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Assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro fertilization ( IVF), are now frequently used, and increasing evidence indicates that IVF causes gene expression changes in children and adolescents that increase the risk of metabolic diseases. Although such gene expression changes are thought to be due to IVF-induced epigenetic changes, the mechanism remains elusive. We tested whether the transcription factor ATF7-which mediates stress-induced changes in histone H3K9 tri- and dimethylation, typical marks of epigenetic silencing-is involved in the IVF-induced gene expression changes. IVF up- and downregulated the expression of 688 and 204 genes, respectively, in the liver of 3-week-old wild-type ( WT) mice, whereas 87% and 68% of these were not changed, respectively, by IVF in ATF7-deficient ( Atf7 −/−) mice. The genes, which are involved in metabolism, such as pyrimidine and purine metabolism, were upregulated in WT mice, but not in Atf7 −/− mice. Of the genes whose expression was upregulated by IVF in WT mice, 37% were also upregulated by a loss of ATF7. These results indicate that ATF7 is a key factor in establishing the memory of IVF effects on metabolic pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reflects on what recursion is, how it evolved, what frame of mind lies before this linguistic feature, which brain areas are involved, and whether it is a unique feature of human language. Recursion is conceived as the third and last functional step in the evolution of language, within the framework of TELES3 (Theory of Language Evolution by Three Emergencies and Natural Selection). This theory is based m the idea that a lexical symbolic protolanguage emerged first, and later only in our species emerged modern speech. The type of recursion taken into account is the central-embeading, which recently arose as a critical point emergence that caused an epigenetic change in the previous language system, which profoundly increased its verbal working memory. Recursion is not a separate system from the rest of the artifacts that make up the distributed functional neural linguistic system. Finally, this paper analyzes the implications for TELES3 about the possibility of the absence or recursion in pirahâ and others languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]