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Present work was planned to predict the fertility in relation to frequency of neutrophils in cytological smears from genital secretions in crossbred cows. A total of 100 crossbred cows including 73 apparently healthy normal parous cows in group I and 27 repeaters in group II were utilized. The discharges from cervix and fornix vagina at standing estrus were aspirated from every cow and processed for cytological studies. In the present work, in both groups no animal conceived with neutrophils threshold ≥5% in cytological smears from cervix. It was concluded that cut off point of ≥5% could be considered to predict its implications on fertility and to define subclinical endometritis in cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of trans-rectal ultrasonography and endometrial cytology to diagnose subclinical endometritis in postpartum Murrah buffaloes. Forty two buffaloes (6 normal, 6 clinical endometritic and 30 subclinical endometritic) were selected from college livestock farm and organised farms of Jabalpur. Trans-rectal ultrasonography, endometrial cytology and microbial assay were performed. Efficacy of trans-rectal ultrasonography and endometrial cytology for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis along with microbial assay was recorded as 69.23 and 87.17%, respectively. It is concluded that endometrial cytology is effective diagnostic technique for diagnosis of subclinical endometritis. Subclinical endometritis cases diagnosed as negative or doubtful by ultrasonography could be confirmed by endometrial cytology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometritis is one of the major diseases causing infertility in the cow. Intrauterine infusion of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) is a common treatment. However, the optimal concentration of PVP-I for treating endometritis effectively remains unknown. We tested concentrations of 2.0% or 0.5% PVP-I for treating clinical endometritis in dairy cattle. In Experiment 1, bacteria isolated from the uterus were incubated with either 2.0% or 0.5% PVP-I, and the numbers of bacterial colonies were counted. In Experiment 2, 18 cows with clinical endometritis were treated with either 2.0% or 0.5% PVP-I (n=9 in each group). Cytology samples and bacteria were collected using a cytobrush on weeks 0 (W0), 1 (W1) and 2 (W2) after treatment. Subsequent reproductive performance was compared between the two groups. In Experiment 1, both concentrations had a similar antiseptic outcome. In Experiment 2, the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN%) in the endometrial epithelium at W2 in the 2.0% group was significantly lower (P<0.05) than in the 0.5% group, although the PMN% decreased significantly from W0 to W2 (P<0.01) in both groups. Decreases in bacterial infection rates from W0 to W2 were similar in both groups. The first service conception rate was higher, numbers of services per conception were fewer, and time to conception was shorter in the 2.0% group than in the 0.5% group. Thus, an intrauterine infusion of 2.0% PVP-I was better than 0.5% in treating clinical endometritis in these dairy cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multiple findings in gynecological exam made endometritis diagnosis more accurate. • Endometritis diagnostic in subfertile mares can be influenced by gynecology exam. • Different gynecological techniques have different outcomes endometritis diagnose. • The comparison of methods and techniques showed distinct sensitivities/specificities. • Double-guarded collector was quick to perform and demonstrated the best values. • Fragment flush, new sample collection technique, was used to diagnosis endometritis. • Laboratory methods of endometritis diagnosis showed higher sensitivity/specificity. Endometritis is a relevant cause of subfertility in mares. However, the accurate diagnosis, essential for effective treatment, can be difficult due to the variability of results and interpretations resulting from different examination methods and sample collection techniques. The present work compared gynecological evaluation methods and sample collection techniques to diagnose endometritis in subfertile mares. Forty animals with a history of subfertility were selected for gynecological evaluation using clinical methodologies, such as perineal conformation, transrectal palpation and ultrasonography, vaginoscopy, and digital examination of the cervix. In addition, we performed laboratory analyses, including uterine microbiological culture and endometrial cytology and histology, of which the latter is the gold standard for the diagnosis of endometritis. Samples were collected for microbiological culture and endometrial cytological evaluations using three different techniques: a commercial cytobrush/swab collector, low-volume uterine flush, and a new tested technique, by flush the fragment resulting from the endometrial biopsy. Transrectal palpation and ultrasound showed the best results among clinical examinations. However, they were less efficient in laboratory tests of endometrial cytology and uterine microbiological culture, in which the latter showed the highest sensitivity and specificity for endometritis compared with endometrial histology. The use of multiple results from different methods has also proved to be an effective alternative for diagnosis. Among the techniques used to collect endometrial material for cytology and microbiological culture, the most effective and practical in this study was the commercial cytobrush/swab collector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on a study of the effectivity of the endometrial cytology method in the diagnosis of both acute and chronic endometritis in cows. Topics include the Brown Swiss and Holstein cows utilized in the study at the Atatürk University Dairy Research Farm, the staining with Giemsa during the cytological examination and the cellular density results. Also mentioned were the macrophage, lymphocyte and epithelial cells classifications.

OBJECTIVE: To compare diagnostic accuracy of sonohysterography vs hysteroscopy in patients with benign uterine endocavitary findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 202 patients submitted to sonohysterography after transvaginal ultra-sound examination suspicious for uterine endocavitary findings. Cytological sample was taken and analyzed from the fluid used to distend the uterine cavity. Of 202 patients enrolled for this study, 86 patients underwent gynaecological surgery, of whom 77 were treated with operative hysteroscopy and 9 with other gynaecological surgical techniques. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate diagnostic agreement between sonohysterography vs hysteroscopy and cytology vs histology. RESULTS: Diagnostic concordance between sonohysterography and hysteroscopy was significant (k value 0.87). The correlation between cytological and histological findings had a moderate level of concordance (k value 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: Sonohysterography provides a diagnostic accuracy as well as hysteroscopy, therefore, it could be considered an alternative procedure in the diagnosis of benign uterine endocavitary findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the cytology brush (CB) and cotton swab (CS) in the cytological evaluation of the endometrium in mares with regard to fertility. The study was conducted on 26 mares displaying spontaneous estrus. Samples for cytological evaluation were taken from each mare by using commercially available CS and CB. After sample collection, all mares were mated in the same estrus, and pregnancy diagnosis was performed 14-18 days after last mating. No vaginal cells were found in smears, and the CB technique yielded significantly more cells/high-power field (HPF) than the CS technique. Additionally, more cases of endometritis were diagnosed using the CB than the CS. It was also shown that the degree of inflammation is more important in diagnosis of infertility in the mare than the mere presence or absence of inflammation. In conclusion, further studies are needed to establish more precise criteria for the interpretation of inflammation, especially if samples are collected using the CB. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article offers a comparison between outpatient endometrial sampling cytology with conventional biopsy in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. It states that brush cytology cannot identify endometrial polyps while cytological smears obtained from atrophic endometriums makes diagnosis of endometrial disease more probable. It suggests that endometrial brush cytology (EBC) is an excellent method to detect endometrial cancer early in patients at high-risk.

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Cytological samples were collected from 10 healthy controls, 43 repeat breeders and 8 clinical endometritis animals by cervical aspiration and cytobrush method. The cytological smears were stained and counted under oil immersion lens of a light microscope. The mean neutrophils count obtained through cervical aspiration was 0.29±0.12, 3.5±1.86 and 71.75±7.65; and through the cytobrush was 0.7±0.28, 3.38±2.11 and 41.25±5.98% in Group I, Group II and Group III, respectively and differed significantly. In repeat breeders, Cytobrush yielded similar result compared to cervical aspiration for identification of subclinical endometritis when 5% and 10% neutrophils threshold were taken to define subclinical endometritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of the current study was to examine the use of thin-layer cytologic (TLC) preparation compared to conventional cytologic preparation (CCP) in the normal endometrium (proliferative, secretory, atrophic) and endometrial glandular and stromal breakdown (EGBD). During a 6-month period, we compiled 158 cases by collecting a direct endometrial sample using the Uterobrush. The material comprised 40 cases of proliferative endometrium, 42 cases of secretory endometrium, 46 cases of atrophic endometrium, and 30 cases of EGBD. The following points were investigated: (1) number of endometrial epithelial cell clumps; (2) presence of TLC > CCP cases on number of epithelial cell clumps; (3) number of condensed cluster of stromal cells; (4) presence of TLC > CCP cases on number of condensed cluster of stromal cells; (5) presence of metaplastic clumps with irregular protrusion-containing condensed stromal cluster; (6) presence of a clear background; (7) presence of blood vessel in TLC; (8) presence of blood vessel of length more than diameter of a field in object ×20 glasses in TLC. (1) In all phases, the number of epithelial cell clumps per a unit area of a preparation of TLC is greater than in CCP. (2) Cells (condensed cluster of stromal cells and metaplastic clumps with irregular protrusion-containing condensed stromal cluster) of useful and adequate numbers for a diagnosis of EGBD were observed in TLC. (3) In all phases, TLC was significantly higher than CCP on the appearance of a clear background. (4) The proliferative endometrium and secretory endometrium were highly significant in comparison with atrophic endometrium and EGBD, respectively, in terms of the occurrence of a blood vessel of length more than diameter of a field in object ×20 glasses. Although the preparation area of TLC is smaller than that of CCP, the preparation has a clean background so that an accurate report on the patient''s condition is possible. Therefore, TLC preparation is a useful tool for the accurate and reliable diagnosis of normal endometrial phase and EGBD, because the preparation area is confined and identification of the target cell clumps is easy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this article, office endometrial sampling techniques are reviewed, their feasibility and diagnostic accuracy. The main objective of blind endometrial sampling in perimenopausal patients with abnormal uterine bleeding is detecting premalignant or malignant endometrial disease. As the frequency of postmenopausal bleeding decreases with older age, the risk of endometrial cancer increases, being virtually zero in women under 50 years up to nearly 25% in women over 80 years. In women between 65 and 80 years of age the probability of endometrial cancer was estimated to be 15%. The association between atypical hyperplasia and endometrial cancer is well established. Hyperplasia has a maximal prevalence in symptomatic patients of 15% between 50 and 60 years of age. The sampled material can be examined cytologically and by histology. There are no good studies available to compare the diagnostic accuracy of cytology with histology and results are inconsistent. There is some evidence that the combination of cytology and histology can increase the number of adequate specimens. Sampling techniques that aim at histological examination of the specimen use scraping (‘abrasion’), aspiration or lavage or a combination as mechanisms to dislodge endometrial material. The endometrial aspiration, for example by the cannula Pipelle de Cornier combines a fair acceptability with a sufficient tissue yield and diagnostic accuracy regarding (pre)malignant endometrial change. The failure rate of aspiration techniques is approximately 10%, the proportion of inadequate samples is 13% and the proportion of women that report substantial pain is 5%. Regarding the diagnostic accuracy, the aspiration techniques (Pipelle, Vabra, Vakutage) have the best performance in detecting hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. However there is evidence that supports the contention that malignant pathology can be missed by outpatient biopsy and, therefore, additional endometrial assessment should be undertaken, especially in case of insufficient material, if symptoms persist or if intrauterine structural abnormalities are suspected. In that case, hysteroscopy and curettage are recommended. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents research on endometrial cytology for diagnosis of endometritis in crossbred cows. It discusses method in obtaining standing estrus discharges from vagina, cervix and uterus through the Aspiration technique and lavage method. It mentions results from cytological smears of neutrophils count and lymphocytes count and evaluation of evidence of infection.

Breast apocrine carcinoma is a rare malignancy characterized histologically by a predominance of acidophilic tumor cells exhibiting apocrine metaplasia. Apocrine tumors represent only about 0.4% of all breast cancers. Many cases are diagnosed at stage I or II; thus, the prognosis is better than that for other types of breast cancer. Here we present a 57-year-old female patient with primary apocrine breast carcinoma that was incidentally discovered by endometrial cytology. The patient had undergone routine uterine cancer screening at the age of 56 with resulting positive endometrial cytology. Subsequent histological examination of an endometrial biopsy revealed suspected metastatic uterine adenocarcinoma. Further evaluation revealed a 3-cm mass in the left breast, which was histopathologically diagnosed as breast cancer. Dual procedures were performed at the departments of gynecology and breast surgery. The patient underwent a modified radical mastectomy of the left breast and left axillary lymph node dissection. Laparotomy revealed multiple adhesions throughout the peritoneal cavity that suggested invasive metastatic cancer, and a right adnexectomy was performed. Histopathological examination of the resected left breast and right ovary tissues revealed apocrine carcinoma. Thus, stage IV breast cancer was diagnosed. The patient finished 6 cycles of paclitaxel and is now under observation on an outpatient basis. In this patient, breast cancer was discovered incidentally through a detailed work-up after a positive result of endometrial cytology. Uterine cancer screening has the potential, although rare, to detect metastatic cancer originating elsewhere. This should be taken into consideration during the work-up due to positive endometrial cytology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]