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High blood pressure is common in acute stroke and is a predictor of poor outcome; however, large trials of lowering blood pressure have given variable results, and the management of high blood pressure in ultra-acute stroke remains unclear. We investigated whether transdermal glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; also known as nitroglycerin), a nitric oxide donor, might improve outcome when administered very early after stroke onset.

Human basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) very frequently carry p53 mutations, and p53 loss markedly accelerates murine BCC carcinogenesis. We report here our studies of the mechanism by which p53 is activated to suppress BCC carcinogenesis. We find that aberrant hedgehog signaling in microscopic BCCs activates p53 in part via Arf (that is, the oncogene-induced stress pathway) but not via the DNA damage response pathway. However, Arf loss and p53 loss produce differing outcomes—loss of p53 promotes bothtumor initiation and progression; loss of Arf promotes tumor progression but notinitiation. Intriguingly, increased expression of Arf in tumor stromal cells, as in tumor keratinocytes themselves, contributes to suppression of BCC carcinogenesis.

Background: Venous and arterial thrombotic complications exhibit a seasonal variation, with risk peaking in winter and dropping to a nadir in summer. We sought a possible correlation between sun exposure habits and venous thromboembolism (VTE) events. Methods: This was a cohort study comprising 40 000 women (1000 per year of age from 25 to 64 years) who were drawn from the southern Swedish population registry for 1990 and followed for a mean of 11 years. Seventy-four per cent answered an inquiry at the inception of the study (n = 29 518), and provided detailed information on their sun exposure habits. Cox regression analysis was used with the presence of VTE as a dependent variable and selected demographics as independent variables. The main outcome was the relationship between VTE and sun exposure habits. Results: Swedish women who sunbathed during the summer, on winter vacations, or when abroad, or used a tanning bed, were at 30% lower risk of VTE than those who did not. Risk estimates did not change substantially after adjustment for demographic variables. The risk of VTE increased by 50% in winter as compared to the other seasons; the lowest risk was found in the summer. Conclusions: Women with more active sun exposure habits were at a significantly lower risk of VTE. We speculate that greater ultraviolet B light exposure improves a person’s vitamin D status, which in turn enhances anticoagulant properties and enhances the cytokine profile.

Amide-linked indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) conjugates constitute approximately 90% of the IAA pool in the dicot Arabidopsis, whereas ester-linked conjugates and free IAA account for approximately 10% and 1%, respectively when whole seedlings are measured. We show here that IAA-aspartate Asp, IAA-glutamate (Glu), and IAA-glucose (Glc) are present at low levels in Arabidopsis. Nine-day-old wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings yielded 17.4 +/- 4.6 ng g(-1) fresh weight IAA-Asp and 3.5 +/- 1.6 ng g(-1) fresh weight IAA-Glu, and IAA-Glc was present at 7 to 17 ng g(-1) fresh weight in 12-d-old wild-type seedlings. Total IAA content in 9-d-old Arabidopsis seedlings was 1, 200 +/- 178 ng g(-1) fresh weight, so these three IAA conjugates together made up only 3% of the conjugate pool throughout the whole plant. We detected less than wild-type levels of IAA-Asp and IAA-Glu (7.8 +/- 0.4 ng g(-1) fresh weight and 1.8 +/- 0.3 ng g(-1) fresh weight, respectively) in an Arabidopsis mutant that accumulates conjugated IAA. Our results are consistent with IAA-Asp, IAA-Glu, and IAA-Glc being either minor, transient, or specifically localized IAA metabolites under normal growth conditions and bring into question the physiological relevance of IAA-Asp accumulation in response to high concentrations of exogenous IAA.

Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) greatly enhanced the rooting of an early-flowering variety of protea, Leucadendron discolor, but had very little effect on a late-flowering variety. IBA transport and metabolism were studied in both varieties after incubating the cuttings in 3H-IBA. More of the radio-label was transported to the leaves of the easy-to-root variety than the difficult-to-root (35–45% and 10%, respectively). IBA was metabolized rapidly by the cuttings of both varieties and after 24 h most of the label was in the new metabolite. However, free IBA (about 10%) was present in the cuttings during the whole period up to the time of root emergence (4 weeks). More free IBA was accumulated in the base of easy-to-root cuttings, while in the difficult-to-root variety most of the IBA was found in the leaves. The metabolite was identified tentatively as an ester conjugate with a glucose. It is possible that IBA-glucose serves as a source for free IBA, and the difference between the varieties is a consequence of the free IBA which is released, transported and accumulated in the site of a root formation.

Transport and metabolism of radiolabeled indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were studied in midrib sections of Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and compared to that of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Exogenous IBA was metabolized by the midribs to a polar compound, probably an ester conjugate. Ethylene pretreatment of the midribs reduced their capacity to metabolize IBA by ca. 70% as compared to air pretreatment. IBA transport capacity in the leaf midribs was ca. two times greater in the basipetal direction than the acropetal. The basipetal transport capacity of 3H-IBA was lower than that of 14C-IAA (ca. 24% and 39% of the uptake, respectively). While ethylene treatment reduced basipetal transport of IAA by ca. 70% it did not affect the transport of IBA. Most of the transported label was found as free IBA, but the reduction of IBA conjugation by ethylene treatment did not affect the transport capacity.

A large amount of solid waste remains after the production of instant coffee. This waste has to be moved to dumps, where it poses a threat of environmental pollution. Treatment of this waste by anaerobic methanogenic thermophilic digestion produced, besides biogas, a digested slurry which was used as a growth medium for horticulture, and proved to be a suitable and economical substitute for peat moss. Biological tests with mung bean cuttings and Grevillea plantlets showed promotional effects on rooting of the slurry and its sieved fraction extract, washed with water (Capul). Green coffee beans, instant coffee waste, its anaerobically-digested slurry and Capul were extracted by various methods and the extracts were analyzed by TLC, HPLC and GC/MS. Examinations showed clearly the presence of IAA and IBA in free and bound forms in all the substrates. The values of free and bound IAA were calculated by use of an internal standard and GC/MS. The amount of conjugated IAA was found to be much higher than that of free IAA, in both the coffee beans and instant coffee waste (11.1 vs 2.7 nmol g-1, respectively). In the digested slurry and Capul, however, most of the IAA was present as the free form and was approximately 23.5–33.0 nmol g-1, which is almost ten times more than in the waste, and almost twice the total amount of IAA in coffee beans. It is postulated that the high levels of free IAA in the digested instant coffee waste are a result of catabolism of tryptophan by anaerobic bacteria.

An incubation study was conducted to determine N mineralization from sewage sludge and sludge compost. Digested and raw sludges and compost derived from these sludges were freeze‐dried and applied to a silt loam soil at 0, 454, 907, and 1,814 kg N/ha. The soil‐sludge mixtures were incubated at 35°C for various time intervals and periodically leached and analyzed for total N, NH4‐N, and NO3‐N. A separate study using K15NO3was conducted to evaluate N transformations, such as immobilization and denitrification. The overall data indicate that sewage sludge and sludge compost differ markedly in their initial net mineralization patterns. Amendments high in available C (raw sludge) are biologically very active and significant quantities of NO3‐N can be lost by denitrification and immobilization soon after addition. The N in amendments that have been stabilized by removal of readily oxidizable C (digested sludge) gave net mineralization patterns similar to native soil organic N, although large amounts of N can be released from digested sludge. The N in amendments that have been stabilized by composting with woodchips is not easily mineralized. With time these initial differences among sources decrease and the mineralization rates become more alike, although the time needed to reach this point depends on the quantity of amendment added.

The effects of different application rates of sewage sludge and sludge compost (0, 40, 80, 120, and 240 metric tons/ha) on soil physical and chemical properties were studied at two pH levels. Sludge application rates exceeding 120 metric tons/ha were difficult to apply and produced a cloddy seedbed, while the same rate of compost was easily applied and produced a friable seedbed. Sludge and compost increased the water content and the water retention of a silt loam soil. Both the sludge and compost increased the salinity and chloride levels of the soil to a level which may affect salt‐sensitive plants. The soil's cation exchange capacity increased as much as threefold as a result of the addition of sludge and compost. Nitrate‐nitrogen levels were highest at the 15–20 cm soil depth but decreased sharply below this level. Available phosphorus was high during the 2‐year study and appeared to be in excess of that needed for good crop growth.

The crystal structure and the details of the molecular configuration of the violet isomer of (ø3 P)2 [(CF3)2 C2 S2] -RuCO were established from three dimensional, single crystal, X-ray diffraction data. This isomer crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group D152h-Pbca, in a cell whose dimensions are: a = 22.394(8), b = 19.107(6) and c = 17.480(5)Å. The measured and calculated densities are 1.56(2) and 1.56 gm-cm-3 and z = 8 molecules/ unit cell. The shape of the polyhedron of ligands around the central Ru atom is a square pyramid distorted principally by the fact that the Ru - C bond length is shorter than the four bonds to the nearly equidistant phosphorus and sulfur ligands. The dithiolene sulfur atoms occupy adjacent positions in the basal plane; the two triphenylphosphine ligands occupy a basal plane site and the unique axial position while the carbonyl carbon occupies the fourth basal plane site.The two Ru - S bond lengths are 2.298(3) and 2.287(3) Å, while the two Ru - P distances are 2.353(3) and 2.274(3) A in length, the latter being the basal plane Ru - P bond. The Ru - C and C - O bond lengths are 1.849(11) and 1.133(11) Å, respectively. The bonds within the triphenylphosphines are normal and the phenyl rings are planar, nearly equilateral hexagons. The dithiolene ligand has C - S and (ethylene C) - (ethylene C) distances of 1.719(10) and 1.358(12) Å, respectively, which conform more closely to values expected from an unsaturated cis-dithiol than a dithioketone. The closest inter or intramolecular contact between the Ru atom and the phenyl hydrogens is 3.08 A, which is about 0.5 Å longer than the sum of van der Waals' radii. When refinement was complete, the unweighted and weighted R(F) factors, for 2386 observed reflections, were 0.060 and 0.055, with an error of fit of 1.16.

Chemical and biological observations were made on sewage sludge in a simulated trenching system in the greenhouse. Limed and unlimed raw and digested sludges were placed in simulated trenches in soil profile boxes in which corn (Zea maysL.) was sown. During the 160‐day growth period, roots penetrated entrenched digested sludge and root growth proliferated throughout the sludge. Root penetration into the raw sludges was severely restricted. Gas analysis showed that anaerobic conditions prevailed for extensive periods during the 160 days in raw sludge. Methane and CO2levels reached 45 and 25%, respectively. The levels of CH4and CO2were < 3 and 21%, respectively, in the digested sludge boxes. Nitrate nitrogen, adjacent to and beneath the sludge, was generally higher with digested than with raw sludge. Zinc and copper did not move from the sludge into the surrounding soil. The increase of these metals in corn leaves was relatively low, reaching only 131 µ/g Zn and 5.9 µ/g Cu as compared with 79 µ/g Zn and 3.8 µ/g Cu in the controls. Although low levels of fecal coliforms survived in the sludge, none were found in the soil surrounding the sludge. Total coliform numbers in the sludge after 160 days were negatively correlated with NH3‐N concentrations, suggesting that NH3, generated on dissociation on NH4+, may be important in reduction of human pathogens.

The occurrence of cephalothin induced neutropenia in 3patients with infective endocarditis is described. In each patient, withdrawal of cephalothin was followed by rapid haematological recovery. It is apparent that granulocytopenia may frequently occur in patients receiving prolonged, high dose, intravenous cephalothin for the treatment of bacterial endocarditis.

Silicon is the second most abundant element in soils, the mineral substrate for most of the world's plant life. The soil water, or the "soil solution," contains silicon, mainly as silicic acid, H4SiO4, at 0.1-0.6 mM--concentrations on the order of those of potassium, calcium, and other major plant nutrients, and well in excess of those of phosphate. Silicon is readily absorbed so that terrestrial plants contain it in appreciable concentrations, ranging from a fraction of 1% of the dry matter to several percent, and in some plants to 10% or even higher. In spite of this prominence of silicon as a mineral constituent of plants, it is not counted among the elements defined as "essential," or nutrients, for any terrestrial higher plants except members of the Equisitaceae. For that reason it is not included in the formulation of any of the commonly used nutrient solutions. The plant physiologist's solution-cultured plants are thus anomalous, containing only what silicon is derived as a contaminant of their environment. Ample evidence is presented that silicon, when readily available to plants, plays a large role in their growth, mineral nutrition, mechanical strength, and resistance to fungal diseases, herbivory, and adverse chemical conditions of the medium. Plants grown in conventional nutrient solutions are thus to an extent experimental artifacts. Omission of silicon from solution cultures may lead to distorted results in experiments on inorganic plant nutrition, growth and development, and responses to environmental stress.

A light scattering technique for simultaneously determining the volume (V) and hemoglobin concentration (HC) of individual sphered red blood cells (RBCs) is described. Light scattered into two angular intervals yields measurements S_1 and S_2, respectively. Since a sphered RBC is essentially a homogeneous dielectric sphere having a complex refractive index that is linear in HC, with a proper choice of detector acceptance angles, tables relating V and HC to S_1 and S_2 can be computed via Mie theory. Absolute calibration is possible using droplets of water-immisible oils of accurately known refractive index. Results of experimental tests of the method are compared with those obtained from hematological reference measurements.

The synthesis of collagen by human aortic smooth muscle cells was studied after incubating the cells with [3H]proline and [3H]glycine for 48 hr. The culture medium and cells were lyophilized and then digested with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) in 70% (wt/vol) formic acid. The resultant peptides were subjected to ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose and gel filtration on agarose. On the basis of the molar ratios of the alpha1(I)-CB8 and alpha1(III)-CB8 peptides of the alpha1(I) and alpha1(III) chains, approximately one quarter of the collagen synthesized by these cells was identified as type III and three quarters as type I. These data indicate that the smooth muscle can synthesize at least two types of collagen found in the arterial wall.

A human steroid sulfatase (steryl-sulfatase; steryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.2) cDNA 2.4 kilobases long was isolated from a human placental lambda gt11 cDNA expression library. The library was screened with monospecific rabbit antibodies elicited by injection of steroid sulfatase protein purified from human placentas. Hybridization of the cDNA with EcoRI-digested genomic DNA indicated that patients from 14 of 15 apparently unrelated families have gross deletions of the gene for steroid sulfatase. One patient had genomic DNA fragments that were identical to those from normal individuals, indicating the absence of any major deletions as the cause of his lack of steroid sulfatase enzyme activity.

Chloride distribution in the blade, sheath and midrib of leaves was determined for several grasses in salinised field plots and in nutrient solutions at various NaCl levels in the greenhouse. Chloride preferentially accumulated in the sheaths relative to the blades in all grass species and varieties examined when Cl- concentrations were expressed on a dry weight basis, although to varying degrees. Substantial levels of Cl- sheath partitioning were obtained only for sorghum when Cl- con- centrations were expressed on a fresh weight basis. Partitioning of Cl- in sorghum leaves was found to be ion specific and resulted from a combination of the ability of sheath tissue to accumulate Cl- to high concentrations and blade tissue to regulate Cl- concentrations at moderate levels.

A Na+ uptake-associated vacuolar alkalinization was observed in roots of two barley cultivars (Arivat and the more salt-tolerant California Mariout) by using 23Na and 31P in vivo NMR spectroscopy. A NaCl uptake-associated broadening was also noted for both vacuolar Pi and intracellular Na NMR peaks, consistent with Na+ uptake into the same compartment as the vacuolar Pi. A close coupling of Na+ with H+ transport (presumably the Na+/H+ antiport) in vivo was evidenced by qualitative and quantitative correlations between Na+ accumulation and vacuolar alkalinization for both cultivars. Prolongation of the low NaCl pretreatment (30 mM) increased the activity of the putative antiport in Arivat but reduced it in California Mariout. This putative antiport also showed a dependence on NaCl concentration for California Mariout but not for Arivat. No cytoplasmic acidification accompanied the antiporter activity for either cultivar. The response of adenosine phosphates indicated that ATP utilization exceeded the capacity for ATP synthesis in Arivat, but the two processes seemed balanced in California Mariout. These comparisons provide clues to the role of the tonoplast Na+/H+ antiport and compensatory cytoplasmic adjustments including pH, osmolytes, and energy phosphates in governing the different salt tolerance of the two cultivars.

In saline environments, bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (genomes AABBDD), accumulates less Na + and more K + in expanding and young leaves than durum wheat, T. turgidum L. (genomes AABB). Higher K +/Na + ratios in leaves of bread wheat correlate with its higher salt tolerance. Chromosome 4D from bread wheat was shown in previous work to play an important role in the control of this trait and was recombined with chromosome 4B in the absence of the Ph1 locus. A population of plants disomic for 4D/4B recombined chromosomes in the genetic background of T. turgidum was developed to investigate the genetic control of K +/Na + discrimination by chromosome 4D. Evidence was obtained that the trait is controlled by a single locus, designated Kna1, in the long arm of chromosome 4D. In the present work, K +/Na + discrimination was determined for additional families with 4D/4B chromosomes. The concentrations of Na + and K +/Na + ratios in the youngest leaf blades clustered in two nonoverlapping classes, and all recombinant families could be unequivocally assigned to Kna1 and kna1 classes. The Kna1 locus scored this way was mapped on a short region in the 4DL arm and was completely linked to Xwg199, Xabc305, Xbcd402, Xpsr567, and Xpsr375; it was also mapped as a quantitative trait. The results of the QTL analysis, based on the K +/Na + ratios in the young leaves of greenhouse-grown plants and flag leaves of field-grown plants, agreed with the position of Kna1 determined as a qualitative trait. Several aspects of gene introgression by manipulation of the Ph1 locus are discussed.

Nucellar calli from four Citrus cultivars with known resistance to the Phytophthora citrophthora pathogen were chosen as experimental material to test the pathogen's response to culture filtrate (CF). Sensitivity of the four calli to CF of the fungus was in reverse order to what is known on the susceptibility of the cultivars in vivo. Sensitivity of protoplasts derived from the same four calli to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was in the same order as that of calli to CF. Protoplasts derived from calli selected for tolerance to CF showed a higher plating efficiency with increasing concentration of CF in the medium. TLC and GLC determinations showed the presence of indole acetic acid in the culture filtrate. Results indicate that CF of P. citrophthora cannot be used as a selection tool in vitro.

The uptake and metabolism of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were studied in suspension cell cultures of Petunia hybrida. The initial uptake of 3H-IBA was much higher than that of 3H-IAA, and after 10 min of incubation with labeled IBA and IAA, 4.6 pM vs 0.35 (39% vs 12% of total applied radioactivity) respectively, were found in the cell extracts. The uptake of IBA reached a plateau of 6.0 pM (62%) after 2 h while that of IAA increased continuously up to 1.5 pM (46%) after 24 h. Following the addition of 40 µM of unlabeled auxin more IBA was taken in initially than IAA (39% vs 12%), but the level almost equalized after 24 h of incubation when IBA uptake reached 890 nM (55%) and IAA 840 nM (46%).

Numerous manufacturers are marketing topical creams, claiming that they improve or eliminate unwanted fat or cellulite in a short period of time. The active ingredient in most of these creams is theophylline, and claims have been made that it initiates lipolysis by binding to adipocyte @b-adrenergic receptors. The creams are applied with vigorous massage to facilitate absorption and apply mechanical stress to the fat cells. The efficacy of these creams is largely untested. This prospective randomized study was conducted to determine whether there is scientific evidence that application of these creams alone can eliminate unwanted fat or cellulite. Eleven women with normal body weight as defined by insurance tables applied either Skinny Dip^T^M or a placebo to one thigh and one half of the abdomen for 8 weeks. Each subject was examined, photographed, weighed, and measured by a study monitor on a weekly basis. There were no statistically significant differences in appearance, abdominal circumference, thigh circumference, or skin fold measurements among subjects using the active agent (Skinny Dip^T^M) or the placebo. This study failed to support the efficacy of topically applied lipolytic creams in eliminating unwanted fat manifesting as a localized bulge or cellulite presenting as a dimpling of the skin.

The failure to detect the 115-GHz line of CO in the galaxies Ma 7, Ma 8, Ma 296, Ma 297, Ma 325, Ma 432, and VV 523 leads to limits on the column density and mass of carbon monoxide. The upper limits to the masses of CO in each of these galaxies, relative to the masses of atomic hydrogen, and of the entire galaxies, tend to be comparable to or less than what is observed for our galaxy. If all spectra are averaged together to give a limit for a composite galaxy, the mass of CO relative to that of atomic hydrogen is about 8 times less than observed for our galaxy. An appendix gives the details of a method to relate CO intensity to CO column density, first used by Gordon and Burton (1976).

We have partially purified a nuclear protein (PPT) from Physarum polycephalum that binds to the extrachromosomal ribosomal DNA telomeres of this acellular slime mold. Binding is specific for the (T2AG3)n telomere repeats, as evidenced by nitrocellulose filter binding assays, by gel mobility shift assays with both DNA fragments and double-stranded oligonucleotides, and by DNase I footprinting. PPT is remarkably heat stable, showing undiminished binding activity after incubation at 90 degrees C. It sediments at 1.2S, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 10,000 (for a globular protein), and its binding activity is undiminished by incubation with RNase, suggesting that it is not a ribonucleoprotein. We hypothesize that PPT plays a structural role in telomeres, perhaps preventing nucleolytic degradation or promoting telomere extension by a telomere-specific terminal transferase.

The concentration and amounts of three chlorinated insecticides were lower in runoff from a rotation system of potato (Solanum tuberosumL.), oats (Avena sativaL.), and sod, than under continuous potato cropping. Runoff samples from natural runoff plots were collected following each storm, and the amounts of DDT, endrin, and endosulfan were analyzed with a gas chromatograph. The amounts of pesticides in runoff were small compared to the amount applied. The concentrations of the insecticides in the runoff (soil‐water suspension) were generally greater than those found in the settled soil (sludge).

Soil loss curves of six soil types were obtained using a laboratory rainfall simulator. During the first 10 min of rainfall, soil losses increased to a maximum and then decreased sharply for the Marshall silty clay loam, Dunkirk silt loam, Caribou loam, and Nicholville silt loam soils. There was no peaking effect with the Hartland sandy loam and Winooski silt loam soils and the rate of soil loss was constant after 10 min. A linear relationship was obtained between clay content and soil loss during the 5‐ to 10‐min period. Detailed studies on the Dunkirk and Winooski soils suggest that the peaking effect may be due to the rate and extent of crust formation in the early stages of rainfall wetting. Bulk density of the 0‐ to 5‐mm layer increased from 1.15 to 1.65 g/cc for the Dunkirk soil and from 0.83 to 1.14 g/cc for the Winooski. The amount and distance of splash from a Caribou soil was measured using two drop sizes, 5.1 mm and 3.2 mm. Splash soil losses from the soil pans for the six soils was as much as three to four times those found in the runoff water.

Summary: Supplemental irrigation increased yield and number of tubers in three of the four years studied. There was no significant effect of irrigation on the specific gravity of Katahdin potatoes. A separate study relating the effect of compaction on potato yield indicated that sprayer traffic reduced yields from 8 to 31%.

Minimum or reduced tillage has been of much interest because of increased efficiency in use of labor and equipment and reduction in time and costs. The effects of some minimum tillage practices on soil factors affecting the quality and yields of potatoes were studied in Aroostook County, Maine, during 1964 to 1969. Tillage treatments evaluated were: chisel-plant, direct-plant, plow-plant, chisel-plant with large-hill-no-cultivation, control, and control with large-hill-no-cultivation. The six tillage treatments did not appreciably affect yield regardless of some differences in emergence, soil firmness, soil water and soil temperature. Runoff and soil losses were not affected by chiseling. However erosion losses were greater from the chisel-plant treatment with a large-hill-no-cultivation during low rate rainstorms which occurred in 1969. The acceptance or rejection of any of the tillage practices would have to be based on the economics of soil and crop management. The data presented indicate that a chisel-point operation with cultivation is presently the most satisfactory method of reducing tillage.

The presence of adrenal bodies in Xenopus laevis has long been a controversial point. Although these bodies are present as well-defined, yellowish masses in the kidneys of most Amphibia, morphologists have usually stated that none can be demonstrated in the kidneys of Xenopus (5). To account for this absence, other workers have sought for accessory adrenal glands, but their search has proved fruitless up to the present.