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Extending the study of Shaw et al., this study aimed to determine whether early therapeutic alliance, baseline client symptom severity, and client race predicted treatment duration and post client symptom severity. Participants (N = 75) were clients at a community mental health clinic. Baseline client symptom severity, but not early therapeutic alliance, predicted post client symptom severity; client race predicted treatment duration. Collectively, early therapeutic alliance, baseline client symptom severity, and client race predicted post client symptom severity.

This study examined whether blood fatty acid levels, vitamin D status, and/or physical activity are associated with physical fitness scores; a measure of mood, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; and a measure of resiliency, Dispositional Resiliency Scale-15 in active duty Soldiers. 100 active duty males at Fort Hood, Texas, underwent a battery of psychometric tests, anthropometric measurements, and fitness tests, and they also provided fasting blood samples for fatty acid and vitamin D analysis. Pearson bivariate correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among psychometric tests, anthropometric measurements, physical performance, reported physical inactivity (sitting time), and fatty acid and vitamin D blood levels. On the basis of these findings, a regression equation was developed to predict a depressed mood status as determined by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The equation accurately predicted depressed mood status in 80% of our participants with a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 80.5%. Results indicate that the use of a regression equation may be helpful in identifying Soldiers at higher risk for mental health issues. Future studies should evaluate the impact of exercise and diet as a means of improving resiliency and reducing depressed mood in Soldiers.

Medicaid Personal Care Services (PCS) help families meet children's needs for assistance with functional tasks. However, PCS may have other effects on a child's well-being, but research has not yet established the existence of such effects.

This study identified problems and associated feelings experienced by family caregivers of stroke survivors during the second and third month after discharge from a rehabilitation facility to home. Safety was the most frequent problem identified by family caregivers. Other problems were managing activities of daily living (ADLs) and cognitive, behavioral, and emotional changes by stroke survivors. About half of caregivers expressed more positive feelings toward managing these problems by week 8 and the majority expressed these feelings by week 12.

The purpose of this study was to identify the major problems and associated feelings experienced by family caregivers of stroke survivors during the first month after returning home. Safety, difficulty in managing activities of daily living, and cognitive, behavioral and emotional changes of stroke survivors (for example, mood swings, lack of motivation, forgetfulness and memory loss, depression and calling the caregiver often) were the three most common problems experienced by caregivers during the first month. Other problems were loss of caregiver independence, confinement, tiredness and inadequate time to do caregiving tasks as well as managing stroke survivor physical symptoms, for example, pain, not eating and skin problems. The first month of caregiving is very dynamic and distressful for caregivers of stroke survivors and telephone contacts appear to be beneficial in assisting caregivers to cope with the caregiving process.

Family caregivers of persons with physical disabilities experience disproportionately higher levels of distress compared to family members who are not in a caregiving role. Role-related stressors often tax caregivers' abilities to effectively confront and solve problems and increase caregivers' risk for anxiety, depression, and compromised physical health. Problem-solving interventions effectively alleviate caregiver distress and help caregivers learn useful coping skills. In this article, we will discuss the use of telecommunication technology in Project FOCUS, an active, home-based intervention designed to teach family caregivers effective problem-solving skills.

As individuals with significant functional deficits are discharged earlier from the hospital, health care professionals are challenged to develop cost-effective intervention programmes that will assist family members to manage caregiving problems in the home. The literature suggests that social problem-solving can positively influence the physical and psychological well-being of individuals. This paper describes a social problem-solving training procedure provided primarily by telephone to assist family caregivers to manage caregiving issues in the home.

Persons with personality disorders exhibit many health-compromising behaviors including impulsivity, poor social judgment, interpersonal turmoil, and maladaptive coping strategies. These behaviors are often observed among some persons who incur spinal cord injuries (SCIs); such behaviors are also suspected in the development of psychological problems and pressures sores. We conducted two studies to examine these issues. In the first study, we studied the rate at which personality disorder characteristics were observed among persons recuperating from surgical repair of a severe pressure sore and the rate of these characteristics among persons with recent-onset SCI. In the second study, we examined the relation of personality disorder characteristics to emotional adjustment and pressure sore occurrence among persons with recent-onset SCI. Our findings suggest that these personality characteristics may be observed among many persons with SCI, but they may not be uniquely predictive of pressure sore development.

Segregated pathways enable AtRGS1 endocytosis to transduce signal-specific responses in Arabidopsis.

Gastrointestinal helminth parasites are a concern for the poultry industry worldwide as they can affect the health, welfare, and production performance. A systematic review of the prevalence over time in different countries may improve our understanding of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in chickens and subsequently lead to improved poultry health. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide an overview of the published information regarding the epidemiology and the diagnostic approaches of chicken helminth infection. Six databases were searched for studies, and a total of 2,985 articles published between 1942 and 2019 were identified and subsequently screened for eligibility using title or abstract and full text assessment, resulting in 191 publications to be used in the study. Postmortem diagnostics (73.8%) and the flotation technique (28.8%) were commonly used to detect helminth infections with a pooled prevalence of 79.4% ranging from 4 to 100%. More than 30 helminth species in chicken populations were identified including Ascaridia galli(35.9%), Heterakis gallinarum(28.5%), Capillaria spp.(5.90%), and Raillietina spp.(19.0%) being the most prevalent. The reported prevalence of helminth infection decreased over time in developing countries while it increased in the developed world. Chicken kept in backyard and free-range systems had a markedly higher pooled prevalence of helminth infection (82.6 and 84.8%, respectively) than those housed in cage production systems (63.6%). This may indicate the need for more rigorous control and prevention measures in free-range and backyard production systems using regular deworming coupled with access to early and accurate diagnosis allowing for early intervention.

Results are presented of an experimental investigation, the objectives of which were to evaluate and compare the performance of conventional plywood shear walls with walls that include viscoelastic (VE) dampers. Cyclic tests were conducted on conventional walls and walls with VE dampers; five different damper configurations were tested. The walls with the VE dampers showed an increase in the total energy dissipation and an increase in the effective stiffness, relative to the conventional wall, with increases in energy dissipation as high as 59 percent. Tests demonstrated that the sheathing-to-stud and corner dampers can easily be installed within the confines of the wall and can be utilized without impacting the design, construction, or finishing of the shear wall. The results demonstrate that addition of the viscoelastic dampers significantly enhanced the dynamic performance of the walls by increasing the energy dissipation capacity and providing a constant source of energy dissipation.

This study examined the correlates of unrealistic beliefs about spinal cord injury [SCI), denial tendencies, and defensiveness over the first year following injury onset (JV = 40). Individuals were interviewed at three different times after their return to the community. Specific overly optimistic beliefs about SCI were not associated with any index of adjustment at the first two assessments; however, these beliefs were associated with greater distress and perceived handicap 1 year following return to the community. Greater denial and defensiveness were consistently associated with less distress, hostility, and perceived handicap at each assessment. No self-report variables were associated with the occurrence of preventable secondary complications diagnosed 1 year following discharge from the rehabilitation unit. Results are discussed as they pertain to models of reality negotiation and adjustment to the onset of severe physical disability.

A consecutive sample of 63 adventitiously blinded American military veterans in a interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation program participated in this study examining the relation of hope to self-reported functional ability level. Scores from a modified oral administration of the Hope Scale and the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory basic coping styles were used as predictor variables to test regression-based models of mediation and moderation relations to functional ability level. Results support a mediating role for hope in the relation between a proactive sociable style and perceived level of functional ability.

Recent and dramatic changes in the demand for and reimbursement of psychological services and expertise in health care delivery systems have radical implications for the preparation of psychologists at the predoctoral, internship, and postdoctoral levels. In order to respond to these changes effectively and advance the profession, training programs must realize the expanded and potential role of psychological expertise in evolving health care delivery systems. In this paper, we review several limitations and unfortunate consequences of traditional training programs that have confined the scope of research and practice to the realm of “mental health.” We propose that future psychologists be recognized and trained from a broader perspective as “behavioral scientists,” prepared to operate at the highest levels of health care delivery systems. Specific recommendations for training and education are discussed.

The A mating factor of Coprinus cinereus determines compatibility in mating by regulating part of a developmental sequence that leads to dikaryon formation. The A genes that trigger development encode two different classes of homeodomain proteins, and for a successful mating, a protein of one class, HD 1, must interact with a protein of the other class, HD 2. In this report we show that C. cinereus A genes that encode HD 2 proteins, a2-1 and b2-1, can elicit A-regulated development in the heterologous host C. bilanatus. Transformation rates were very low, suggesting that the genes were poorly transcribed. The fact that the HD 2 genes are functionally expressed implies successful heteromultimeric association of putative DNA-binding proteins coded by the two Coprinus species. This interaction was sufficient to satisfy the need for different A factors in the formation of a fertile C. bilanatus dikaryon, but fertile dikaryons were more readily produced in matings with the a2-1 gene transformants. The C. cinereus A genes, b1-1 and d1-1, which encode HD1 proteins, were either not expressed or their proteins were non-functional in C. bilanatus. These experiments raise some interesting questions regarding HD1–HD2 protein interactions.

Differential responses to depressed male and female spinal-cord-injured persons were assessed using an analogue model. Forty male and 53 female undergraduates listened to a scripted audiotape interview of either a male or a female individual with a spinal cord injury who was either depressed or not depressed. There were no significant effects for subject gender, and, regardless of the sex of the target person, the depressed individual was rated less attractive, competent, and desirable. However, the depressed female elicited the least desire for future interaction. Although there were no target gender differences in attractiveness for the depressed condition, the nondepressed male with a spinal cord injury was viewed as significantly less attractive than his female counterpart.

We tested for mediating effects of trait negative affectivity and trait positive affectivity on the associations between cognitive appraisals of occupational stress and emotional distress among professional journalists and school teachers. According to past research, it was expected that trait negative affectivity (TNA) would mediate the appraisal-distress relation. According to transactional models of adjustment, cognitive appraisals of (a) the degree to which an occupational stressor interfered with cognitive expectations on the job (Elliott & Harkins, 1992), (b) the person's ability to tolerate the discorrespondence imposed by the stressor (Dawis & Lofquist, 1984), and (c) personal control over the stressor should remain predictive of emotional distress above and beyond the variance attributed to TNA. Results from separate multiple regression analyses indicated that TNA did not completely explain the appraisal-distress relation for either sample. Minimal relations were found for trait positive affectivity with appraisal activity and distress. Appraisals of interference, tolerance, and control were associated with distress, as expected. Our findings indicate cognitive processes and TNA both contribute to the negative emotional reactions to occupational stress. Pertinent implications for theoretical models of stress appraisal, coping, and work adjustment are discussed.Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press

The Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems of Care have served a unique role in the provision of integrated and coordinated care for persons with spinal cord injuries (SCI), and in collaborative research efforts to advance available technologies. Although the basic mission of the model systems remains viable, contemporary issues and trends indicate that the model systems concept ought to be expanded in terms of roles and functions to meet current needs.

This study examined the effects of problem-solving appraisal on psychological adjustment following spinal cord injury. It was predicted that self-appraised effective problem-solvers would evidence less depressive behavior and psychosocial impairment and would be more assertive than self-appraised ineffective problem-solvers regardless of time since the onset of injury. Participants included 90 persons receiving either in-patient or out-patient services for spinal cord injury at one of three rehabilitation facilities. Results indicated that problem-solving appraisal was significantly predictive of all three dependent measures, confirming the hypotheses. The findings are discussed as they pertain to theoretical implications for current models of problem-solving appraisal, and in relation to applications of problem-solving in rehabilitation.

Interpersonal models of depression have received mixed support in experimental studies. Investigations to date have not examined spontaneous subject social-cognitive processes that may mediate social responses to a depressed person. In this study, subjects viewed a videotaped interview of a target who behaved in either a depressed or nondepressed manner, and appeared either physically disabled or able-bodied. Self-report measures of interpersonal rejection and subject mood were collected. Subjects also completed a thought-listing procedure with instructions to write down any thoughts currently and recently experienced. Depressed targets elicited more negative evaluations and fewer positive evaluations from subjects. Additionally, subjects had more thoughts about supporting and offering assistance to the depressed-able-bodied target. Target depression did not elicit more thoughts indicative of social and interpersonal rejection, contrary to predictions. Results indicate that after brief exposure to a depressed person, subjects form many negative opinions about that person.

Previous investigations of the interpersonal response to depression and spinal cord injury have used different analog methods, and this has prevented reliable comparisons across studies. This study examined the effects of disparate analog methods on the interpersonal response to depression and spinal cord injury. Male and female college students were exposed to one of four analog presentations (in vivo,videotape, audiotape, and videotape without sound) in which a male spinal cord injured actor portrayed a depressed or nondepressed state during a brief interview. Subjects rated their own mood following the analog presentation and responded to a series of questions measuring their reactions to the actor. Subjects in the depressed condition experienced greater negative mood and reported more negative reactions toward the actor than subjects in the nondepressed condition. Subjects exposed to the in vivoanalog method experienced greater anxiety and hostility than those in the audiotape, videotape, or videotape without sound methods. There were no differential analog effects, however, for subjects' reactions to the actor. The presence or absence of actor depression and method of analog presentation did not interact with one another. These findings are discussed in terms of the interpersonal model of depression as it relates to spinal cord injury. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the study are presented.

As part of a comprehensive interdisciplinary evaluation conducted prior to participation in an outpatient chronic pain treatment program, the psychological status of 101 persons was assessed. The majority of participants was found to have a form of personality disorder, determined by conservative cutoff scores applied to their Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) profiles. DSM-III-R Cluster C disorders (i.e., Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Passive-Aggressive) were overrepresented in this sample. Subsequent analyses revealed that personality disorders were related to higher levels of self-reported distress and pain at both the beginning and the end of outpatient treatment. Differential responses to treatment were observed on self-report measures; however, few relations were found between personality disorder and physical therapist ratings of impairment and improvement. Implications for the assessment of personality disorders in outpatient pain treatment programs are discussed and appropriate intervention strategies are considered.

Secondary complications following spinal cord injury (SCI) include decubitus ulcers and recurrent urinary tract infections. These conditions can significantly impair quality of life and prove life-threatening; it is also believed that these conditions are mediated by behavioral pathways. According to the social problem-solving model, persons who report effective problem-solving skills should be capable of adhering to long-term therapeutic regimens of self-care necessary to prevent these complications. We tested this assumption in the present study. Discriminant function analyses revealed self-appraised skills in approaching and defining problems contributed to the prediction of secondary complications among 53 persons with SCI. Results are discussed in light of the social problem-solving model, and the utility of problem-solving interventions in rehabilitation is explored.

This study examined predictions that the effects of social support on psychosocial impairment among persons with spinal cord injury would vary as a function of specific social relationships and chronicity. Results revealed positive and negative associations between certain types of support and psychosocial impairment. Reports of greater support reinforcing self-worth were less impaired regardless of time since the onset of disability. In contrast, social relationships in which a person was responsible for the well-being of another were associated with greater impairment. Several significant interactions between specific types of support and time since injury were observed. Findings are discussed as they expand current theoretical understanding of the beneficial and negative effects of social support on adjustment.

Differences on four MMPI Scales were studied among 288 college students who were classified into one of three durations of therapy. Multivariate analyses showed Scales Dand Sito be significantly higher for those remaining in therapy ≥ 13 sessions, and these scales predicted duration.

The relation of perceived interference of menstruation on expected behaviors to emotional distress was examined. It was predicted that the perceived interference of menstruation would be more predictive of emotional distress associated with menstruation than either menstrual or premenstrual pain. Participants completed measures of menstrual pain and visual analogue scales of emotional distress (anger, frustration, depression, anxiety, fear). Measures of perceived ability to tolerate the pain, the perceived interference of the pain, and attitudes toward menstruation were also collected. Results indicated that perceived interference was the strongest predictor of emotional distress secondary to menstrual pain. Ratings of menstrual and premenstrual pain were also significant predictors of emotional distress. Results supported the major hypothesis of the study and provide evidence that the appraisal of interference imposed by a particular condition or Stressor may be an important factor in stress and coping processes.

Frequency counts were made by author from the reference sections of articles published in Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin(Volumes 25-27) and Journal oj Applied Rehabilitation Counseling(Volumes 13-15). Several influential publications and authors in current rehabilitation counseling research were identified.

A model to predict affective and informational antecedents of career indecision was proposed. The model attempted to explicate paths between personality dispositions, appraisal of problem-solving skills, career decision-making styles, and antecedents of career indecision. Both personality and coping constructs were posited to examine the relative contribution of dispositional and perceived skill variables. Using a college student sample, results from a path analysis indicated that the disposition of neuroticism was a powerful predictor of perceived problem-solving skills, a dependent decision- making style, and both affective and informational antecedents of career indecision. The predicted effects of the coping constructs were of a much smaller magnitude. Directions for future research are discussed and several suggestions for career counseling assessment and intervention selection are made.