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Over the past decade, law enforcement organizations have been dealing with the development of cybercrime. To address this growing problem, law enforcement organizations apply various digital forensic (DF) tools and techniques to investigate crimes involving digital devices. This ensures that evidence is admissible in legal proceedings. Consequently, DF analysts may need to invest more in proprietary DF hardware and software to maintain the viability of the DF lab, which will burden budget-constrained organizations. As an alternative, the open source DF tool is considered a cost-saving option. However, the admissibility of digital evidence obtained from these tools has yet to be tested in courts, especially in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the admissibility of digital evidence obtained through open source DF tools. By reviewing the existing literature, the factors that affect the admissibility of the evidence produced by these tools in courts were identified. Further, based on the findings, a conceptual framework was developed to ensure the admissibility of the evidence so that it will be accepted in the court of law. This conceptual framework was formed to outline the factors affecting the admissibility of digital evidence from open source DF tools, which include; 1) The Availability and Capability of open source DF tools, 2) the Reliability and Integrity of the digital evidence obtained from open source DF tools, 3) the Transparency of the open source DF tools, and 4) the Lack of Reference and Standard of open source DF tools. This study provides valuable insights into the digital forensic field, and the conceptual framework can be used to integrate open source DF tools into digital forensic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• S tability and regularity analysis of bare footprint measurements at different motion speeds. • Significant differences were found in length measurements (A1-A5). • MPJ and Calc width showed no significant differences across different speeds. • Mean length measurements decreased gradually as walking speed accelerated among young adults in eastern China. In some crime scenes, there may be bare footprints. Analyzing and testing the linear measurements of bare footprints in crime scenes can play an important role in personal analysis and individual identification. However, the linear measurements of bare footprints may be influenced by different motion states, leading to changes in length and width or even significant deviations. Previous studies focused on the linear differences between static and dynamic footprints, and failed to take the speed factor into consideration. This paper studied the stability and change regularities of the linear measurements of bare footprints in four different motion states: standing, normal walking, fast walking and trotting. Dust footprints of the right feet were collected from 80 healthy young adults under these four motion states. Seven linear measurements were obtained for each footprint using the Reel method, totaling 2240 data sets. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess the measurement variations across the four states. The results showed that there were statistically significant variances in the length measurements (A1-A5) between the standing state and other motion states, whereas no statistically significant variances were observed between the three dynamic states. It was found that the mean values of the five length measurements (A1–A5) increased from static to dynamic state, and then gradually decreased slightly as the walking speed increased. Additionally, no significant differences were found in the two width measurements (MPJ Width and Calc Width) between the four motion states. As a preliminary study, this study can provide a reference for the analysis of bare footprints in different motion states extracted from crime scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid proliferation of mobile devices in contemporary society has revolutionized communication, commerce, and social interaction. With this widespread adoption of mobile technology comes the need for robust digital forensic methodologies to investigate criminal activities, security breaches, and civil disputes involving these devices. The following research presents a scholarly examination of the fundamental principles and methodologies for understanding and conducting mobile forensic investigations. In addition, it provides an overview of key topics, including mobile device architecture, data acquisition methods, mobile device security, and mobile device tools. The following content review analysis explores the basics of mobile forensics and its relevance in contemporary society and demonstrates the academic rigor and real-world applicability of mobile forensic principles and serves as a valuable resource for educators, researchers, and practitioners seeking to advance their knowledge and skills in the field of mobile forensics, fostering a deeper understanding of digital investigations in an increasingly mobile-centric world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• • At 19 − 34 °C, D. maculatus can complete the entire immature stage of development. • • The lower and upper developmental thresholds were 15.28 and 34.03 °C, respectively. • • The survival rate was the highest at 22 °C and the lowest at 34 °C. • • Body length, the widths of head capsule and pronotum were modeled over time. Necrophagous beetles are sometimes used to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMI min) in the decay and remains stages of a corpse. Among these, the Dermestidae is one of the most common groups used and therefore has important research and application value. In this study, the developmental events of Dermestes maculatus de Geer, 1774, were recorded at six constant temperatures, and isomorphen diagrams were established. The thermobiological parameters were estimated using linear and non-linear models, and morphological indicators such as larval body length were measured. The results showed that the developmental duration of the whole immature stage decreased from 66.13 ± 8.58 days at 19 °C to 21.9 ± 2.01 days at 34 °C. The survival rate of the immature stages, especially the egg stage, varies greatly with temperature, with the lowest survival observed at 34 °C and the highest at 22 °C. The lower developmental threshold, the intrinsic optimum temperature, and the upper lethal developmental threshold obtained by the curvilinear Optim SSI models were 15.28 °C, 28.36 °C, and 34.03 °C, respectively. The body length, head capsule width, and pronotum width showed obvious growth patterns with larval developmental duration, which were characterized by equations and isomegalen diagrams. This study provides important basic data for the application of D. maculatus to estimate the PMI min in forensic entomology in the Yangtze River Delta region of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fast, reliable signature generation, blockchain storage, and video verification. • Our method detects video forgery on any file, anytime, anywhere, by anyone. • Insignificant additional storage requirements with respect to video size. • Withstands attacks: collisions, key substitutions, side-channels, chosen messages. • Aids real-time devices, e.g., phones, CCTV, serving legal, police, medical inquiries. Within the field of forensic science, video integrity is an essential component that ensures the validity and dependability of visual evidence that is essential for court cases. Maintaining the integrity of justice in a time when digital modification tools are easily accessible requires making sure that video recordings are unaltered. Video footage is carefully inspected by forensic analysts who use advanced tools to look for indications of manipulation or change. This paper presents a novel, lightweight approach for verifying the integrity of video data. The proposed method utilizes the blockchain and the Edwards Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, coupled with the BLAKE2b hash function. Signatures are generated for video clips with a predetermined size called video segments and stored in blocks chronologically. The signature of the previous block is stored in the current block to add another layer of security. At the time of validation, these signatures are verified. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in both speed and security. Our method is capable of identifying any type of forgery on any video file, by anyone, at any given moment, with insignificant additional storage requirements. Furthermore, our security analysis shows that our method is resilient against various types of attacks, including collision attacks, key substitution attacks, side-channel attacks, and chosen message attacks. The proposed lightweight video integrity verification method is better suited for use in resource constrained devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forensic anthropologists showed a high level of awareness of cognitive bias. • Survey revealed a reduction in bias blind spot within forensic anthropology. • The role of bias training and its effectiveness remain unclear. • Consensus of employing blinding procedures or context management is lacking. • Clarifying the definition of task-relevance is needed in future research. It is now well established that decision making can be susceptible to cognitive bias in a broad range of fields, with forensic science being no exception. Previously published research has revealed a bias blind spot in forensic science where examiners do not recognise bias within their own domain. A survey of 101 forensic anthropology practitioners (n = 52) and students (n = 38) was undertaken to assess their level of awareness of cognitive bias and investigate their attitudes towards cognitive bias within forensic anthropology. The results revealed that the forensic anthropology community (∼90%) had a high level of awareness of cognitive bias. Overall ∼89% expressed concerns about cognitive bias in the broad discipline of forensic science, their own domain of forensic anthropology, and in the evaluative judgments they made in reconstruction activities, identifying a significant reduction in the bias blind spot. However, more than half of the participants believed that bias can be reduced by sheer force of will, and there was a lack of consensus about implementing blinding procedures or context management. These findings highlight the need to investigate empirically the feasibility of proposed mitigating strategies within the workflow of forensic anthropologists and their capabilities for increasing the transparency in decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has played a crucial role in our daily lives. It ensures the automatic transfer and response between various smart devices. Likewise, it enhances connections within networks and provides access to different information and data, making our lives easier. The innovation of the humanoid robot, which utilizes IoT technology, positively impacts our daily activities in many ways. However, compromising these robots may raise privacy and security concerns. This work aims to increase security awareness for robot users by highlighting and conducting common possible cyberattacks on Junior Zenbo robots using open, unsecured ports and weak Wi-Fi security, leading attackers to gain unauthorized access. In addition, the study intends to provide a comprehensive forensic guide that has been illustrated, detailing major Zenbo robot artifacts that can support forensic examiners in their investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of forensic medicine in forensic investigations is to provide evidence on the basis of which suspects can be identified and the suspect's guilt can be proved or refuted. Forensic experts must ensure that evidence is treated with the utmost care so that it is not contaminated, damaged or misused. Forensic experts restore the order of events in which the crime was committed, combining evidence, investigation and scientific recommendations. This order of action is used in order to understand the mechanism of the crime, the roles of the persons involved in it and the possible objectives of the commission of the crime and etc. The restoration of the crime helps legal experts and subsequently law enforcement representatives to create and present to the court a logical chain of events. This article analyzes the role of forensic medicine at the place of death. The article analyzes the actions of a forensic expert after finding a corpse at the scene or recording the injury of a living person. The article presents the actions of a forensic expert on the basis of national legislation and the individual expertise gained, and describes the sequence of questions asked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has played a crucial role in our daily lives. It ensures the automatic transfer and response between various smart devices. Likewise, it enhances connections within networks and provides access to different information and data, making our lives easier. The innovation of the humanoid robot, which utilizes IoT technology, positively impacts our daily activities in many ways. However, compromising these robots may raise privacy and security concerns. This work aims to increase security awareness for robot users by highlighting and conducting common possible cyberattacks on Junior Zenbo robots using open, unsecured ports and weak Wi-Fi security, leading attackers to gain unauthorized access. In addition, the study intends to provide a comprehensive forensic guide that has been illustrated, detailing major Zenbo robot artifacts that can support forensic examiners in their investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Composites are materials that have multiple phases and have attracted much attention as they are able to improve physical and chemical properties of an isolated material. In this sense, these composites are commonly used as key components for two purposes: coloring and improving the operational properties; besides that, they have alternative synthesis routes that respect the principles of green chemistry. Thus, this reports the development of a new composite using natural products, indigo and kaolinite, for application in papilloscopy as a new nontoxic fingermark developer. Results: The composite was obtained via green procedures and was characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Thus, to investigate the potential of the material as a fingermark developer, different techniques were applied such as depletion, aging, comparison with commercial powder, and development of latent fingermarks on different surfaces. Tests revealed that the composite presented good contrast and adhesion with the latent fingermarks, even after 15 days of deposition. Conclusions: This study presents a natural indigo/kaolinite composite powder that showed similar or higher efficiency when compared to the commercial fingerprint powder and was able to develop identifiable natural and sebaceous fingermarks. Key points: • A composite was formed from eco-friendly materials. • The composite formation follows the concepts of green chemistry and low cost. •The composite was applied as a latent fingermark developer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of cyber incidents in which the Internet of Things (IoT) device or system is present is increasing every day, requiring the opening of forensic investigations that can shed light on what has occurred. In order to be able to provide investigators with proper solutions for performing complete and efficient examinations in this new environment, IoT systems and devices are being studied from a forensic perspective so that tools and procedures can be designed accordingly. In this article, besides reviewing the proposals from the community on this matter, the multi-purpose IoT operating system Ubuntu Core is studied to determine in what way a forensic investigation of this system should be performed, detailing how to approach the acquisition and analysis phases. In addition, both the volatile and non-volatile artifacts that might hold useful information are listed and described, and a forensic tool is presented for their recovery as well as for the acquisition of the non-volatile memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: In veterinary forensic science, accurately determining the postmortem interval (PMI) is crucial for identifying the causes of animal deaths. Autolysis, a significant postmortem process, influences PMI estimation, but its relationship with humidity is not well understood. Objective: This study aimed to improve the accuracy of PMI estimates in veterinary forensic cases by looking into how different humidity levels affect autolysis in different organs of rats. Methods: The study involved 38 male rats, examining histopathological changes in their heart, liver, and pancreas. These organs were subjected to controlled humidity levels (20%, 55%, and 80%) at a constant 22°C. Tissue samples were collected at several intervals (0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 8 days) for comprehensive analysis. Results: Distinct autolytic characteristics in animal organs emerged under varying humidity conditions. The low-humidity environment rapidly activated autolysis more than the high-humidity environment. In addition, it was found that lower humidity caused nuclear pyknosis, cytoplasmic disintegration, and myofiber interruption. The liver, in particular, showed portal triad aggregation and hepatocyte individuation. The pancreas experienced cell fragmentation and an enlarged intracellular space. High humidity also caused the loss of striations in cardiac tissues, and the liver showed vacuolation. Under these conditions, the pancreas changed eosinophilic secretory granules. Conclusions and Relevance: The study successfully established a clear connection between the autolytic process in PMIs and relative humidity. These findings are significant for developing a more accurate and predictable method for PMI estimation in the field of veterinary forensic science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child abuse is a serious concern that can cause the death of a child. In such cases the medico-legal evidence is often pivotal but complex, drawing across multiple medical disciplines and techniques. One key specialism is histopathology, which is considered the gold standard for estimating the age of individual fractures. Another is micro-CT imaging, which can visualise the location of trauma across the body. This case report demonstrates how micro-CT was used to contextualise the histological evidence in the Criminal Justice Proceedings of a fatal child abuse case. This was achieved by overlaying the aged fracture evidence from histopathology onto the visuals rendered from micro-CT imaging. The case was a suspected child abuse of a deceased 1-month old infant who was reported unresponsive by their parents. The child was taken to hospital where they were pronounced dead. Suspicion was raised and post-mortem imaging confirmed head trauma and rib fractures, and the case was escalated for a forensic investigation. This case report details how the micro-CT imaging was merged with the gold standard of histopathology for visualisation of trauma, and how the court presentation was planned alongside Senior Investigating Officers and various medical experts. The presentation was used in court by the histopathologist to present the evidence. The resulting presentation provided additional clarity to jury members regarding the location, severity, frequency, and timings of the injuries. From the perspective of the investigating police force, the resulting presentation was crucial in ensuring understanding of the medico-legal evidence of how the infant died. The prosecuting lawyer noted that combining the histological and micro-CT evidence in this way allowed the evidence to be presented in a sensitive, clear, and impactful manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Using memes enhances the student perception of fun within taught content. • Creating and using memes improves the perception of knowledge retention. • Students' demographics did not appear to affect students' experiences of using memes as a learning tool. Meme-making is an effective method for engaging students and enhancing the learning environment. Memes are a social media cultural phenomenon that the majority of those in Higher Education are exposed to on an almost daily occurrence. This research examined the use of meme-making within the forensic sciences to allow students to reflect on their knowledge. Students studying modules in forensic science across six universities in the UK and USA participated in the study. At the end of a teaching session, students produced a meme (using Meme Generator) to reflect on what they had learned; memes were then shared with the class anonymously via Padlet. This allowed all class members to see and engage with the memes created. At the end of the activity students were anonymously surveyed on their experience using Microsoft Forms and analysis of the results were undertaken using SPSS software. Meme-making was found to be an inclusive learning activity with no limitations, including age (part-time, distance learning and visually impaired students were not part of the study parameters). Results showed that not only did students find the practice fun, but it also helped with the retention of the class content suggesting that the meme-making process is an effective way to enhance the learning environment while engaging students. Student feedback suggests that to maximise participation the educator should stress reflection and learning as the key purpose of generating a meme, rather than being witty or entertaining. The forensic science educator should be mindful of selecting appropriate subject matter for this often-humorous activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microbes were the only lifeform for almost three quarters of Earth's history. • Microbes form the main target for extraterrestrial search for past or extant life. • The fossilised breath of microbes is a large and durable sign of life. • Ways to convey complex science to the general public could be valuable for forensics. • Similar techniques can be used in both spoken and written presentations. A new method for looking for life outside the Earth is used as an example to demonstrate how ways of presenting complex scientific concepts to the general public, used in planetary science, could be used in forensic science. The work led to a pared down, practical definition of detectable Life for planetary exploration, An organised system capable of processing energy sources to its advantage. For nearly three quarters of Earth's history the only lifeforms were microbes, which are the target for looking for extraterrestrial life. Microbes are microscopic and may be sparsely distributed, but their metabolic products can form large, durable rocks, much easier to find and which may contain the organisms or their remains. There are similar challenges in presenting astrobiological and forensic science. Both may have to deal with very large or very small numbers which are not immediately comprehensible but can be understood by analogy. To increase the impact on the listener or reader, dramatic analogues are valuable, for example, referring to the mineralised microbial metabolic products as, "fossilised breath of bacteria" demands the audience's attention and engages them before more detailed explanations are given. The power of practical experiments or demonstrations is most important to reinforce what might otherwise be a fairly abstract concept. Surprisingly, most of these approaches can be made to work equally well in both spoken and written forms as well as in both sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile forensics, particularly in the Android ecosystem, is a rapidly evolving field that demands continuous advancements to address the growing complexity and diversity of mobile devices. This article emphasizes the importance of developing techniques for digitally analyzing Android smartphones, which dominate the smartphone market. The primary objective of this research is to contribute to the development of effective forensic investigation strategies tailored specifically for Android mobile devices, providing insights into the tools and methods used for this purpose. The objective of this study is to improve the precision and effectiveness of forensic examinations pertaining to Android mobile phones. It discusses the fundamental functionality of mobile devices as a source of digital evidence and provides an overview of tools and methodologies for collecting and analyzing such evidence. The importance of comprehending the hardware and software architecture of Android handsets in order to choose the right forensic tools is also highlighted in the article. Furthermore, it proposes future enhancements for Andriller, a popular digital forensic tool, to improve its effectiveness in Android forensic investigations. These enhancements include advancements in data extraction techniques, compatibility with new Android versions, support for additional data types, integration with advanced analysis methods, and addressing identified limitations. Additionally, the paper stresses the need for robust methodologies for conducting cloud forensics on Android devices, particularly in the context of data stored in cloud storage services. The proposed work aims to enhance the capabilities of Andriller and improve the efficiency of digital forensic investigations on Android devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state drives (SSD) are replacing hard disk drives (HDD) in the majority of computer systems today. Because SSDs outperform HDDs in terms of efficiency, SSDs are now more necessary to replace HDDs. However, due to uncertain data integrity, SSDs are not forensically sound in design. The data on SSD is continuously changing as a result of Wear Leveling, TRIM and Garbage Collection, which makes data integrity verification in digital forensics challenging. The use of hash algorithms to validate data integrity is crucial in establishing the legitimacy of evidence gathered from suspect systems. In order to shed light on this matter, an experiment was carried out to gather data from an SSD in both user active and user non-active state. The data was then analyzed using the different attributes of Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology (SMART) to ascertain the data integrity and by proposing a scoring method "SSD DiScore (SSD Data Integrity Score)", which can aid in digital forensic investigation procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability is at the forefront of all research carried out at University of Leicester. There are three main groups contributing to the surface finishing effort: the Centre for Sustainable Materials Processing, the Mechanics of Materials research group and Space Park Leicester; however many collaborations occur across the institution and with industrial partners, including the Materials Innovation Centre with TWI Ltd. The ongoing projects vary across a range of themes, from forensic science to batteries and energy storage. This work aims to give a brief overview of the research groups, centres and institutes, and highlights some relevant projects that fall within the scope of Transactions of the IMF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sr isotopes prove valuable in illegal timber investigations. • Pilot study reveals Sr isotope signatures in Brazilwood. • Challenges and promises in Sr isotope timber provenance. • Method ruled out questioned samples' origin in Brazilwood National Park. The illicit exploitation of Brazilwood (Paubrasilia echinata) presents a significant challenge in Brazil, given its substantial value in the global production of bows for musical instruments. To address timber provenance, the use of strontium (Sr) isotope ratios as indicators of bedrock signatures has emerged as a robust tool in forensic investigations. In this study, we critically evaluate the efficacy of this approach using Sr isotope data derived from bulk soils and trees collected at two distinct sites in Brazil. Despite the statistically indistinguishable 87Sr/86Sr ratios observed in the investigated tree species, the compiled 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of Brazilwood from Brazilwood National Park (PNPB) and the ES Group provide valuable insights into the potential application of this method for tracing forensic timber seizures. This pilot study also addresses crucial sampling considerations. While the regional signatures exhibit clear distinctions, the limited sample sizes underscore the necessity for supplementary methods to confidently attribute timber to a specific source forest. In isolation, this method proves most effective in refuting presumed timber provenances rather than definitively confirming them. The discussion delves into the nuances of the Sr isotope data, emphasizing the importance of increasing the number of samples and exploring complementary techniques for a more comprehensive and reliable assessment of timber origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Human–wildlife conflicts may have devastating consequences for fauna due to targeting by humans of wildlife populations suspected to have predated livestock. Suspicion of depredation of extensively raised livestock by vultures in Europe has triggered public administration-led forensic investigations intended to distinguish between predation and scavenging in order to compensate farmers for attacks on their livestock. In this study, gross and histological analyses were carried out on suspected cases of domestic animal depredation by griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) over a 1-year period. Fifty-eight animals were affected (n = 41, suspected depredation), including domestic cattle (75.9%), sheep (22.4%) and a goat (1.7%). All the adults affected were female and most cases of suspected depredation occurred during the peripartum period (56%). Histological investigations distinguished between post-mortem (84% of diagnostic samples) and ante-mortem (16% of diagnostic samples) cases, and gross examinations revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.002) between ante-mortem, post-mortem and non-diagnostic samples. This study highlights the need to optimize sampling protocols to increase the success of forensic studies. The forensic investigations presented here may be applied to resolve human–wildlife conflicts involving not only vultures but other endangered carnivores and contribute to human–wildlife coexistence in rural areas by protecting the interests of both the livestock sector and endangered species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Gun-related injury is now the number one cause of death in pediatric trauma patients. Many hospitals lack dedicated forensic nurses or updated protocols for handling ballistic evidence. Evidence not collected, handled improperly, or misplaced may deny a victim the basic human right to justice. OBJECTIVE: This article aims to describe an initiative to highlight the importance of proper management of ballistic evidence and to educate medical providers on best practices for the documentation, handling, removal, and transfer of ballistic evidence. METHODS: After discovering 24 "orphaned" bullets and bullet fragments in our hospital that had not been turned over to law enforcement, we sought to turn in evidence to the proper authorities and implement protocols to prevent this error in the future. New protocols were written by forensic staff, and education on new protocols was provided via in-person training, grand rounds, emails, and other collaborative initiatives. RESULTS: Evidence was matched to police reports using the patient name and date of birth on evidence labels. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) time of lost ballistic evidence was 1,397 (903, 1604) days, with the oldest bullet removed in 2015. All bullets were successfully returned to law enforcement with a median (IQR) time from bullet discovery to collection of 78 (78, 174) days. CONCLUSIONS: Ballistic evidence handling protocols are essential for all hospitals. Dedicated, trained forensic staff should be employed to ensure proper evidence handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Semen transfers more readily when wet than dry. • Semen transfers more readily from a non-porous primary surface than from a porous primary surface. • Examination findings can assist in determining whether a stain was wet or dry when a transfer occurred. • Low levels of sperm cells can be detected from transfers even in the absence of acid phosphatase reactions. There is limited data available on the subject of indirect transfer of non-visible body fluids, particularly semen, and often forensic science practitioner experience alone must be used to guide expectations. It can be difficult to assess the likelihood of proposed transfer scenarios without knowledge of how different variables can affect a transfer. The following work carried out by the Association of Forensic Service Providers UK and Ireland Body Fluid Forum explores how the features of transferred semen change with differences in the primary and secondary surface (porous and non– porous), different contact types (passive, pressure and pressure+) and with wet and dry primary stains. It was concluded that the primary surface type and whether the stain was wet or dry when contact occurred had the most significant effect on the transfer of semen, with wet transfers and transfers from the tested non-porous surface producing significantly more, and larger, visible stains under white light, stains with stronger fluorescence as viewed using Crime-lite® ML2, stains with stronger and faster acid phosphatase reactions and greater numbers of spermatozoa viewed using high power microscopy, compared to dry transfers and transfers from the tested porous surface. Pressure with movement transfers resulted in significantly more visible stains under white light and greater numbers of spermatozoa viewed using high power microscopy compared to passive transfers, however this only occurred when transfers were from a porous primary surface. The secondary surface type was not found to have a significant effect on the numbers of spermatozoa viewed using high power microscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Significant alteration in the human microbiota has been observed among COVID-19 patients in various studies. • These alterations are mostly characterized by increase in opportunistic and a decrease in beneficial microbes. • Human microbiome is a potential biomarker in forensic pathological investigations. • Alteration in microbiome among COVID-19 patients could pose several challenges in forensic pathological investigations. The human microbiome is vital for maintaining human health and has garnered substantial attention in recent years, particularly in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Studies have underscored significant alterations in the microbiome of COVID-19 patients across various body niches, including the gut, respiratory tract, oral cavity, skin, and vagina. These changes manifest as shifts in microbiota composition, characterized by an increase in opportunistic pathogens and a decrease in beneficial commensal bacteria. Such microbiome transformations may play a pivotal role in influencing the course and severity of COVID-19, potentially contributing to the inflammatory response. This ongoing relationship between COVID-19 and the human microbiome serves as a compelling subject of research, underscoring the necessity for further investigations into the underlying mechanisms and their implications for patient health. Additionally, these alterations in the microbiome may have significant ramifications for forensic investigations, given the microbiome's potential in establishing individual characteristics. Consequently, changes in the microbiome could introduce a level of complexity into forensic determinations. As research progresses, a more profound understanding of the human microbiome within the context of COVID-19 may offer valuable insights into disease prevention, treatment strategies, and its potential applications in forensic science. Consequently, this paper aims to provide an overarching review of microbiome alterations due to COVID-19 and the associated impact on forensic applications, bridging the gap between the altered microbiome of COVID-19 patients and the challenges forensic investigations may encounter when analyzing this microbiome as a forensic biomarker. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Varied hypothetico-deductive reasoning styles impact trace search and collection. • CSIs could benefit from external knowledge for investigation's many decision points. • There is no clear consensus over how much information CSIs should receive. • CSIs need better tools to aid in reasoning processes and improve CSI outcomes. Crime scene investigations are highly complex environments that require the CSI to engage in complex decision-making. CSIs must rely on personal experience, context information, and scientific knowledge about the fundamental principles of forensic science to both find and correctly interpret ambiguous traces and accurately reconstruct a scene. Differences in CSI decision making can arise in multiple stages of a crime scene investigation. Given its crucial role in forensic investigation, CSI decision-making must be further studied to understand how differences may arise during the stages of a crime scene investigation. The following exploratory research project is a first step at comparing how crime scene investigations of violent robberies are conducted between 25 crime scene investigators from nine countries across the world. Through a mock crime scene and semi-structured interview, we observed that CSIs have adopted a variety of investigation approaches. The results show that CSIs have different working strategies and make different decisions when it comes to the construction of relevant hypotheses, their search strategy, and the collection of traces. These different decisions may, amongst other factors, be due to the use of prior information, a CSI's knowledge and experience, and the perceived goal of their investigation. We suggest the development of more practical guidelines to aid CSIs through a hypothetico-deductive reasoning process, where (a) CSIs are supported in the correct use of contextual information, (b) outside knowledge and expertise are integrated into this process, and (c) CSIs are guided in the evaluation of the utility of their traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forensic application of IRMS is dependent on the quality isotope data. • We discuss ways to assess isotopic data reliability for human identification work. • We also discuss accreditation of isotope testing for forensic identification. Application of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to skeletal remains has become an important tool to investigate human behavior and history. Isotopic variations in collagen, enamel, and keratin reflect variations in an individual's diet and drinking water. Since food and water sources typically are geographically linked, isotope testing can assist in forensic identification by classifying remains to a likely geographic or population origin. If remains are commingled, differences in diet or geographic origin also can support their separation. The usefulness of IRMS in forensic science is dependent on the underlying quality and surety of the isotope test results; in other words, we need to understand their reliability in interpretations. To take ownership of isotopic data quality, we recommend asking a series of questions: 1. How well are the mass spectrometer and associated peripheral(s) operating? 2. Are test results reproducible (over time and between locations)? 3. Can we differentiate between populations that we would like to? 4. How variable are the populations of interest? 5. Have the samples been isotopically altered? 6. How variable are the samples? Here, we use data collected during the buildout and accreditation of an isotope testing program at the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) to answer the above questions for the forensic application of IRMS for human identification. While our primary focus is on the preparation and analysis of bone collagen, the questions above should be considered whenever isotope testing is used in forensic casework. Whether the populations of interest are drugs or humans, olives or explosives, users need to evaluate their isotopic data and interpretations to ensure they are scientifically sound and legally defensible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The effectiveness of published stab wound analysis was examined. • Qualitative and quantitative techniques to assess kerf mark properties were considered. • A standardised decision-making approach to kerf mark profile acquisition was developed. Stab wound analysis is a relatively new field of study in forensic science, and there is currently much debate regarding the effectiveness of the analysis due to a lack of validation studies. Furthermore, the underlying viewpoints on the success of stab wound analysis vary. Examination of cut marks, for example, can reveal a variety of characteristics which can be used to determine the type of weapon that was used to inflict them. However, published studies are not consistent when identifying knife blade characteristics, instead considering a wide variety of morphological aspects and their potential value in forensic scenarios. The existing research methodology is therefore inadequate to reliably inform in such contexts, and future experimental design should be influenced by the conditional variance in stabbings in order to provide reliable findings. The research presented here takes a systematic approach to the problem, compiling the published literature (up to September 2023) on the use of different imaging methods applied to stab wound examination to create a taxonomy to examine trends in methodological approaches in both research and investigative settings. This approach identified that published studies could be classified as either morphological or morphometrical, and further sub-classified based on their degree of success and the findings reached. This emphasises the importance of prioritising research into mark data, and the need for a multi-technique, multi-disciplinary approach. A decision tree was created to illustrate which mark attributes should be studied for which purpose, and using which imaging method(s). Furthermore, the research presented identifies two key areas in stab wound research which should be the focus of standardisation efforts, namely methodological procedures and mark characteristic collection. Knife markings are difficult to interpret, but further research and standardisation of kerf mark analysis, as highlighted here, will improve the efficiency and reliability of both forensic investigations and future experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This was followed by a special Felicitation session honouring IABSE Honorary Members Prof. S.S. Chakraborty and Dr. B.C. Roy (due to illness, his memento was handed over to Mrs. Dr Roy) and IABSE Vice-President, Dr H. Subbarao. B I Pre-Congress Meetings, Workshop and Congress, 18-22 September 2023 i b Graph The IABSE New Delhi Congress 2023 concluded successfully, attracting over 500 participants from 37 countries. Additionally, the ING-IABSE presented a I "Certificate of Acknowledgement" i to recognise the significant contribution of the OC Chair, Mr. PVVSS R. Prasad and IABSE President Dr. T. Vejrum. [Extracted from the article]

Animal victims of human cruelty are receiving increasing attention from the press and society. Veterinary pathologists and civic authorities have a duty not only to elucidate the cause, method and manner of death but also to address the motivation behind a case. Poultry are commonly used as offering to gods in Santería rituals (ebós). Only a few cases have been reported in scientific journals, in contrast with the number of cases described in the media. Here, a hen and a cockerel (Gallus domesticus) were submitted to the VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre for autopsy, which comprised macroscopic and histological studies and microbiological testing for Chlamydia psittaci , avian orthoavulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus), West Nile virus and avian influenza virus. The carcasses were in an active decay stage of decomposition, containing larvae of Lucilia eximia. Both animals had been decapitated and haemorrhages in the cutting region were observed histologically. Post-mortem burns were also observed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first post-mortem description of lesions in a domestic avian species due to religious rituals. European Union and Spanish forensic practitioners should be aware that these ritual sacrifices occur in some European countries. Moreover, future European and national legislation updates should consider this type of animal abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fingermark enhancement processes require performance monitoring. • Existing methods lack a reliable, consistent and quantifiable approach. • Previous attempts require specialist equipment and lack broader substrate applicability. • This work presents confirmatory tests for amino acid, sebaceous and cyanoacrylate based reagents. • Tests have a proven shelf-life longevity in excess of twelve months. Validation is particularly important in forensic science. Each process utilised by a forensic laboratory will undergo validation to ensure it is functioning as expected. Some pieces of equipment (hardware) will be simple to validate, and this will be conducted regularly. However, many commonly employed fingermark enhancement reagents, such as ninhydrin and 1,2-Indandione, do not have clearly defined and robust validation parameters. To that end, artificial fingermark solutions, particularly amino acid solutions, have previously been investigated as a controlled validation method, via deposition onto a substrate. Whilst amino acid reagents are important, there is also a wider group of latent fingermark constituents (targets) that require the use of other enhancement reagents within the forensic laboratory. The work presented herein seeks to expand on the concept of amino acid printing, by exploring the possibilities of depositing a sebaceous solution matrix, thereby facilitating the testing of reagents such as Oil-Red-O and Physical Developer. In addition, we present a method that extends capabilities beyond fingermark enhancement reagents for porous substrates, by developing a methodology that enables process validation of the cyanoacrylate fuming technique to be easily facilitated. These simple and effective solutions have the capacity to serve as a crucial process validation check within the laboratory validation workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forensic social work in South Africa is challenging, increasing the likelihood of secondary traumatic stress among its practitioners. Proactive coping strategies are necessary to reduce the impact of secondary traumatic stress on forensic social workers. The aim of this study was to describe the association between the frequency of different coping strategies and the frequency of secondary traumatic stress symptoms in forensic social workers. The study applied a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional descriptive design. An all-inclusive willing participation sampling method was used, focusing on all qualified forensic social workers who graduated from a South African university. The study found that avoidant and emotion-focused coping strategies were linked to an increase in secondary traumatic stress symptoms. Employers and therapists can support forensic social workers by offering techniques that encourage the use of problem-focused coping strategies, aiming to alleviate symptoms of perceived secondary traumatic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age estimation of wounds in veterinary forensic investigations is based on the presence and amount of granulation tissue. However, accurate age assessment is challenging and new time-dependent markers are warranted to support and improve the current procedure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD31-positive blood vessels and α-smooth muscle action (α-SMA)-positive myofibroblasts in granulation tissue in order to evaluate their value as markers for porcine wound age estimation in a veterinary forensic context. Immunohistochemical expression of CD31 and α-SMA in 14 experimental porcine skin wounds of different ages (4, 6, 8, 10, 18, 27 and 35 days) and 11 forensic porcine wound specimens (of unknown age) were evaluated. CD31-positive blood vessels and α-SMA-positive myofibroblasts were present in the granulation tissue in the experimental wounds at all time points. A significant decrease in the mean blood vessel counts was found in wounds aged 18, 27 and 35 days compared with wounds aged 6 days (P < 0.001), when assessing both the superficial and deep part of the wound bed. α-SMA expression was lower at 27 and 35 days post wounding compared with 6–18 days post wounding. Combined assessment of three parameters (mean blood vessel counts in the superficial and deep wound beds and α-SMA expression) could approximately specify the age of the wounds as either 6–18 days or ≥27 days. In two of the forensic cases a combination of the three parameters yielded results that were similar to the experimental wounds, indicating a wound age of 6–18 days or ≥27 days, respectively. In the remaining forensic cases a combination of the three parameters did not show the same expression pattern as in the experimental wounds. The results indicate that in some forensic cases the application of CD31 and α- SMA markers appeared to support the current procedure for porcine wound age estimation, but this must be combined with pathological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass graves have for millennia been incorporated in the historic environment, often to conceal the dead. As a result of conflict, they form one part of the destruction of communities, and are intrinsically linked to wider destruction of historic and cultural heritage. They are symbolic of efforts to control the landscape by contesting groups. Repeated patterns in the properties of mass graves and related destruction can be identified. The investigation of crimes under international law have recognised these properties and the interlinked nature of destruction of communities. Archaeological methods provide an important resource for investigators to undertake a now established formal process of gathering criminal evidence and accounting for the missing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informatica (03505596) is the property of Slovene Society Informatika and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As the social environment develops, as science and technology improve, more and more attention in the evidentiary process is paid to the data obtained by using special knowledge. Without such data, the investigation of certain criminal acts or even making a final decision is unimaginable. It is important to realize that the evaluation of data obtained by using special knowledge, precisely because of its specificity, requires greater care, because data obtained by using special knowledge (forensic science) should be considered as personal evidence obtained by a person who had no (in)direct personal contact with the criminal act under investigation and the judge has the duty to assess the result based on certain special knowledge that he does not personally have. The analysis performed has shown that (first of all) the provisions of the case-law regarding the assessment of the conclusions obtained using special knowledge on the basis of private initiative provide reasonable grounds to consider the fact that, unfortunately, there is a derogation from the provisions of the principle of free assessment of evidence. It can also be assumed (secondly) that in the absence of factors determining the insufficient quality and reliability of the conclusion, the conclusion obtained and submitted by a private participant in criminal proceedings by way of the neutralizing mechanism should continue to be assessed as an advisory conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Security & Public Order / Visuomenes Saugumas ir Viesoji Tvarka is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Case report demonstrating Bayesian reasoning in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA). • Probability assignments in an actual case are discussed. • Parameter sensitivity analysis and robustness of the likelihood ratio are discussed. • Dedicated research is needed to strengthen evaluative reporting on BPA findings. The findings from a bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) may assist in formulating or falsifying scenarios that are considered in the investigative stages of a criminal investigation. When a case proceeds to trial the bloodstain pattern expert may be asked about the relevance of their findings given scenarios that are proposed by the prosecution and defense counsel. Such opinions provided by an expert are highly relevant to police investigation or legal proceedings, but the reasoning behind the opinion or implicit assumptions made by the expert may not be transparent. A proper framework for the evaluation of forensic findings has been developed since the late twentieth century, based on the hierarchy of propositions, Bayesian reasoning and a model for case assessment and interpretation. This framework, when implemented in casework, mitigates some of the risks of cognitive biases, and makes the reasoning and scientific basis for the opinion transparent. This framework is broadly used across forensic science disciplines. In this paper we describe its application to the field of BPA using a case example from the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To compare the understanding of the concept of chemical reaction—as operationalized by Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive levels—of students in forensic science bachelor's degree with that achieved by students majoring in chemistry, as a prerequisite for future professional collaboration and communication. Using previously validated and published tests developed to assess students' knowledge, comprehension, and application of the concept of chemical reaction, we explored how conceptual understanding developed in students enrolled in (a) a forensic science degree program in a Mexican public university and in (b) chemistry undergraduate programs offered by the same university, and whether both groups achieved comparable attainment levels. Despite receiving considerably less chemical instruction, forensic science students achieved comparable levels of conceptual understanding of chemical reaction to those exhibited by chemistry students. This finding is encouraging because it might mean that future forensic scientists could graduate with a solid foundation of chemical knowledge. More research, particularly on the learning of other key concepts, will be needed to verify these initial findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Augmented reality is applied in a variety of technical and medical fields. • Currently augmented reality is barely applied in forensics. • Augmented reality presents a chance for further development in forensic investigation approaches. Forensic investigations require a vast variety of knowledge and expertise of each specialist involved. With the increase in digitization and advanced technical possibilities, the traditional use of a computer with a screen for visualization and a mouse and keyboard for interactions has limitations, especially when visualizing the content in relation to the real world. Augmented reality (AR) can be used in such instances to support investigators in various tasks at the scene as well as later in the investigation process. In this article, we present current applications of AR in forensics and forensic medicine, the technological basics of AR, and the advantages that AR brings for forensic investigations. Furthermore, we will have a brief look at other fields of application and at future developments of AR in forensics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• 'Death by GPS' refers to fatal automobile accidents related to GPS device's. • Incidents include motorists being directed to remote or impassible areas. • Forensic Science research may benefit from the creation of a technology autopsy. • Criminal Justice research should examine negligent homicide policies related to GPS. • 'Death by GPS' is an understudied topic, requiring more attention in the future. This article seeks to give visibility to a growing program: Motorists who set out for travel following directions from their GPS device and never return. These occurrences have gained the moniker 'Death by GPS'. From giving incorrect directions, to taking motorists to isolated areas, to directing motorists into unsafe neighborhoods, GPS technology has led several people into catastrophic scenarios. This article is split into two sections. In the first section, the varying causes of Death by GPS are examined, alongside notable cases. In the second section, as Death by GPS is understudied in forensic science and legal spaces, the author explores the societal and scientific benefits of filling this gap. Relying on relevant collision figures, cultural trends, death science, legal studies, and ethics literature, this article produces groundwork on the growing issue of Death by GPS and identifies areas for future exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Inorganic GSR from PPU ammunition cal. 7.65 mm were studied. • GSR patterns on cotton fabric in the range 25–125 cm are presented. • Distribution of GSR was established by SEM-EDX analysis. • Chemical and morphological GSR spread dependence on the shooting distance is demonstrated. • Empirical bases for forensic casework on shooting to assist casework were achieved. The subject of this research was the inorganic gunshot residue component collected from shooting patterns obtained on woven cotton cloth using a Pietro Beretta model 70 pistol, cal. 7.65 mm and Serbian ammunition for the following muzzle-to-target distances: 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 cm. For each distance, three rounds of shooting were performed. Particles were lifted within a 10 cm radius of the projectile entrance and automatically analyzed using a scanning electron microscope coupled with an energy dispersion X-ray spectrometry. The obtained data on the populations of particles were analyzed taking into account their numbers, chemical classes and sizes. The results showed an apparent maximum incidence within all particles containing barium at about 50 cm distance. Also, lead particles revealed a distinct behaviour, being dominant at a 25 cm distance, falling below the other chemical classes, and finally becoming dominant again at 125 cm. The analysis of the frequency of occurrence of particles sorted according to their sizes confirmed that the small particle population is the largest, and their distribution in function of the equivalent circle diameter is exponential-like. The obtained results provided knowledge on the distribution of particles in the vicinity of the tested firearm and ammunition cal. 7.65 mm which generally corroborates with similarly studied GSR distributions obtained for the use of pistols cal. 9 mm. This information, together with the examinations of gunshot damages and other types of residues such as soot or unburned propellant grains may support qualitative inferences on shooting distance estimation, especially in cases, when the firearm and cartridges are not available to perform test shooting. In such cases even roughly estimated shooting distance can be helpful, e.g. for confirming or excluding the possibility of self-inflicted injuries or suicide and infer on the mutual position of the shooting stage actors. An example of casework that illustrates intermediate shooting distance estimation is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Papers were evaluated and trends and gaps in the use of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in forensic science were described. • Document examination was the most prominent area exploring HSI. • VIS and NIR-HSI were the predominant techniques for forensic evidence characterization. • Chemometric tools are crucial to extract most important information from the samples. Analysis of evidence is a challenge. Crime scene materials are complex, diverse, sometimes of an unknown nature. Forensic science provides the most critical applications for their examination. Chemical tests, analytical methods, and techniques to process the evidence must be carefully selected by the forensic scientist. Ideally, it may be interpreted, analyzed, and judged in the original context of the crime scene. In this sense, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been employed as an analytical tool that maintains the integrity of the samples/objects for multiple and sequential analysis and for counter-proof exams. This paper is an overview of forensic science trends for the application of HSI techniques in the last ten years (2011–2021). The examination of documents was the main area of exploration, followed by bloodstain analysis aging process; trace analysis of explosives and gunshot residue. Chemometric tools were also addressed since they are crucial to obtain the most important information from the samples. There are great challenges in applying HSI in forensic science, but there have been clear technological and scientific advances, and a solid foundation has been built for the use of HSI in real-life cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Coastal exhumations present challenges due their singular hydrogeological and environmental conditions. • Practical solutions for documenting and recovering skeletal remains at coastal locations. • The techniques presented could be applied equally to a humanitarian or criminal investigation. This paper reports on coastal exhumations performed during 2006–2022, under the framework of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (CMP) humanitarian identification programme. CMP archaeologists investigated 217 coastal locations and recovered skeletal remains on 44 occasions. Challenging environmental conditions required a customized exhumation plan, which could be executed swiftly without compromising operational integrity or standards. The author performed a retrospective analysis to propose an optimized strategy, which includes a survey, exhumation, digital documentation, and post-processing components, with the aim of minimizing the effects of adverse environmental conditions. The proposed strategy is based on scientific standards and observations in the field; it can satisfy the needs of a humanitarian or criminal investigation if appropriate measures are taken to uphold legislative and forensic standards. The author also discussed the taphonomic effects of coastal erosion and wave activity in tandem with exhumation recommendations to assist forensic practitioners involved in similar investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Macroscopic assessment via image analysis aimed to explore environmental trace evidence dynamics. • Transfer and persistence of soils to footwear and diatomaceous earth to clothing was tested. • Both environmental traces were retained and visually identifiable during one week of wear. • Soil type, clothing type, & body positioning significantly impacted persistence and distribution. • Recognising the presence of trace evidence is a critical first step in the forensic process. Environmental trace evidence offers useful circumstantial intelligence to link persons and scenes of forensic interest. An increasing empirical research base is dedicated towards understanding the transfer and persistence dynamics of environmental indicators including pollen, soils, and diatoms, within a diverse range of experimental frameworks. This paper presents two discrete studies exploring transfer and persistence of soils and sediments on footwear and diatomaceous earth adhered to clothing in forensically pertinent scenarios. Variables including sediment type, foot position, clothing type, and body positioning were also explored throughout. Both experiments incorporated a field-based methodology during the sampling effort. Photographs were collected of an initial transfer sample and of a retained assemblage following hours, days, and up to one-week of wear, facilitating macroscopic assessment of trace evidence dynamics. All images were processed using accessible, open-source software before spatial analysis of evidence distribution within and temporal assessment (% retention) upon each evidential surface. The results highlighted consistent loss of transferred sediment from footwear with significantly greater retention of loamy clay soil than dune sand which was absent beyond 24 h of wear. Loss was not influenced by wearer gait but was more rapid from those areas of the shoe sole in direct contact with the ground. Diatomaceous earth was retrieved from all three clothing types tested after one week – significant losses of material occurred before 48 h with a consistent assemblage identified beyond this. Denim was significantly more effective than acrylic and fleece for diatomaceous earth retention and significantly more material was lost from clothing worn on the lower body. These findings highlight the value of using visual environmental markers and a macroscopic analytical approach during the investigation of environmental trace dynamics. The methodology offers a novel, non-destructive assessment of soil and diatom transfer and persistence, complementing more extensive laboratory-based examinations to ensure the development of a well-rounded research base within the forensic sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ethical concepts and principles relevant to forensic science identified. • Ethical challenges in forensic science and forensic anthropology explored. • Forensic scientists face ethical challenges in practice. • The connection between 3D prints and the deceased from legal and cultural perspectives remains unclear. • Nine ethics principles were identified as key for 3D printing in forensic anthropology. • Ethical guidelines are needed to uphold the dignity and respect of the deceased. • Holistic ethics cognition training and structural decision architecture may support ethical practice. The existing literature contains some exploration of the ethics concerning human remains in forensic and virtual anthropology. However, previous work has stopped short of interrogating the underlying ethical concepts. The question of how people understand and apply these concepts in practice, and what it means to act ethically, remain underexplored. This thematic review explores the ethical considerations that contribute to the creation and use of 3D printed human remains for forensic purposes. The three main branches of ethical theory are outlined to explore how they may apply to forensic practice. Key themes relating to 3D printing human remains in forensic contexts were explored to better understand the ethics landscape, ethical challenges, and the current guidelines in place. Through this thematic review, nine ethics principles were identified as key principles for guiding best practice: anonymity, autonomy, beneficence, consent, context, justice, non-maleficence, proportionality, and transparency. It is suggested that these principles could be incorporated into adaptable guidelines going forward to support ethical practice. The findings also suggest that holistic ethics cognition training may have value in supporting forensic scientists in ethical decision-making, together with procedural and structural design that may promote best practice and reduce cognitive load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forensic vLabs provide a visual representation of traditional laboratory scripts. • Forensic vLabs can promote inclusive learning in a diverse international cohort. • Forensic vLabs can enhance students' knowledge of forensic science techniques. • Forensic vLabs can improve forensic science students' confidence in the laboratory. • Forensic vLabs can improve forensic science students' independence in the laboratory. Laboratory work is essential in forensic science degree courses. They provide students with an opportunity to put theory into practice, as well as develop relevant professional laboratory skills through a case-based learning framework. Traditional laboratory instruction involves the use of a written laboratory script or manual that details the laboratory procedures and techniques for an experiment. Occasionally, instructors may provide a brief in-person demonstration of a critical aspect of the experimental procedure during the session. Since the coronavirus pandemic, the use of virtual laboratory (vLab) resources, such as video demonstrations, in teaching science practical skills has increased. These resources may be used alone or in combination with in-person laboratory sessions in a flipped learning model. Previous research has shown that vLab resources could enhance students' knowledge, confidence, and experience inside the laboratory. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and attitudes of forensic science students toward the use of a vLab module. Three videos were created in which procedures for carrying out presumptive tests, screening exhibits, and recording examinations were demonstrated. Seven undergraduate students enrolled at different stages of a forensic science degree programme were introduced to the vLab module and interviewed using a semi-structured interview approach. Through a thematic synthesis of the interview transcripts, we found that the implementation of an inclusive vLab module could enhance students' knowledge, confidence, and independence in carrying out forensic science laboratory procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following decomposition of a human body, a variety of decomposition products, such as lipids, are released into the surrounding environment, e.g. soils. The long-lasting preservation in soils and their high diagnostic potential have been neglected in forensic research. Furthermore, little is known about the preservation, chemical transformation, or degradation of those human derived lipids in soils. To date, several studies identified various lipids such as long-chain free fatty acids and steroids in soils that contained decomposition fluids. Those lipids are preserved in soils over time and could serve as markers of human decomposition in forensic investigations, e.g. for estimating the post-mortem interval or identifying the burial location of a human body. Therefore, this review focuses on the current literature regarding fatty acid and steroid that have been detected in soils and associated with human body decomposition. After a short introduction about human decomposition processes, this review summarises fatty acid and steroid analysis applied in current case studies and studies related to taphonomic research. This review provides an overview of the available studies that have used fatty acids and steroids as identifiers of human decomposition fluid in soils in a forensic context and discusses the potential for developing this innovative field of research with direct application in a forensic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Privacy preservation (PP) in Digital forensics (DF) is a conflicted and non-trivial issue. Existing solutions use the searchable encryption concept and, as a result, are not efficient and support only a keyword search. Moreover, the collected forensic data cannot be analyzed using existing well-known digital tools. This research paper first investigates the lawful requirements for PP in DF based on the organization for economic co-operation and development OECB) privacy guidelines. To have an efficient investigation process and meet the increased volume of data, the presented framework is designed based on the selective imaging concept and advanced encryption standard (AES). The proposed framework has two main modules, namely Selective Imaging Module (SIM) and Selective Analysis Module (SAM). The SIM and SAM modules are implemented based on advanced forensic format 4 (AFF4) and SleuthKit open source forensics frameworks, respectively, and, accordingly, the proposed framework is evaluated in a forensically sound manner. The evaluation result is compared with other relevant works and, as a result, the proposed solution provides a privacy-preserving, efficient forensic imaging and analysis process while having also sufficient methods. Moreover, the AFF4 forensic image, produced by the SIM module, can be analyzed not only by SAM, but also by other well-known analysis tools available on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]