2, TLR3, and SELPare further described in detail to illustrate their association with disease severity.
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- 2022
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3. The polymorphism L412F in TLR3inhibits autophagy and is a marker of severe COVID-19 in males
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Croci, Susanna, Venneri, Mary Anna, Mantovani, Stefania, Fallerini, Chiara, Benetti, Elisa, Picchiotti, Nicola, Campolo, Federica, Imperatore, Francesco, Palmieri, Maria, Daga, Sergio, Gabbi, Chiara, Montagnani, Francesca, Beligni, Giada, Farias, Ticiana D.J., Carriero, Miriam Lucia, Di Sarno, Laura, Alaverdian, Diana, Aslaksen, Sigrid, Cubellis, Maria Vittoria, Spiga, Ottavia, Baldassarri, Margherita, Fava, Francesca, Norman, Paul J., Frullanti, Elisa, Isidori, Andrea M., Amoroso, Antonio, Mari, Francesca, Furini, Simone, Mondelli, Mario U, study, GEN-COVID multicenter, Chiariello, Mario, Renieri, Alessandra, and Meloni, Ilaria
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ABSTRACTThe polymorphism L412F in TLR3 has been associated with several infectious diseases. However, the mechanism underlying this association is still unexplored. Here, we show that the L412F polymorphism in TLR3 is a marker of severity in COVID-19. This association increases in the sub-cohort of males. Impaired macroautophagy/autophagy and reduced TNF/TNFα production was demonstrated in HEK293 cells transfected with TLR3L412F-encoding plasmid and stimulated with specific agonist poly(I:C). A statistically significant reduced survival at 28 days was shown in L412F COVID-19 patients treated with the autophagy-inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (p = 0.038). An increased frequency of autoimmune disorders such as co-morbidity was found in L412F COVID-19 males with specific class II HLA haplotypes prone to autoantigen presentation. Our analyses indicate that L412F polymorphism makes males at risk of severe COVID-19 and provides a rationale for reinterpreting clinical trials considering autophagy pathways.Abbreviations:AP: autophagosome; AUC: area under the curve; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; COVID-19: coronavirus disease-2019; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; RAP: rapamycin; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TLR: toll like receptor; TNF/TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor
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- 2022
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4. Gut microbiota associations with diet in irritable bowel syndrome and the effect of low FODMAP diet and probiotics.
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Staudacher, Heidi M., Scholz, Matthias, Lomer, Miranda CE., Ralph, Frances S., Irving, Peter M., Lindsay, James O., Fava, Francesca, Tuohy, Kieran, and Whelan, Kevin
- Abstract
Diet is both a modulator of the gastrointestinal microbiota and an important therapy in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We aimed to comprehensively (i) identify diet-microbiota associations in adults with IBS consuming habitual diet; (ii) assess the impact of two nutritional interventions on the microbiota; and (iii) determine whether baseline microbiota can predict clinical response to diet or probiotic intervention. Data were analyzed from 95 individuals with IBS participating in a previously published 4-week 2x2 factorial design randomized controlled trial investigating the impact of the low FODMAP diet (LFD) and co-administration of a probiotic. Diet was assessed at four hierarchical levels and partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to profile the microbiota. There were numerous diet-microbiota associations especially at the nutrient level, including a negative association between protein and Bifidobacterium abundance (r s = −0.358, p < 0.001). After correction for multiple testing, the significance for this association (q = 0.237) and all others was lost. Low FODMAP diet led to changes in abundance of major saccharolytic genera compared with sham diet, including higher Bacteroides (LFD 34.1% (15.7%) vs sham 23.3% (15.2%), q = 0.01) and lower Bifidobacterium (0.9% (1.0%) vs 2.1%, (2.5%) q = 0.029). Compared with placebo, probiotic supplementation led to higher Lactobacillus (probiotic 0.08% (0.1%) vs placebo 0.03% (0.2%), q < 0.001), and Streptococcus abundance (2.0% (2.2%) vs 0.6% (1.2%), q = 0.001). The probiotic treatment buffered the impact of the low FODMAP diet on Bifidobacterium. Baseline microbiota did not predict clinical response to either intervention. Although diet modifies the gut microbiota, bivariate correlation analysis may only provide a limited explanation of the complex diet interactions with individual gut bacteria in IBS. Some diet interventions modify the microbiota in IBS. ISRCTN (http://www.isrctn.com) Registered under ISRCTN registry identifier no.ISRCTN02275221. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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5. Employing a systematic approach to biobanking and analyzing clinical and genetic data for advancing COVID-19 research
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Daga, Sergio, Fallerini, Chiara, Baldassarri, Margherita, Fava, Francesca, Valentino, Floriana, Doddato, Gabriella, Benetti, Elisa, Furini, Simone, Giliberti, Annarita, Tita, Rossella, Amitrano, Sara, Bruttini, Mirella, Meloni, Ilaria, Pinto, Anna Maria, Raimondi, Francesco, Stella, Alessandra, Biscarini, Filippo, Picchiotti, Nicola, Gori, Marco, Pinoli, Pietro, Ceri, Stefano, Sanarico, Maurizio, Crawley, Francis P., Birolo, Giovanni, Renieri, Alessandra, Mari, Francesca, and Frullanti, Elisa
- Abstract
Within the GEN-COVID Multicenter Study, biospecimens from more than 1000 SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals have thus far been collected in the GEN-COVID Biobank (GCB). Sample types include whole blood, plasma, serum, leukocytes, and DNA. The GCB links samples to detailed clinical data available in the GEN-COVID Patient Registry (GCPR). It includes hospitalized patients (74.25%), broken down into intubated, treated by CPAP-biPAP, treated with O2supplementation, and without respiratory support (9.5%, 18.4%, 31.55% and 14.8, respectively); and non-hospitalized subjects (25.75%), either pauci- or asymptomatic. More than 150 clinical patient-level data fields have been collected and binarized for further statistics according to the organs/systems primarily affected by COVID-19: heart, liver, pancreas, kidney, chemosensors, innate or adaptive immunity, and clotting system. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified five main clinical categories: (1) severe multisystemic failure with either thromboembolic or pancreatic variant; (2) cytokine storm type, either severe with liver involvement or moderate; (3) moderate heart type, either with or without liver damage; (4) moderate multisystemic involvement, either with or without liver damage; (5) mild, either with or without hyposmia. GCB and GCPR are further linked to the GCGDR, which includes data from whole-exome sequencing and high-density SNP genotyping. The data are available for sharing through the Network for Italian Genomes, found within the COVID-19 dedicated section. The study objective is to systematize this comprehensive data collection and begin identifying multi-organ involvement in COVID-19, defining genetic parameters for infection susceptibility within the population, and mapping genetically COVID-19 severity and clinical complexity among patients.
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- 2021
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6. Rare variants in Toll-like receptor 7 results in functional impairment and downregulation of cytokine-mediated signaling in COVID-19 patients
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Mantovani, Stefania, Daga, Sergio, Fallerini, Chiara, Baldassarri, Margherita, Benetti, Elisa, Picchiotti, Nicola, Fava, Francesca, Gallì, Anna, Zibellini, Silvia, Bruttini, Mirella, Palmieri, Maria, Croci, Susanna, Amitrano, Sara, Alaverdian, Diana, Capitani, Katia, Furini, Simone, Mari, Francesca, Meloni, Ilaria, Frullanti, Elisa, Mondelli, Mario U., and Renieri, Alessandra
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Toll-like receptors (TLR) are crucial components in the initiation of innate immune responses to a variety of pathogens, triggering the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I and II interferons, which are responsible for innate antiviral responses. Among the different TLRs, TLR7 recognizes several single-stranded RNA viruses including SARS-CoV-2. We and others identified rare loss-of-function variants in X-chromosomal TLR7in young men with severe COVID-19 and with no prior history of major chronic diseases, that were associated with impaired TLR7 signaling as well as type I and II IFN responses. Here, we performed RNA sequencing to investigate transcriptome variations following imiquimod stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients carrying previously identified hypomorphic, hypofunctional, and loss-of-function TLR7variants. Our investigation revealed a profound impairment of the TLR7 pathway in patients carrying loss-of-function variants. Of note, a failure in IFNγ upregulation following stimulation was also observed in cells harboring the hypofunctional and hypomorphic variants. We also identified new TLR7variants in severely affected male patients for which a functional characterization of the TLR7 pathway was performed demonstrating a decrease in mRNA levels in the IFNα, IFNγ, RSAD2, ACOD1, IFIT2, and CXCL10genes.
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- 2021
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7. Healthy dietary patterns to reduce obesity-related metabolic disease: polyphenol-microbiome interactions unifying health effects across geography
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Diotallevi, Camilla, Fava, Francesca, Gobbetti, Marco, and Tuohy, Kieran
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- 2020
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8. Successful weight regain attenuation by autologous fecal microbiota transplantation is associated with non-core gut microbiota changes during weight loss; randomized controlled trial
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Kamer, Omer, Rinott, Ehud, Tsaban, Gal, Kaplan, Alon, Yaskolka Meir, Anat, Zelicha, Hila, Knights, Dan, Tuohy, Kieran, Fava, Francesca, Uwe Scholz, Matthias, Ziv, Oren, Rubin, Elad, Blüher, Matthias, Stumvoll, Michael, Ceglarek, Uta, Clément, Karine, Koren, Omry, Hu, Frank B., Stampfer, Meir J., Wang, Dong D., Youngster, Ilan, and Shai, Iris
- Abstract
ABSTRACTWe previously reported that autologous-fecal-microbiota-transplantation (aFMT), following 6 m of lifestyle intervention, attenuated subsequent weight regain and insulin rebound for participants consuming a high-polyphenol green-Mediterranean diet. Here, we explored whether specific changes in the core (abundant) vs. non-core (low-abundance) gut microbiome taxa fractions during the weight-loss phase (0–6 m) were differentially associated with weight maintenance following aFMT. Eighty-two abdominally obese/dyslipidemic participants (age = 52 years; 6 m weightloss = −8.3 kg) who provided fecal samples (0 m, 6 m) were included. Frozen 6 m’s fecal samples were processed into 1 g, opaque and odorless aFMT capsules. Participants were randomly assigned to receive 100 capsules containing their own fecal microbiota or placebo over 8 m-14 m in ten administrations (adherence rate > 90%). Gut microbiome composition was evaluated using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Non-core taxa were defined as ≤ 66% prevalence across participants. Overall, 450 species were analyzed. At baseline, 13.3% were classified as core, and Firmicutes presented the highest core proportion by phylum. During 6 m weight-loss phase, abundance of non-core species changed more than core species (P < .0001). Subject-specific changes in core and non-core taxa fractions were strongly correlated (Jaccard Index; r = 0.54; P < .001). Following aFMT treatment, only participants with a low 6 m change in core taxa, and a high change in non-core taxa, avoided 8–14 m weight regain (aFMT = −0.58 ± 2.4 kg, corresponding placebo group = 3.18 ± 3.5 kg; P = .02). In a linear regression model, low core/high non-core6 m change was the only combination that was significantly associated with attenuated 8–14 m weight regain (P = .038; P = .002 for taxa patterns/treatment intervention interaction). High change in non-core, low-abundance taxa during weight-loss might mediate aFMT treatment success for weight loss maintenance.ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT03020186
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- 2023
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9. A Diet Low in FODMAPs Reduces Symptoms in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and A Probiotic Restores Bifidobacterium Species: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
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Staudacher, Heidi Maria, Lomer, Miranda C.E., Farquharson, Freda M., Louis, Petra, Fava, Francesca, Franciosi, Elena, Scholz, Matthias, Tuohy, Kieran M., Lindsay, James O., Irving, Peter M., and Whelan, Kevin
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Background & Aims Dietary restriction of fermentable carbohydrates (a low FODMAP diet) has been reported to reduce symptoms in some patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled study to determine its effects on symptoms and the fecal microbiota in patients with IBS. Methods We performed a 2×2 factorial trial of 104 patients with IBS (18–65 years old), based on the Rome III criteria, at 2 hospitals in the United Kingdom. Patients were randomly assigned (blinded) to groups given counselling to follow a sham diet or diet low in FODMAPs for 4 weeks, along with a placebo or multistrain probiotic formulation, resulting in 4 groups (27 receiving sham diet/placebo, 26 receiving sham diet/probiotic, 24 receiving low FODMAP diet /placebo, and 27 receiving low FODMAP diet/probiotic). The sham diet restricted a similar number of staple and non-staple foods as the low FODMAP diet; the diets had similar degrees of difficulty to follow. Dietary counselling was given to patients in all groups and data on foods eaten and compliance were collected. The incidence and severity of 15 gastrointestinal symptoms and overall symptoms were measured daily for 7 days before the study period; along with stool frequency and consistency. At baseline, global and individual symptoms were measured, along with generic and disease-specific health-related quality of life, using standard scoring systems. All data were collected again at 4 weeks, and patients answered questions about adequate symptom relief. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and after 4 weeks and analyzed by quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing. The co-primary endpoints were adequate relief of symptoms and stool Bifidobacterium species abundance at 4 weeks. Results There was no significant interaction between the interventions in adequate relief of symptoms ( P = .52) or Bifidobacterium species ( P = .68). In the intention-to-treat analysis, a higher proportion of patients in the low FODMAP diet had adequate symptom relief (57%) than in the sham diet group (38%), although the difference was not statistically significant ( P = .051). In the per-protocol analysis, a significantly higher proportion of patients on the low FODMAP diet had adequate symptom relief (61%) than in the sham diet group (39%) ( P = .042). Total mean IBS-Severity Scoring System score was significantly lower for patients on the low FODMAP diet (173 ± 95) than the sham diet (224 ± 89) ( P = .001), but not different between those given probiotic (207 ± 98) or placebo (192 ± 93) ( P = .721) Abundance of Bifidobacterium species was lower in fecal samples from patients on the low FODMAP diet (8.8 rRNA genes/g) than patients on the sham diet (9.2 rRNA genes/g) ( P = .008), but higher in patients given probiotic (9.1 rRNA genes/g) than patients given placebo (8.8 rRNA genes/g) ( P = .019). There was no effect of the low FODMAP diet on microbiota diversity in fecal samples. Conclusions In a placebo-controlled study of patients with IBS, a low FODMAP diet associates with adequate symptom relief and significantly reduced symptom scores compared with placebo. It is not clear whether changes resulted from collective FODMAP restriction or removal of a single component, such as lactose. Co-administration of the multistrain probiotic increased numbers of Bifidobacterium species, compared with placebo, and might be given to restore these bacteria to patients on a low FODMAP diet. Trial registration no: ISRCTN02275221. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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10. In vitrofaecal fermentation of Tritordeumbreads and its effect on the human gut health
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Arora, Kashika, Gaudioso, Giulia, Solovyev, Pavel, Tuohy, Kieran, Cagno, Raffaella Di, Gobbetti, Marco, and Fava, Francesca
- Abstract
•Increase in relative abundances of beneficial gut microbes observed for SDB and BYB•Acetate and butyrate levels were higher for SDB after 24-h faecal fermentation•Inflammatory cytokines were downregulated by SDB fermentation supernatants•Spontaneous sourdough fermentation influences gut health at the metabolite level
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- 2023
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11. Impact of Dietary Polydextrose Fiber on the Human Gut Metabolome.
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Lamichhane, Santosh, Yde, Christian C., Forssten, Sofia, Ouwehand, Arthur C., Saarinen, Markku, Jensen, Henrik Max, Gibson, Glenn R., Rastall, Robert, Fava, Francesca, and Bertram, Hanne Christine
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- 2014
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12. Gut microbiota: Inulin regulates endothelial function: a prebiotic smoking gun?
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Fava, Francesca and Tuohy, Kieran M.
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- 2017
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13. Measuring the effect of Mankai® (Wolffia globosa) on the gut microbiota and its metabolic output using an in vitro colon model.
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Diotallevi, Camilla, Gaudioso, Giulia, Fava, Francesca, Angeli, Andrea, Lotti, Cesare, Vrhovsek, Urska, Rinott, Ehud, Shai, Iris, Gobbetti, Marco, and Tuohy, Kieran
- Abstract
[Display omitted] • Wolffia globosa an emerging functional food, targets obesity and metabolic disease. • Wolffia globosa rich in fiber and polyphenols modulates the gut microbiome. • Wolffia globosa increases microbiota phenolic acid and SCFA production in vitro. • Microbiome modulation may underpin certain health effects of Wolffia globosa ingestion. Mankai® is a cultivated strain of Wolffia globosa an aquatic plant of the family Lemnaceae commonly known as Duckweeds. Recent studies suggest that consumption of a Mankai® enriched diet may provide positive health effects by decreasing body weight and improving glucose homeostasis and plasma lipid profiles. However, the effects of Mankai® alone on the composition and metabolic output of the human gut microbiota has not been fully investigated. Here, Mankai® was digested and fermented in vitro using a batch culture model of the proximal colon. Inulin and cellulose were used as readily and poorly fermentable control fibers respectively. Mankai® significantly stimulated the production of phenolic metabolites and short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota (p<0.05). Three major microbial metabolites, 3-4-hydroxyphenyl propionic acid, 3-3-hydroxyphenyl propanoic acid and protocatechuic acid were significantly increased after 24 h fermentation. Moreover, Mankai® treatment lowered the overall microbial diversity (p<0.05), in line with a selective microbiome modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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14. Multiomic analysis reveals cell-type-specific molecular determinants of COVID-19 severity
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Zhang, Sai, Cooper-Knock, Johnathan, Weimer, Annika K., Shi, Minyi, Kozhaya, Lina, Unutmaz, Derya, Harvey, Calum, Julian, Thomas H., Furini, Simone, Frullanti, Elisa, Fava, Francesca, Renieri, Alessandra, Gao, Peng, Shen, Xiaotao, Timpanaro, Ilia Sarah, Kenna, Kevin P., Baillie, J. Kenneth, Davis, Mark M., Tsao, Philip S., and Snyder, Michael P.
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The determinants of severe COVID-19 in healthy adults are poorly understood, which limits the opportunity for early intervention. We present a multiomic analysis using machine learning to characterize the genomic basis of COVID-19 severity. We use single-cell multiome profiling of human lungs to link genetic signals to cell-type-specific functions. We discover >1,000 risk genes across 19 cell types, which account for 77% of the SNP-based heritability for severe disease. Genetic risk is particularly focused within natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, placing the dysfunction of these cells upstream of severe disease. Mendelian randomization and single-cell profiling of human NK cells support the role of NK cells and further localize genetic risk to CD56brightNK cells, which are key cytokine producers during the innate immune response. Rare variant analysis confirms the enrichment of severe-disease-associated genetic variation within NK-cell risk genes. Our study provides insights into the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 with potential therapeutic targets.
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- 2022
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15. Studying the Human Gut Microbiota in the Trans-Omics Era - Focus on Metagenomics and Metabonomics
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Tuohy, Kieran, Gougoulias, Christos, Shen, Qing, Walton, Gemma, Fava, Francesca, and Ramnani, Priya
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The human gut microbiota comprises a diverse microbial consortium closely co-evolved with the human genome and diet. The importance of the gut microbiota in regulating human health and disease has however been largely overlooked due to the inaccessibility of the intestinal habitat, the complexity of the gut microbiota itself and the fact that many of its members resist cultivation and are in fact new to science. However, with the emergence of 16S rRNA molecular tools and “post-genomics” high resolution technologies for examining microorganisms as they occur in nature without the need for prior laboratory culture, this limited view of the gut microbiota is rapidly changing. This review will discuss the application of molecular microbiological tools to study the human gut microbiota in a culture independent manner. Genomics or metagenomics approaches have a tremendous capability to generate compositional data and to measure the metabolic potential encoded by the combined genomes of the gut microbiota. Another post-genomics approach, metabonomics, has the capacity to measure the metabolic kinetic or flux of metabolites through an ecosystem at a particular point in time or over a time course. Metabonomics thus derives data on the function of the gut microbiota in situ and how it responds to different environmental stimuli e.g. substrates like prebiotics, antibiotics and other drugs and in response to disease. Recently these two culture independent, high resolution approaches have been combined into a single “transgenomic” approach which allows correlation of changes in metabolite profiles within human biofluids with microbiota compositional metagenomic data. Such approaches are providing novel insight into the composition, function and evolution of our gut microbiota.
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- 2009
16. Effects of Diet-Modulated Autologous Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Weight Regain.
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Rinott, Ehud, Youngster, Ilan, Yaskolka Meir, Anat, Tsaban, Gal, Zelicha, Hila, Kaplan, Alon, Knights, Dan, Tuohy, Kieran, Fava, Francesca, Scholz, Matthias Uwe, Ziv, Oren, Reuven, Elad, Tirosh, Amir, Rudich, Assaf, Blüher, Matthias, Stumvoll, Michael, Ceglarek, Uta, Clement, Karine, Koren, Omry, and Wang, Dong D.
- Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy and safety of diet-modulated autologous fecal microbiota transplantation (aFMT) for treatment of weight regain after the weight-loss phase. In the DIRECT PLUS (Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial Polyphenols-Unprocessed) weight-loss trial (May 2017 through July 2018), abdominally obese or dyslipidemic participants in Israel were randomly assigned to healthy dietary guidelines, Mediterranean diet, and green-Mediterranean diet weight-loss groups. All groups received free gym membership and physical activity guidelines. Both isocaloric Mediterranean groups consumed 28 g/d walnuts (+440 mg/d polyphenols provided). The green-Mediterranean dieters also consumed green tea (3–4 cups/d) and a Wolffia globosa (Mankai strain, 100 g/d) green shake (+800 mg/d polyphenols provided). After 6 months (weight-loss phase), 90 eligible participants (mean age, 52 years; mean weight loss, 8.3 kg) provided a fecal sample that was processed into aFMT by frozen, opaque, and odorless capsules. The participants were then randomly assigned to groups that received 100 capsules containing their own fecal microbiota or placebo until month 14. The primary outcome was regain of the lost weight over the expected weight-regain phase (months 6–14). Secondary outcomes were gastrointestinal symptoms, waist circumference, glycemic status, and changes in the gut microbiome, as measured by metagenomic sequencing and 16s ribosomal RNA. We validated the results in a parallel in vivo study of mice specifically fed with Mankai compared with control chow diet. Of the 90 participants in the aFMT trial, 96% ingested at least 80 of 100 oral aFMT or placebo frozen capsules during the transplantation period. No aFMT-related adverse events or symptoms were observed. For the primary outcome, although no significant differences in weight regain were observed among the participants in the different lifestyle interventions during months 6–14 (aFMT, 30.4% vs placebo, 40.6%; P =.28), aFMT significantly attenuated weight regain in the green-Mediterranean group (aFMT, 17.1%, vs placebo, 50%; P =.02), but not in the dietary guidelines (P =.57) or Mediterranean diet (P =.64) groups (P for the interaction =.03). Accordingly, aFMT attenuated waist circumference gain (aFMT, 1.89 cm vs placebo, 5.05 cm; P =.01) and insulin rebound (aFMT, –1.46 ± 3.6 μIU/mL vs placebo, 1.64 ± 4.7 μIU/mL; P =.04) in the green-Mediterranean group but not in the dietary guidelines or Mediterranean diet (P for the interaction =.04 and.03, respectively). The green-Mediterranean diet was the only intervention to induce a significant change in microbiome composition during the weight-loss phase, and to prompt preservation of weight-loss–associated specific bacteria and microbial metabolic pathways (mainly microbial sugar transport) after the aFMT. In mice, Mankai-modulated aFMT in the weight-loss phase compared with control diet aFMT, significantly prevented weight regain and resulted in better glucose tolerance during a high-fat diet–induced regain phase (all, P <.05). Autologous FMT, collected during the weight-loss phase and administrated in the regain phase, might preserve weight loss and glycemic control, and is associated with specific microbiome signatures. A high-polyphenols, green plant-based or Mankai diet better optimizes the microbiome for an aFMT procedure. ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03020186. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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17. Baricitinib counteracts metaflammation, thus protecting against diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in mice.
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Collotta, Debora, Hull, William, Mastrocola, Raffaella, Chiazza, Fausto, Cento, Alessia Sofia, Murphy, Catherine, Verta, Roberta, Alves, Gustavo Ferreira, Gaudioso, Giulia, Fava, Francesca, Yaqoob, Magdi, Aragno, Manuela, Tuohy, Kieran, Thiemermann, Christoph, and Collino, Massimo
- Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the substantial pathogenic role of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in the development of low-grade chronic inflammatory response, known as "metaflammation," which contributes to obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of the JAK1/2 inhibitor baricitinib, recently approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, in a murine high-fat-high sugar diet model. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a control normal diet (ND) or a high-fat-high sugar diet (HD) for 22 weeks. A sub-group of HD fed mice was treated with baricitinib (10 mg/kg die, p.o.) for the last 16 weeks (HD + Bar). HD feeding resulted in obesity, insulin-resistance, hypercholesterolemia and alterations in gut microbial composition. The metabolic abnormalities were dramatically reduced by chronic baricitinib administration. Treatment of HD mice with baricitinib did not change the diet-induced alterations in the gut, but restored insulin signaling in the liver and skeletal muscle, resulting in improvements of diet-induced myosteatosis, mesangial expansion and associated proteinuria. The skeletal muscle and renal protection were due to inhibition of the local JAK2-STAT2 pathway by baricitinib. We also demonstrated that restored tissue levels of JAK2-STAT2 activity were associated with a significant reduction in cytokine levels in the blood. In summary, our data suggest that the JAK2-STAT2 pathway may represent a novel candidate for the treatment of diet-related metabolic derangements, with the potential for EMA- and FDA-approved JAK inhibitors to be repurposed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and/or its complications. • The Jak/Stat signaling pathway is dysregulated in metabolic diseases. • The Jak2 inhibitor baricitinib exerts multi-organ protection against diet-induced metabolic derangements. • Targeting the chronic metabolic inflammation (termed metaflammation) represents an effective strategy for metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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18. Crohn's disease: Bacterial clearance in Crohn's disease pathogenesis
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Fava, Francesca and Danese, Silvio
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- 2010
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