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In this study, the objective was to determine the post-harvest indexes of arugula leaves and beet roots in intercropping under a biomass mixture of different green manures at diverse arugula population densities in two cropping seasons in a semi-arid environment. The experimental design was a randomised complete block design, with treatments arranged in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four replications. Treatments consisted of the combination of equitable amounts of Merremia aegyptia and Calotropis procera biomass (20, 35, 50 and 65 t ha-1 on a dry basis) and arugula population densities (400,000, 600,000, 800,000 and 1,000,000 plants ha-1). The characteristics evaluated in the arugula culture were titratable acidity, pH, and soluble solid and total soluble sugar content. In the beet crop, the same characteristics were evaluated in arugula, in addition to the betalain concentration and the internal colour parameters of the tuberose roots. Arugula showed the best post-harvest indexes when fertilised with green manure biomass amounts of 20, 20 and 65 t ha-1 at a population density of 1,000,000 plants ha-1, while beet showed the best indices with green manure amounts of 65, 41, 36 and 40 t ha-1 with an arugula density of 1,000,000 plants ha-1. The best colour parameters of beet roots were obtained with green manure amounts of 30 and 32 t ha-1 at an arugula density of 400,000 plants ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been demonstrated that the essential oil (EO) of Eruca sativa seeds could be potentially used as an antiseptic agent. However, the application of EOs is restricted because of their chemical instability and volatility. Encapsulation in liposomes is an efficient technique for the protection of the oils. The EO of the seeds was obtained using the hydro-distillation method. Liposomal formulation of the oil was prepared using thin layer method. GC/MS analysis indicated that erucin (1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfanylbutane) was the main compound of the oil, accounting for 88.86%. The prepared oil-loaded liposomes had more negative zeta potential (−17.13 mV) compared with the empty liposomes (−9.26 mV), indicating the higher stability of the liposomal oil. SEM imaging confirmed that the encapsulation of the oil does not cause any distortion in the structure of the liposomes, in comparison to the oil-free liposomes. The seed oil showed antimicrobial activities at 20 μg/ml (against Staphylococcus aureus , Enterobacter aerogenes , and Escherichia coli) and 80 μg/ml (against Enterococcus faecalis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Klebsiella pneumonia), while the minimum inhibitory concentration values of the liposomal EO were 160 μg/ml against E faecalis , 80 μg/ml against P aeruginosa and K pneumonia , and 20 μg/ml against S aureus , E aerogenes , and E coli. Antibacterial experiments revealed that the EO of Eruca sativa seeds maintained its antibacterial effect after loading into the liposomes. Moreover, encapsulation in liposomes could improve the sustainability of the oil and increased the bioavailability of its active chemical compounds. • The essential oil of Eruca sativa seeds was loaded in liposomes. • Erucin was the main compound of the oil, accounting for 88.86%. • The prepared oil-loaded liposomes had negative zeta potential (-17.13 mV). • The oil maintained its antibacterial effect after loading into the liposomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, one bacterial strain, ESM-1, was isolated from rhizosphere of Eruca sativa , growing in Al Hofouf, Saudia Arabia, after enrichment with methanol as a sole carbon and energy source in a batch culture. ESM-1 was characterized by a polyphasic approach. The strain was identified as Delftia acidovorans at similarity level of 99.9% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results of the Biolog Gen III MicroPlate test system showed that strain ESM-1 reacted positively to 47 (50%) including the one-carbon compound formic acid, and partially positive to 6 (∼6.4%) out of the 94 different the traits examined. The total cellular fatty acids composition of the strain ESM-1 was (C 16:1 ω7 c /C 16:1 ω6 c) and C 16:0) and matched that of Delftia acidovorans at a similarity index of 0.9, providing a robustness to the ESM-1 identification. Furthermore, ESM-1 displayed a complex polar lipid profile consisting of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, aminolipid, in addition to uncharacterized lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 66.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strain ESM1-1 was clearly clustered within the Delftia clade and constructed a monophyletic subcluster with Delftia acidovorans NBRC14950. The results addressed that ESM-1 is a facultative methylotrophic bacterium indigenous to Al Hofouf region and opens the door for potential biotechnological applications (e.g., bioremediation) of this strain, in future. Additionally, these findings assure that the total cellular fatty acid analysis and 16S rRNA gene are reliable tool for bacterial characterization and identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy is a complex phenomenon which depends on allelochemical concentrations. So, two pot experiments were carried out to investigate the allelopathic effect of alcoholic fresh shoot extract of Eruca sativa (foliar spray) and E. sativa shoot powder (mixed with soil) on Pisum sativum plants and two associated weeds, Phalaris minor and Beta vulgaris. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt during two successive winter seasons (2016-2017 and 2017-2018). Ten treatments were applied in this study. Four treatments were applied before sowing, that E. sativa shoot powder was mixed with the soil at rates of 15, 30, 45 and 60 g · pot-1. The other four treatments of E. sativa alcoholic fresh shoot extract were sprayed twice on both plants and weeds at 5, 10, 15 and 20% (w/v) concentrations. Additionally, two untreated treatments, healthy (P. sativum only) and unweeded (untreated infested P. sativum plants with weeds) were applied for comparison. The results indicated that both alcoholic extracts and powder reduced growth of both weeds. Moreover, there was a direct relationship between concentration and weed reduction. Eruca sativa alcoholic extracts increased yield parameters of P. sativum plants. The maximum yield attributes were recorded by spraying of E. sativa alcoholic extract at 20%. On the other hand, it was clearly noticed that the high powder rates affected negatively P. sativum yield parameters. But the lowest powder rate (15 g · pot-1) stimulated P. sativum yield parameters as compared to unweeded treatment. Chemical analysis of E. sativa shoot powder ensured that the abundant amount of glucosinolates (9.6 μmol · g-1) and phenolic compounds (46.5 mg · g-1) may be responsible for its allelopathic effect. In conclusion, spraying of alcoholic fresh shoot extract of E. sativa at 20% (w/v) and mixing E. sativa shoot powder at 15 g · pot-1can be applied as natural bioherbicides for controlling weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eruca sativa (ES) seed oil is used in food preparation and as source of natural medication. Eruca sativa (ES) seed oil was analysed for phenolic composition using high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), pigment contents, quality characteristics. The oil was fed to rabbits for two weeks. Serum biochemistry, haematological and liver histological parameters were studied. Results showed that quercetin, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acids were the major phenolic compounds. Lycopene and other pigments were present in considerable amounts. Animal studies showed that the body weight of rabbits decreases with the increase of ES oil. The level of serum glucose, total cholesterols, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol decrease significantly, while an increase was observed in the HDL-cholesterol. The level of white blood cells including lymphocytes and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration increases, while a significant increase occurred in platelets count with the increase of ES seed oil dose. In the present study microscopic observations in control and the treated groups showed similar cytoarchitecture of the liver with no significant histological changes. It is concluded that Eruca sativa seed oil is a rich source of important phytochemicals with anti-obesity properties in selected animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to compare the genotoxic effects of various concentrations of plant oils from Eruca sativa (Brassicaceae), Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) and Origanum majorana (Lamiaceae) to the conventional organophosphate insecticide (Chlorpyrifos) against Rhyzopertha dominica Fabricius. The R. dominica population was reared for several generations without exposure to any insecticide. Wheat grains were sterilized at 55 °C for 6 h in order to eliminate any hidden infestation, treated with serial dilutions of Chlorpyrifos and plant oil extracts, and subsequently fed to R. dominica for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 days. The results indicated that the LC 50 values of oils from E. sativa , Z. officinale and O. Majorana were 0.14, 0.23 and 0.32%, respectively, after 2 days. Genetic variations in DNA fragments after treatment with LC 50 and LC 25 concentrations of E. sativa , Z. officinale and O. majorana were detected by RAPD-PCR analysis using five primers. The results exhibited distinct DNA polymorphisms or alterations in DNA bands. These alterations varied depending on the substance being examined. Chlorpyrifos causes the highest level of DNA alterations (based on the appearance and disappearance DNA bands) followed by E. sativa , Z. officinale and O. majorana . These results were in direct correlation with the differences in mortality rates between extracts. It could be concluded that the plant oil extracts can be used as one of the integrated pest management tools to control R. dominica in stored products, as they are safer than chemical insecticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Eruca sativa (Rocket) seedlings were treated with different cadmium (Cd) concentrations (0, 150, 300 and 450 μg ∙ g-1). The effects of Cd on lipid peroxidation, enzymatic (APx, CAT, GPX, SOD) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (total ascorbate, dehydroascorbate, ascorbate, non-protein thiol), fresh and dry masses, water content were determined. Also, Cd content of the leaves and the roots were analysed. The highest cadmium accumulation of leaves was at 450 μg ∙ g-1 Cd treatment and the accumulation was 2.62 times greater than those in the roots. The translocation factor was 3.89 at 300 μg ∙ g-1 Cd treatment. Cd treatments caused decreases of fresh, dry mass and water content of leaves and roots. Malondialdehyde content, which is an index of lipid peroxidation, was increased in proportion with the increase in Cd. While there was not change in the activity of GPX according to control, a decrease in activities of SOD, CAT and APX were observed with the increase of cadmium concentration. Although a significant increase in the amounts of non-protein thiol groups and proline were observed in 450 μg ∙ g-1 Cd treated plants, Cd did not lead to a significant change in AsA, DHA and total AsA contents. According to the results of the research, E. sativa may be a Cd hyperaccumulator plant and we suggest that the plant may be a candidate plant for remediation of Cd-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of Eruca sativa oil for the biosynthesis of biodiesel by lipase catalyzed transesterification was appraised. The produced biodiesel was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, HPLC and GC–MS. For optimization of reaction conditions Response Surface Methodology was employed and maximum biodiesel produced was depicted to be 98.3% and 56.4% catalyzed by Novozyme-435 and Aspergillus niger (AN) lipase, respectively. The optimum reaction conditions for Novozyme-435 catalyzed transesterification of E. sativa oil were found to be 0.75% Novozyme-435 concentration, 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 32.5 °C reaction temperature and 60 h reaction time, whereas for transesterification reactions catalyzed by A. niger lipase, the optimized conditions were, 1.0% enzyme concentration, 6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 32.5 °C reaction temperature and 60 h reaction time. Furthermore, the biodiesel was combusted in diesel engine and exhaust emission levels such as PM, CO, NOx etc. were evaluated which showed considerable reductions as compared to the conventional diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isothiocyanates (ITC) from the Brassicaceae plant family are regarded as promising for prevention and treatment of cancer. However, experimental settings consider their therapeutic action without taking into account the risk of unwanted effects on healthy tissues. In the present study we investigated the effects of Eruca sativa seed extract containing MTBITC (Erucin) and pure Erucin from rocket plant on healthy cells of the human immune system in vitro . Hereby, high doses of the plant extract as well as of Erucin inhibited cell viability of human lymphocytes via induction of apoptosis to comparable amounts. Non-toxic low concentrations of the plant extract and pure Erucin altered the expression of the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor but did not affect further T cell activation, proliferation and the release of the effector molecules interferon (IFN)-gamma and IL-2 of T-lymphocytes. However, the activity of NK-cells was significantly reduced by non-toxic concentrations of the plant extract and pure Erucin. These results indicate that the plant extract and pure Erucin interfere with the function of human T lymphocytes and decreases the activity of NK-cells in comparable concentrations. Long-term clinical studies with ITC-enriched plant extracts from Brassicaceae should take this into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) are continuously dispersed into the environment due to human and veterinary use, giving rise to their potential accumulation in edible plants. In this study, Eruca sativa L. and Zea mays L. were selected to determine the potential uptake and accumulation of eight different PACs (Salbutamol, Atenolol, Lincomycin, Cyclophosphamide, Carbamazepine, Bezafibrate, Ofloxacin and Ranitidine) designed for human use. To mimic environmental conditions, the plants were grown in pots and irrigated with water spiked with a mixture of PACs at concentrations found in Italian wastewaters and rivers. Moreover, 10× and 100× concentrations of these pharmaceuticals were also tested. The presence of the pharmaceuticals was tested in the edible parts of the plants, namely leaves for E. sativa and grains for Z. mays . Quantification was performed by liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS). In the grains of 100× treated Z. mays , only atenolol, lincomycin and carbamazepine were above the limit of detection (LOD). At the same concentration in E. sativa plants the uptake of all PACs was >LOD. Lincomycin and oflaxacin were above the limit of quantitation in all conditions tested in E. sativa. The results suggest that uptake of some pharmaceuticals from the soil may indeed be a potential transport route to plants and that these environmental pollutants can reach different edible parts of the selected crops. Measurements of the concentrations of these pharmaceuticals in plant materials were used to model potential adult human exposure to these compounds. The results indicate that under the current experimental conditions, crops exposed to the selected pharmaceutical mixture would not have any negative effects on human health. Moreover, no significant differences in the growth of E. sativa or Z. mays plants irrigated with PAC-spiked vs. non-spiked water were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, the effects of varying concentrations of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn on seed germination, as well as root and hypocotyl length were determined. The inhibitory effects of these metals on germination or roots and/or hypocotyl lenght were different. Cadmium, lead and zinc were not very toxic for germination. However, it has been found that copper was the most inhibitory metal influencing germination, root and hypocotyl growth. Even very low concentrations (25 μg ml-2) inhibited the growth of root and hypocotyl. The seeds of E. sativa germinated at the highest Zn concentrations (1500-2000 μg.ml-1 Zn), whereas roots and hypocotyls prolonged only till 1000 μg.ml-1 level. The seeds of E. sativa in stages of germination and early growth were generally tolerant to zinc, but the results of this study indicated that growth of roots and hypocotyls was more sensitive to heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) than that of the stage of germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Details the isolation and structural elucidation of 4-(beta-D-glucopyranosyldisulfanyl)butyl glucosinolate (GSL) from leaves of rocket salad, Eruca sativa L., and its antioxidative activity. Identification of the major GSL; Positive-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry data; Molecular formula of the substance; Extraction of GSL and preparation of desulfo-GSL.

Cancer is a major public health issue and characterized by wild cell growth and proliferative disorder. The antitumor and antioxidant role of Eruca sativa (ES) was investigated in a Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor model in mice. Twenty-four hours after EAC intraperitoneal inoculation in mice, ES extracts were administered at doses of 250 mg/kg/body weight (BW) for 9 days. Half of the mice were sacrificed on the 10th day for estimation of hematological profiles, red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. In addition, antioxidant parameters (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) were evaluated. The remaining mice were kept alive to assess the increase in life span. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, and urea levels were assessed for ES antitumor effects. Results. Oral supplementation of ES seed and leaf extracts significantly reduced tumor parameters such as tumor volume and tumor weight with remarkable enhance in tumor inhibition ratio, vice versa, increased both survival and average BW of tumor-bearing mice. ES extracts significantly increased BW and extended the life span of tumor-bearing mice. Hematological profiles were restored to normal and modulated the abovementioned antioxidant parameters in ES-treated mice compared with EAC control. The current study noticeably demonstrates the antitumor activity of ES seed and leaf extracts significantly prolonged life span and normalized the hematological profiles and biochemical parameters compared with EAC mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently in the world grow hundreds of vegetable species, many of them taken from spontaneous flora for special nutritional qualities, increased resistance to disease and pests. In our country the rocket (Eruca sativa Mill),is hardly knew, therefore this experience took place to accumulate further knowledgment upon this vegetable, for simple reason; to proceed diversification of the current range of vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]