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Exploring cellular responses necessitates studying real‐time metabolic pathway kinetics, considering the adaptable nature of cells. Glycolysis and glutaminolysis are interconnected pathways fundamental to driving cellular metabolism, generating both energy and essential biosynthetic molecules. While prior studies explored glycolysis tracking, this research focuses on monitoring the kinetics of the glutaminolysis pathway by evaluating the effect of glutamine availability on glycolytic kinetics and by investigating the impact of a stimulator (oligomycin) and inhibitor (2DG) on the glycolytic flux in the presence of glutamine. Additionally, we adapted a rate equation model to provide improved understanding of the pathway kinetics. The experimental and simulated results indicate a significant reduction in extracellular lactate production in the presence of glutamine, reflecting a shift from glycolysis towards oxidative phosphorylation, due to the additional contribution of glutamine to energy production through the ETC (electron transport chain), reducing the glycolytic load. Oligomycin, an ETC inhibitor, increases lactate production to the original glycolytic level, despite the presence of glutamine. Nevertheless, its mechanism is influenced by the presence of glutamine, as predicted by the model. Conversely, 2DG notably reduces lactate production, affirming its glycolytic origin. The gradual increase in lactate production under the influence of 2DG implies increased activation of glutaminolysis as an alternative energy source. The model also simulates the varying metabolic responses under varying carbon/modulator concentrations. In conclusion, the kinetic model described here contributes to the understanding of changes in intracellular metabolites and their interrelationships in a way which would be challenging to obtain solely through kinetic assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) have shown great promise for use in photovoltaic devices, due to their ability to offer advantages such as tunability of visible light and efficient light emission. This study demonstrates the successful utilization of a triazine-based PO-T2T (2,4,6-Tris[3(diphenylphosphenyl)phenyl]-1,3,5-triazine; PO-T2T) as the electron transport layer (ETL) through an all-solution process. To improve the structural and optical characterization of CsPbBr 3 and CsPbI 3 QDs, three organic solvents, namely chlorobenzene, methyl acetate, and ethyl acetate, were selected to find an effective orthogonal solvent for PO-T2T. The all-solution processed devices incorporating PO-T2T and Methyl acetate (MeOAc) demonstrated impressive external quantum efficiencies of 5.57% for CsPbBr 3 and 1.60% for CsPbI 3 QDs. Notably, these devices also achieved the highest maximum luminance among all-solution processed PQDs-LEDs, with values of 33334 cd m–2 for CsPbBr 3 and 224 cd m–2 for CsPbI 3 QDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) thin films, antithetically exhibiting n-type conductivity, were electro–deposited on Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide (FTO) coated glass substrates. Linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry studies coupled with structural characterization of the deposit identify the occurrence of multiple reduction reactions, including "corrosion" of Cu2O to Cu. Interestingly, an underpotential conversion (negative of +0.039 V vs Ag/AgCl) of the Cu2O film to Cu islands is observed during potentiostatic deposition. The same process is also shown as a potential spike in chronopotentiometry curves, during galvanostatic deposition, at current densities that are cathodic of −0.2 mAcm−1. The reason for the formation of Cu is attributed to the decrease in local pH in the vicinity of the working electrode, whence thermodynamic conditions favor the formation of Cu. The proroguation of Cu formation is achieved by continuously stirring the solution, thereby stabilizing the pH at the electrode. Deferment of film corrosion to increasingly longer times is observed with increasing stirring rates. Mott-Schottky analysis of phase-pure films reveals the formation of degenerately doped n-type Cu2O films (n ∼1020 cm−3). The phase pure Cu2O films could be used as an electron transport layer in several photo-conversion devices and ultimately pave the way for an oxide homojunction device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the branched-chain amino acids, leucine and isoleucine have been well studied for their roles in improving mitochondrial function and reducing oxidative stress. However, role of valine in mitochondrial function regulation and oxidative stress management remains elusive. This study investigated valine effect on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in vitro. Valine increased expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics. It upregulates mitochondrial function at complexes I, II, and IV levels of electron transport chain. Flow cytometry studies revealed, valine reduced oxidative stress by significantly lowering mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and protein expression of 4-hydroxynonenal. Functional role of valine against oxidative stress was analyzed by XFe96 Analyzer. Valine sustained oxidative phosphorylation and improved ATP generation rates during oxidative stress. In conclusion, our findings shed more light on the critical function of valine in protecting mitochondrial function thereby preventing mitochondrial/cellular damage induced by oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pi-MnO2-rGO-CFP electrode was developed through a concurrent deposition of Pi-MnO2 and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on carbon fiber paper (CFP). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) were applied for the electrochemical characterization of the electrode. The electro catalytic activity of the modified electrode was improved by the increased synergistic characteristics of the CFP and electrochemically deposited rGO-Pi-MnO2 composite. The performance of the modified electrode was remarkable due to its lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct), and highest surface area offering more active sites and quicker electron transport kinetics. X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and optical profilometry (OP) were employed to study the physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the modified electrode was availed to oxidize piperonyl alcohol mediated by 4- acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-acetamido TEMPO or 4-ACT). The product obtained was purified and characterized by ¹HNMR. The turnover frequency of 4-ACT was studied at different concentrations of the reactant, and the reaction parameters were also optimized using statistical tool design of experiment. This methodology is demonstrated to be economical, environmentally benign, and highly efficient in obtaining piperonal as it is carried out under milder reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lot of attention is being paid to developing new electrode materials for energy storage with good stability and excellent specific capacitance. This work involves hydrothermal and oxidation processes to grow NiCo2@PEDOT/PMo12 materials on carbon cloth. At 20 mA cm−2, the prepared electrodes show an extremely high capacitance of 3476 mF cm−2. The results prove that NiCo2, PEDOT, and PMo12 ternary components synergized to promote electron transport and electrolyte diffusion. The SC device presents a high energy density of 0.41 mW h cm−3 at a power density of 8.57 mW cm−3, and cycle stability test shows 108.1 % after 600 cycles and 74.5 % after 6000 cycles. In addition, the capacitance of the ASC device is smaller than that of the SC, but the device retains 101.4 % of its initial capacitanc after 10000 cycles at 2 mA cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single junction solar cells with organic-inorganic perovskites have achieved efficiency > 25%, yet they suffer from long-term durability and toxicity. Additionally, all the best-performing perovskite light harvesters contain lead, hindering their real-time application. Herein, we report preliminary studies with the SCPAS-1D software package on three different perovskite light harvesters, namely FAPbI3, FASnI3, and CsSnI3, considering an approach towards stable and environmentally benign perovskite light harvesters. Additionally, to extract the best performance, each perovskite light harvester is analysed with four electron transport layers, namely TiO2, SnO2, BaSnO3, and La doped BaSnO3. The physical parameters such as thickness, doping, and defect density are optimised for the subsequent films to deliver high performance. Further, the operating temperature-dependent variation in power conversion efficiency and other solar cell parameters are also analysed. In an attempt to replace the high-cost gold counter electrode, a comparative study on the performance of other possible counter electrodes is also comprehensively detailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient catalytic reduction of the main greenhouse gas CO 2 into high value-added chemicals is an important measure to alleviate the greenhouse effect and energy depletion. Metal nitrogen (M-N 4) macrocyclic complexes have attracted increasing attention in the field of electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction (CO 2 RR) due to the precise adjustment of the catalytic active site according to the requirements and the flexible modification of the external ligand structure. Nevertheless, the poor activity and low selectivity of reduction products restrict their widespread application in electrocatalytic CO 2 RR. Herein, a combination of nanoscale and molecular level method has been developed to construct easily obtainable 4NH 2 -NiPc/NH 2 -CNT hybrid material, in which amino groups are connected to provide electrons toward the central Ni-N 4 site to promote the electrocatalytic CO 2 RR catalytic activity. As a result, the catalyst 4NH 2 -NiPc/NH 2 -CNT mainly produces CO in the electrocatalytic CO 2 RR, which exhibits a Faradaic efficiency of CO (FE CO) higher than 92 % within a wide overpotential range of −0.70 to −0.95 V vs. RHE, and provides excellent stability with a current density of 12 mA cm−2 at −0.80 V vs. RHE. In addition, 4NH 2 -NiPc/NH 2 -CNT reaches its maximum FE CO value of 96 % at −0.8 V vs. RHE, which is approximately 3.1 times that of the original unmodified NiPc/CNT, demonstrating excellent promotion of electrochemical performance. Similarly, compared to NiPc/CNT without amino modification, the current density of 4NH 2 -NiPc/NH 2 -CNT exceeds it by more than twice. The research results indicate that promoting role of electron substituted amino groups in catalysis dispersion and electronic environment coordination. This study proposes a promising strategy of introducing amino groups into molecular catalysts and hybridizing with carbon nanotube to enhance the electrocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to deep reduction products. [Display omitted] • Amino groups enhance the electron affinity of Ni centers and reduce the overpotential required for CO conversion. • The axial coordination between N atoms and Ni atoms greatly improves the dispersion of the catalyst on carbon supports. • N-Ni axial coordination bonds achieve precise anchoring of NiPc on carbon supports. • The catalytic performance of the prepared catalyst for CO 2 electrochemical reduction was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water pollution is a pressing global issue threatening aquatic ecosystems and human health. Contaminants like dyes and industrial chemicals can severely impact water quality. This study presents a novel approach to address water pollution problems by anchoring metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) onto functionalized graphene oxide (GO) sheets in an environmentally friendly manner. Specifically, Zeolitic imidazole frameworks with monometallic Zinc-doped (Zn-doped) and bimetallic Zn-doped ZIF-67 (Zn@ZIF-67) were successfully anchored to amine-functionalized GO (GO-NH 2). The resulting ZIF-8@GO-NH 2 and Zn@ZIF-67@GO-NH 2 nanocomposites were investigated as potential catalysts for water pollution treatment and were evaluated for their ability to degrade Rhodamine B dye and reduce p-Nitrophenol. Interestingly, anchoring MOFs onto GO-NH 2 created a synergistic effect, enhancing both catalyst stability and efficiency. This synergy can be attributed to the combined properties of MOFs' porosity and GO's surface functionality. The abundant active sites on these nanocomposites facilitated electron transport, leading to efficient Rh B dye degradation. Kinetic studies revealed a significant advantage for the bimetallic Zn@ZIF-67@GO-NH 2 nanocomposite in degrading Rh B dye with 100 % degradation efficiency. This superior performance is likely due to the synergistic effect arising from the presence of two metal ions in the bimetallic system. However, the trend reversed for p-nitrophenol reduction. Here, the monometallic ZIF-8@GO-NH 2 (degradation efficiency ≥ 96.6 %) exhibited a higher degradation efficiency compared to the bimetallic counterpart (degradation efficiency ≥ 32.6 %). This difference can be explained by the availability of free nitrogen atoms in the monometallic system, which play a crucial role in facilitating the reduction process. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) is commonly used in the production of insecticides and preservatives with the characteristics of accumulation and toxicity due to the complex chemical structure with a halogenated aromatic ring. In order to effectively degrade and mineralize 2,4,6-TCP from water, a stack-coral-like catalyst of magnetic sulfur doping constructed nitrogen vacancies in graphitic carbon nitrides (Fe 3 O 4 /S-g-C 3 N 4 , FSCN-T) was designed and prepared through polymerization combined with precipitation. This visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation to 5 mg/L 2,4,6-TCP was 95 % within 60 min with 0.1 g/L FSCN-T amendment. The degradation and carbonization rate constant were 0.118 and 0.089 min−1 respectively. This high removal was attributed to nitrogen vacancies, which broaden the visible light absorption range and shorten the electron transfer path with narrow CN bandgap (from 2.94 eV to 2.49 eV). Moreover, the introduction of iron accelerated electron cycling and enhanced magnetic recovery performance with above 95 % recovery and catalytic stability after 5 cycles of use. The degradation contribution from the active species were h+ (41 %)> •OH (28.9 %) > •O 2 -(16.1 %)>1O 2 (8.7 %). This degradation underwent three pathways of substitution, elimination, and hydroxyl oxidation. Further, the intermediates were oxidized with ring opening and mineralization according to density functional theory (DFT) calculations and LC-Qtof-MS identification. The oxidative degradation process reduced the toxicity of 2,4,6-TCP and its intermediates. This study provided an efficient catalyst and low-energy consumption approach for toxic wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • The sulfur doped defect state graphite nitride carbon coupled Fe 3 O 4 was prepared. • Removal efficiency and mineralization of 2,4,6-TCP were 95 % and 72.1 % in 60 min. • The spectral broadening and band gap reduction of CN after modification. • FSCN-T shortened the path and improved the efficiency of electron transfer. • Catalytic recovery and 2,4,6-TCP removal efficiency kept above 95 % after five recycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manganese dioxide (MnO 2) and NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheets were deposited on bimetallic metal sulfide (NiCo 2 S 4) by hydrothermal reaction method, and MnO 2 /NiFe-LDH@NiCo 2 S 4 was applied as cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cell (MFC). The combination of lamellar MnO 2 with NiFe-LDH coated on NiCo 2 S 4 achieved a typical core-double shell structure. The unique core-double shell structure created a rapid pathway for electron transport and reduced interfacial impedance. The MnO 2 /NiFe-LDH@NiCo 2 S 4 -MFC exhibited the maximum power density of 80 mW/m2, approximately 2.16 times that of the MnO 2 -MFC (37 mW/m2). Additionally, the maximum voltage was around 200 mV, with good stability maintained for approximately 10 d. The material exhibited excellent electrochemical properties and possessed great potential for application as cathode catalysts of MFC. [Display omitted] • MnO 2 /NiFe-LDH@NiCo 2 S 4 was prepared by simple hydrothermal method. • Maximum power density of MnO 2 /NiFe-LDH@NiCo 2 S 4 -MFC was 80 mW/m2. • Modification of MnO 2 , NiFe-LDH and NiCo 2 S 4 improved ORR ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological denitrification is being considered as one of the best methods for nitrate removal from wastewaters, however it suffers with lower efficiency which needs to be improved effectively. The present study was aimed to prepare FeVO 4 @biochar and investigated its role as electron shuttle in enhancing the biological denitrification through various batch experiments. Significantly higher rates of denitrification were observed after addition of FeVO 4 @biochar in different concentrations and the highest efficiency was observed in 15 wt% FeVO 4 @biochar (BF-15) where 87.6 % denitrification was achieved after 7 days (from 100 mg/L to 12.7 mg/L of nitrate) compared to pure biochar (65.7 mg/L; 34.3 %) and sludge (72.7 mg/L; 27.3 %). FeVO 4 @biochar increased the transfer of external electron to bacteria and enhanced the denitrification activity. The variations in NAR (nitrate reductase), NIR (nitrite reductase) and ETSA (electron transport system activity) were investigated to understand the changes in microbial-community during denitrification. The FeVO 4 @biochar and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) both acted as the media for electron transport along with the decreased repulsions between nitrate and the catalyst surface that further provides higher nitrate reduction efficiency. The electroactive bacteria could easily utilize the photogenerated electrons from FeVO 4 @biochar and facilitate excellent denitrification. The microbial-diversity analysis revealed Bacteroidota , Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Desulfobacterota, Acidobacteriota, Actinobacteriota, and Gemmatimonadota were observed as the most predominant phyla actively participated in enhanced denitrification. This study suggested that the addition of photoactive catalyst strongly enhanced the electron transfer during denitrification and provides new ideas to the biological denitrification [Display omitted] • FeVO 4 @biochar was successfully prepared. • FeVO 4 @biochar significantly improved the denitrification through electron transfer. • Biochar and EPS acted as the electron transfer media for microbial denitrification. • Microbial community adopted themselves the conditions under photocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance the efficiency of charge separation and migration in CoFe 2 O 4 as a Photo-Fenton catalyst, a Co 7 Fe 3 alloy modified tubular CoFe 2 O 4 -based composite (MR-Co 7 Fe 3 /CoFe 2 O 4) was successfully constructed via a photoreduction deposition pre-anchoring strategy using the acid leaching solution of manganese residue (MR) as Fe source. MR-Co 7 Fe 3 /CoFe 2 O 4 showed outstanding Photo-Fenton catalytic performance and satisfactory stability for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation, which reached a degradation rate of 98.0 % within 40 min, and the first-order kinetic constant was 11.3 and 14.8 times than those of pure CoFe 2 O 4 and MR-Fe 3 O 4 , respectively. The excellent photocatalytic performance of MR-Co 7 Fe 3 /CoFe 2 O 4 could be attributed to the formation of hollow tube structures and the coupling of Co 7 Fe 3 alloys, which could effectively enhance light utilization, shorten the distance between adsorption and activation sites, and provide a "highway" for electron transport, improving the charge separation and mobility of CoFe 2 O 4. This study offers theoretical support for the design and synthesis of CoFe 2 O 4 -based photocatalysts with high electron transport efficiency and stability, holding promise for advanced wastewater treatment technologies. [Display omitted] • A Co 7 Fe 3 alloy modified tubular CoFe 2 O 4 -based composite was successfully constructed. • Co 7 Fe 3 acted as an electron transporter, accelerating the Fe2+/ Fe3+ and Co2+/Co3+ cycle. • MR-Co 7 Fe 3 /CoFe 2 O 4 showed excellent photocatalytic performance and recyclability. • Tube structures enhanced light utilization and provided a "highway" for electron transfer. • Strong interfacial coupling was formed through shared atoms and chemical bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclobutrifluram (TYMIRIUM® technology) is a seed- and soil-applied nematicide and fungicide which protects the plant root mass. Cyclobutrifluram acts by inhibiting mitochondrial complex II electron transport and succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDHI). Concerns over the potential adverse effects on non-target species were addressed by assessing whether recommended field application rates of cyclobutrifluram would result in adverse impacts on soil invertebrates or honeybees. Studies conducted under laboratory conditions with the active ingredient and two formulations provided No Observed Effect Concentrations for earthworm (Eisenia andreii) reproduction of 71–171 mg a.i./kg dry soil with no effects on soil mite (Hypoaspis aculifier) reproduction. There were no effects on honeybee (Apis mellifera) adults or larvae following chronic exposure to doses up to 400 and 160 mg/kg diet respectively. Using Brazil as a target market (soybean seed treatment and in-furrow application in fruiting vegetables), our laboratory studies indicate that the risk to two species of soil invertebrates and honeybees of the use of cyclobutrifluram either in-furrow or as a seed treatment was orders of magnitude below any levels of concern. • TYMIRIUM® technology (cyclobutrifluram) is a newly developed nematicide and fungicide. • Cyclobutrifluram is intended for use as a seed or soil treatment. • Cyclobutrifluram has no adverse impacts on earthworms, soil mites or honeybees. • Use of cyclobutrifluram pose risks orders of magnitude below any levels of concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A unique PtNi@PS-TCT nanohybrid electrocatalyst for alkaline H 2 evolution. • The 3D porous spatial configuration of MXene facilitates fast dynamics and long-term stability. • The heteroatom-functionalized and Ti3+ defect decorated MXene provides abundant active sites. • The strong bimetal-substrate interfacial interaction promotes directional charge transfer. • The remarkable catalytic activity with low overpotentials of 56.1 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Rational design and construction of efficient electrocatalysts are crucial for enhancing the activity and stability of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline electrolytes. Herein, heteroatom (phosphorus and sulfur)-functionalized and self-adapting Ti3+ species defect decorated Ti 3-x C 2 T y MXene (PS-TCT) with 3D porous architecture for anchoring platinum-nickel (PtNi) bimetallic nanocrystals for alkaline electrocatalytic HER. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the heteroatoms delicately modulated the electronic configuration of MXene to optimize the adsorption capacity of the reaction intermediates. The 3D porous spatial configuration of PS-TCT with abundant Ti3+ species defect endowed an efficient channel for charge transfer and sufficient catalytically active sites, thus facilitating fast dynamics and long-term stability. Additionally, the strong bimetal-substrate interfacial interaction (Pt-S bonding) between PtNi and PS-TCT established an electron directional transport channel, thus achieving valid and stable interfacial electron transport. Consequently, the optimized PtNi@PS-TCT nanohybrids showed remarkable catalytic activity with low overpotentials of 56.1 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and impressive Tafel slope of 81 mV dec−1 for HER in alkaline electrolytes (1.0 M KOH), while exhibiting outstanding electrochemical stability. This work offers a constructive route for precisely constructing high-performance multifunctional composite electrocatalysts. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor electrochemical communication between biocatalysts and electrodes is a ubiquitous limitation to bioelectrocatalysis efficiency. An extensive library of polymers has been developed to modify biocatalyst-electrode interfaces to alleviate this limitation. As such, conducting redox polymers (CRPs) are a versatile tool with high structural and functional tunability. While charge transport in CRPs is well characterized, the understanding of charge transport mechanisms facilitated by CRPs within decisively complex photobioelectrocatalytic systems remains very limited. This study is a comprehensive analysis that dissects the complex kinetics of photobioelectrodes into fundamental blocks based on rational assumptions, providing a mechanistic overview of charge transfer during photobioelectrocatalysis. We quantitatively compare two biohybrids of metal-free unbranched CRP (polydihydroxy aniline) and photobiocatalyst (intact chloroplasts), formed utilizing two deposition strategies (“mixed” and “layered” depositions). The superior photobioelectrocatalytic performance of the “layered” biohybrid compared to the “mixed” counterpart is justified in terms of rate (Dapp), thermodynamic and kinetic barriers (H≠, Ea), frequency of molecular collisions (D0) during electron transport across depositions, and rate and resistance to heterogeneous electron transfer (k0, RCT). Our results indicate that the primary electron transfer mechanism across the biohybrids, constituting the unbranched CRP, is thermally activated intra- and inter-molecular electron hopping, as opposed to a non-thermally activated polaron transfer model typical for branched CRP- or conducting polymer (CP)-containing biohybrids in literature. This work underscores the significance of subtle interplay between CRP structure and deposition strategy in tuning the polymer-catalyst interfaces, and the branched/unbranched structural classification of CRPs in the bioelectrocatalysis context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a novel route for utilizing waste from power plants to create a new power source (solar cells). Bottom ash (BA) ceramic micro-particles were studied to improve an electrocatalytic activity in solar cell applications for the first time. In the counter electrodes (CE) of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC), bottom ash was mixed with PEDOT:PSS (PP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (BA/PP/PVP) in volume ratios of 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, and 6:4. We found that bottom ash has a significant impact in improving the electrocatalytic activity and DSSC efficiency of these cells. Moreover, the PP and PVP ratios have a high impact on solar cell performance. The BA/PP/PVP-(6:4) counter electrode attained a higher DSSC efficiency, 2.70%, compared to the other electrodes prepared under similar conditions and a Pt CE based DSSC (3.23%) at AM 1.5 (100 mWcm−2 ). The influences of bottom ash and PP/PVP ratios on film structure, electrocatalytic activity in − I3 reduction, redox reaction rate, and electron transport were characterized using SEM, CV, Tafel, and EIS, respectively. The results show that low-cost BA/PP/PVP-(6:4) CE is a promising new alternative to Pt CEs in DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early diagnosis and reasonable treatment of cancer can effectively reduce the progression and decrease the proliferation. Exosomes are considered to be an excellent biomarker due to their special role in cancer development and post-treatment evaluation. Here, a simple and effective method for constructing two-dimensional heterostructure modified films on the electrode surface is reported to realize the electrochemical detection of exosomes. Flake gold nano triangle (AuNTs) as spacer, effectively inhibits the decline of electron transport capacity caused by the van der Waals stacking effect of graphene, a layered conductive network based on GO/AuNTs heterojunction was constructed on glassy carbon electrode. Multifunctional peptides with antifouling and specific binding characteristics for target exosomes were carefully anchored onto the surface of GO/AuNTs conductive network composite through Au-S. Combined with the innovative micro nanostructure on the electrode surface and the multifunctional peptides probe, the fabricated sensor shows an excellent limit of detection of 76 particles/ml with a detection range of 10² to 106 particles ml−1 . The proposed sensor provides a powerful platform for direct measurement of exosomes, opening new opportunities for highly sensitive determination of other biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with Fe0-mediated autotrophic denitrification (ADN), mixotrophic denitrification (MDN) can alleviate the problem of reduced denitrification efficiency due to Fe0 passivation. In this study, carbon fiber (CF) was added as an additional cathode material to Fe0-mediated MDN to promote Fe0 corrosion and advanced denitrification of secondary effluent with low chemical oxygen demand (COD) to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. The results showed that the average removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 --N) in the experimental group with CF coupling Fe0 (CF/Fe0) were achieved as high as 80.08 % and 79.79 % in Phase VI (C/N ratio = 3, hydraulic retention time (HRT) = 48 h), respectively. Mechanistic investigation showed that part of Fe0 corroded during the reaction process and the reaction products (Fe3+, Fe2+) were adsorbed on CF surface, sustaining the reaction of NO 3 --N conversion and promoting denitrification performance. Furthermore, the iron ions attached to the CF surface will further stimulate the generation of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) containing redox-active components such as flavins and Cytochrome c (Cyt c). Consequently, the activity of the electron transport system was promoted. CF dosing resulted in a high enrichment of dominant denitrifying bacteria such as Acinetobacter , Comamonas and Pseudomonas in MDN, and expression of n arG , napA , nosZ and other microbial metabolic function genes. Based on the above, the efficiency and mechanism of CF enhanced Fe0-mediated MDN was elucidated, which is favorable for enhancing the nitrogen removal in secondary effluent containing NO 3 --N with low C/N ratio based on Fe0-mediated MDN. [Display omitted] • An advanced denitrification by CF enhanced Fe0-mediated MDN is proposed. • The enhancement of CF on Fe0-mediated MDN is demonstrated and elucidated. • The problem of the electron donor loss caused by the Fe0 passivation is dissolved. • The promotion effect of CF on the enrichment denitrifying bacteria is elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cubic Perovskite CsZnX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) were investigated using ab-initio calculations. • Electronics and thermoelectric and optical properties were investigated. • CsZnX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) was a good p-type semiconductor. • High transparency was shown by low visible and infrared absorption. • The figure of merit (ZT) for thermoelectric properties is always greater than 0.7 between 300 and 800 K for holes. CsZnX 3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) cubic perovskite compounds were investigated using Wien2K with PBE and mBJ energy exchange potentials to determine their structural, electronic, optical, thermoelectric, and thermodynamic properties. The results of Phonon vibrational frequency, formation energy, and cohesive energy show that all compounds are stable. The electronic properties revealed that CsZnF 3 has the highest indirect bandgap as an insulator, followed by CsZnCl 3 and CsZnBr 3 , and CsZnI 3 has the lowest indirect bandgap. CsZnX 3 (X = Cl, Br, I) are classified as p-type semiconductors based on their electronic structure and the positive values of the Seebeck coefficient. High transparency was shown by low visible and infrared absorption. The investigated compounds exhibit high power factor and high figure of merit (ZT), which exceeds 0.7 over the temperature range 300–800 K. As the material's temperature rises, its lattice heat conductivity decreases in accordance with thermodynamics. However, when the temperature exceeds the Debye temperature, the volume heat capacity matches the Dulong-Petit limits and the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification (SND) is gaining tremendous attention due to its high efficiency and low cost in water treatment. However, SND on an industrial scale is still immature since effects of coexisting pollutants, for example, heavy metals, on nitrogen removal remains largely unresolved. In this study, a HNAD bacterium (Pseudomonas sp. XF-4) was isolated. It could almost completely remove ammonium and nitrate at pH 5–9 and temperature 20 ℃-35 ℃ within 10 h, and also showed excellently simultaneous nitrification and denitrification efficiency under the coexistence of any two of inorganic nitrogen sources with no intermediate accumulation. XF-4 could rapidly grow again after ammonium vanish when nitrite or nitrate existed. There was no significant effects on nitrification and denitrification when Cd(II) was lower than 10 mg/L, and 95 % of Cd(II) was removed by XF-4. However, electron carrier and electron transport system activity was inhibited, especially at high concentration of Cd(II). Overall, this study reported a novel strain capable of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification coupled with Cd(II) removal efficiently. The results provided new insights into treatment of groundwater or wastewater contaminated by heavy metals and nitrogen. • A heterotrophic nitrification aerobic denitrification bacterium was obtained. • The strain could efficiently remove sole and mixed nitrogen within a short time. • The strain own strong advantages in simultaneously remove nitrogen and Cd(II). • The strain has great potential in treating low C/N and combined pollution waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have proposed and carefully investigated arylsilanes based on 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) as potential new organic semiconductor candidates. To determine their band gaps, excitation energies, hole- (λ H) and electron- (λ E) reorganization energies, etc., of the modeled arylsilanes, the DFT calculations are performed at B3LYP/6-311++G level. The results reveal that these suggested arylsilanes have superior properties compared to several other well-known semiconductor materials. The geometric and electronic structures and absorption/emission spectra of these 42 molecules are calculated at PBE0/Def2-TZVP level. Ground and excited state properties of these arylsilanes in gas phase and in different organic solvents are studied. Compounds with λ H > λ E are better electron transport materials (ETMs), and those with λ H < λ E are better hole transport materials (HTMs). Furthermore, the study shows that these molecules can be employed as effective trifunctional materials, i.e. , emitter, hole, and electron transporters in OLEDs due to their improved electron injection and transport balance. [Display omitted] • We have proposed and carefully examined arylsilane derivatives of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) and 1,3-diphenylisobenzosilole (DPBS) as potential new organic semiconductor candidates. • By substituting different donor and acceptor groups, the hole and electron transport properties of arylsilanes have been modified. • To determine their band gaps, excitation energies, hole-(λ H) and electron-(λ E) reorganization energies, absorption/emission spectra etc., the DFT calculations have been performed at B3LYP/6-311++G and PBE0/Def2-TZVP level. • The present study reveals that these suggested arylsilanes have superior electron and hole transport properties compared to several other well-known semiconductor materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an efficient photocatalyst for CO 2 conversion to chemical fuels that maximizes the utilization of solar energy, particularly near-infrared light, remains a persistent challenge. Meanwhile, it is difficult to suppress the H 2 evolution during the photocatalytic process. Herein, Cu/C@Bi/C grafted on the surface of 3D g-C 3 N 4 (NCN) can serve as a highly durable and active catalyst for photothermal synergistic catalytic CO 2 reduction under full-spectrum solar irradiation in solid-liquid-gas three-phase interfaces, wherein the Cu/C@Bi/C serves as a harvesting-near-infrared light nanoreactor and an electron transport bridge for the enhancement of the interface local temperature and the efficient transfer of photoinduced electrons. As a result, the hybrid catalyst shows excellent photothermal catalytic activity of CO 2 to CO (169.26 μmol·g−1·h−1) and CO 2 to CH 4 (1.94 μmol·g−1·h−1), outperforming the majority of the conventional photocatalysts, whereas the competitive reaction of H 2 evolution can be inhibited. This study presents a feasible approach for the efficient utilization of solar energy by harnessing near-infrared light through nano-reactors, thereby providing a viable strategy for photothermal catalytic CO 2 reduction. • Cu/C@Bi/C as a durable and active catalyst was grafted on the surface of 3D g-C 3 N 4. • The prepared nanocomposites present high full-spectrum light response ability. • The Cu/C@Bi/C serves as a nanoreactor and an transport bridge of photoinduced e-. • The synergistic effect of photothermal effect and Schottky junction accelerates the charge transfer process. • A triphase system was designed to make full use of local heat to improve photothermal synergistic catalytic CO 2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shewanella oneidensis (S. oneidensis) bacteria have bioremediation capabilities for various heavy metals, however, their repertoire of mercury-removal proteins is limited, restricting their effectiveness in mercury remediation. In this study, the integration of an exogenous mer operon into S. oneidensis expanded the range of mercury-removal proteins, significantly boosting both mercury tolerance and removal efficiency. The engineering bacteria (MR-mer) exhibited growth in a 180 mg/L Hg2+ solution, showing a 40 % increase in tolerance over S. oneidensis. In a liquid medium with 50 mg/L Hg2+, the MR-mer strain achieved 73 % mercury removal efficiency, outperforming the original strain by 50 %, and facilitated Hg0 formation on the cell membrane. Extensive analysis of transmembrane structures and Fourier analysis revealed that mer operon proteins might target the cell membrane, modifying its functional group contents to enhance mercury adsorption. Additionally, the absence of the key protein OmcA in the electron transport chain led to a 30 % reduction in Hg2+ removal capacity. This suggests that S. oneidensis transfers electrons to the cell surface through this chain, providing electrons for Hg2+ reduction. In conclusion, the mer operon, targeting the cell membrane in MR-mer strain, synergizes with the electron transport chain to markedly elevate Hg2+ removal capability. This approach not only augments Shewanella 's mercury biodegradation capacity, but also offers novel perspectives for microbial heavy metal pollutant removal. [Display omitted] • Shewallena oneidensis achieved better removal rate to Hg2+ by expressing mer operon. • Mer operon expression aided the conversion of Hg2+ to Hg0 on the membrane. • The Mer operon utilizes bacteria extracellular electron to facilitate Hg2+ removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anionic heavy metal contaminant chromium (Cr) is highly mobile, oxidizing, and carcinogenic, predisposing it to a range of biological health and environmental issue. Herein, polyaniline/MXene/graphene oxide ternary nanohybrid (PMG) with multiple types of functional groups and high efficiency of electron transfer capacity was synthesized by electrostatic self-assembly of polyaniline (PANI)-assisted MXene and graphene oxide (GO) two-dimensional nanoplates for the adsorption of hazardous Cr(VI). The charge transfer process promoted the polymerization of aniline on the surface of MXene, and the generation of PANI induced MXene and GO to intercalate with each other and ultimately ameliorated the over-negative potential of the MXene and GO composites. The adsorbent PMG exhibited the optimum adsorption effectiveness of 156.2 mg/g for Cr(VI) at pH = 2 and a sample dosage of 1 g/L. Isotherm and kinetic exploration experiments, combined with the findings of zeta potential, XPS, and first-principles calculations, indicated that approximately 89.3% of Cr(VI) was transformed into Cr(III) and anchored by PMG, revealing the adsorption mechanism to be probably a multilayered chemisorption involving redox reactions, electrostatic interactions, and complexation. The anti-interference experiments and cycling tests further confirmed the prominent application potential of PMG. This study provides feasible insights for remediating water contaminated with hexavalent chromium. [Display omitted] • Polyaniline/MXene/GO nanohybrid was constructed by electrostatic self-assembly. • The adsorbents have a variety of functional groups (including -O/-N/-F groups). • The adsorbents exhibited high efficiency electron transport capacity. • First-principles was performed to comprehend adsorbent-adsorbate interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cost-effective bimetallic oxide catalysts are gradually replacing noble metal catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production. This study used a two-step method to synthesize CoMoO 4 with a rod-shaped structurea. CuBr is a catalytic base synthesis graphdiyne material. The graphdiyne that serves to anchor CoMoO 4 rods through a solvent-thermal synthesis method, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the resultant composite catalyst. The results show that the 5 h hydrogen evolution capacity of the optimized CoMoO 4 /graphdiyne composite catalyst is 187.47 μmol, which is 2.9 times higher than that of CoMoO 4 monomer and 41.7 times higher than that of graphdiyne monomer. The addition of graphdiyne provides a larger comparison area for CoMoO 4 , giving composite catalyst more active sites, and enhancing the optical hydrogenation effect of catalysts. Through the Mott-Schottky test, the UV–visible diffuse reflectance test and band gap calculation can be speculated that the CoMoO 4 and graphdiyne construct the type II heterojunction which promotes the rapid transfer of photogonic carriers. This work provides a good prospect and opportunity for studying graphdiyne in the application of graphdiyne in the application of dualmetal oxides. • CoMoO 4 was synthesized by two-step method, and the reticular graphdinye was synthesized on CuBr as catalyst. • Type II heterojunction effectively inhibits the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. • CuBr, as a "bridge" of electron transport, accelerates the migration rate of photogenerated electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the existing metal-oxide gas sensors, cobalt oxide has the flexibility to revise the morphology through Cr-dopant to enhance sensing properties. Sensitive-surface of the chromium-doped cobalt oxide has proven its effective sensing nature to hydrogen sulfide gas. Interestingly, chromium-dopant increases the surface area, leading to particle size reduce and produces the more active sites for gas molecules. Also, the dopant creates impurity phases on the material which extends the sites for more reaction. To confirms these characteristics, the photoluminescence spectra showed intense peak that mimics the faster transport of electron to accelerate the sensing reaction. According to sensing measurement, the doped sensor is showing three-fold increase of response to 10 ppm gas and also, it detects the 2 ppm efficiently. The doped sensor warrants the stable response to gas due to higher reproducibility. Notably, the doped sensor detects the 1 ppm of gas at 120 s and recovery itself around 200 s. The doped sensor imparts response at room-temperature, affirming sensitive-surface. The doped sensor has shown the capable under humidity environment through response. [Display omitted] • The Cr-dopant increases the charge transfer between the material during the reaction. • The dopant increases the actives sites through their secondary phase formation. • The doped Co3O4 sensor shows rich metallic surface of higher conductivity due to the exposure of H 2 S gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

p-Chlorophenol (4-CP) is a recalcitrant pollutant with high toxicity that bioaccumulates and persists in the environment. In order to remove most of 4-CP in a short time, this study constructed an N-CQDs/BiOBr photocatalytic cathode microbial fuel cell (PMFCs) system, introduced formaldehyde wastewater into the biological anode, and enhanced the electronic interaction between the cathode and anode, thus realizing the high efficiency of the degradation of 4-CP and the production of electric energy. The results showed that the removal rate of 4-CP (30 mg/L) by PMFCs was 86.8%, which was higher than that of MFC (65%) and photocatalysis (11.73%) combined, showing a good synergistic effect. In addition, driven by the continuous negative bias provided by the anode, the electrons generated at the anode preferentially combine with the photogenerated holes at the cathode, which increases the power generation of the PMFCs, and achieves a maximum power density of 286.225 W/ m2 and a maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.518 V. The electrochemical properties of PMFCs were characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and the results showed that the charge transfer resistance of PMFCs was only half that of MFC. Free radical trapping experiments have confirmed that ∙O 2 - is the main reactive oxidizing substance. Subsequently, a possible electron transport mechanism was proposed, and five degradation pathways of 4-CP were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In conclusion, this technology is a good alternative method to improve the treatment efficiency of refractory wastewater in practical applications. • Possible degradation pathways and electron transfer mechanisms of p-chlorophenol. • A coupled system of biological anode and photocathode was constructed. • Formaldehyde and p-chlorophenol have synergistic removal effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yellowing of postharvest broccoli is the immediate manifestation of its quality deterioration, which can cause the loss of commodity value. This study employs a comprehensive analysis integrating transcriptomics and metabolomics to elucidate the effects and potential molecular mechanisms of exogenous leucine on pigment metabolism in postharvest broccoli stored at 10 ± 0.5 °C. Results demonstrate that leucine treatment significantly inhibited the decrease of chlorophyll content and the increase of carotenoid content. Leucine treatment also inhibited the respiration rate and maintained higher vitamin C content, total phenols content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of broccoli. Leucine treatment promoted chlorophyll biosynthesis by up-regulating UROD , PPOX , MC , CHLM , POR , DCVR , MT , and CAS expression while inhibiting chlorophyll liberation and degradation by up-regulating CABs expression and down-regulating NYC1 , CLH2 , PAO , and PPD expression. Additionally, exogenous leucine alleviated the damage of photosystem I, photosystem II, and photosynthetic electron transport chains in the thylakoid membrane. Furthermore, leucine treatment results in a lower transcriptional level of PDS , LCYB , crtZ , and ZEP , leading to reduced lycopene, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene content. Leucine treatment promotes the biosynthesis of carlactone, a strigolactone (SL) precursor, by up-regulating DWARF27 , CCD7 , and CCD8 expression. Additionally, leucine treatment down-regulated XDH expression and up-regulated CYP707A expression, inhibiting the biosynthesis and accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA). Consequently, our findings suggest that ABA and SLs may serve as crucial signaling factors in regulating chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism in leucine-treated broccoli. This study introduces a novel method with theoretical support for delaying the yellowing process in postharvest broccoli. [Display omitted] • Multi-omics revealed the mechanism of leucine treatment (LT) on pigment metabolism. • BoCLH2 , not BoCLH1 , is the key to chlorophyll catabolism in postharvest broccoli. • LT delayed the damage of the thylakoid membrane and chlorophyll liberation. • LT inhibited the accumulation of ABA and promoted the biosynthesis of strigolactones. • ABA and strigolactones may be the key factors in regulating pigment metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid and sensitive colorimetric biosensor was developed for simultaneous detection of various pathogenic bacteria based on aptamer-mediated peroxidase (POD)-like activity of PCN-Mo nanozyme. Initially, a porphyrin-based PCN-Mo metal organic framework (MOF) nanozyme is constructed through a simple hydrothermal method, as thoroughly figured out by a series of characterization techniques. The study showed that the pathogenic bacteria aptamers could adhere to the surface of PCN-Mo, and significantly enhanced the POD-like activity by reinforcing their transport of electrons to 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). In the presence of different target bacteria, the aptamers tend to bind to bacteria specifically, causing the further enhancement of POD-like activity. Based on the signal-amplification by the PCN-Mo@aptamer (PCN-Mo@Apt) nanozyme, the constructed pathogenic bacteria sensor demonstrated a wide linear range between 101 to 105 CFU/mL, with the detection limits (LODs) of 0.578, 0.439, and 0.643 CFU/mL for E. coli , S. typhimurium and S. aureus , respectively. Furthermore, the PCN-Mo sensor was capable of detection pathogenic bacteria in water, milk, classic milk tea, chicken, and beef with the recoveries of 90.1%–104.1%, indicating the sensor's practicability for pathogenic bacteria detection in real samples. [Display omitted] • PCN-Mo nanozyme was facilely synthesized via hydrothermal method. • The POD-like activity of PCN-Mo was enhanced combined with aptamer. • The sensor has wide linear range (101∼105 CFU/mL) and low LOD (0.439–0.643 CFU/mL). • The sensor was applied to detect pathogens in real food, and RSDs were below 5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extreme functional reduction of mitochondria has taken place in parallel in many distantly related lineages of eukaryotes, leading to a number of recurring metabolic states with variously lost electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, loss of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and/or loss of the mitochondrial genome. The resulting mitochondria-related organelles (MROs) are generally structurally reduced and in the most extreme cases barely recognizable features of the cell with no role in energy metabolism whatsoever (e.g., mitosomes, which generally only make iron-sulfur clusters). Recently, a wide diversity of MROs were discovered to be hiding in plain sight: in gregarine apicomplexans. This diverse group of invertebrate parasites has been known and observed for centuries, but until recent applications of culture-free genomics, their mitochondria were unremarkable. The genomics, however, showed that mitochondrial function has reduced in parallel in multiple gregarine lineages to several different endpoints, including the most reduced mitosomes. Here we review this remarkable case of parallel evolution of MROs, and some of the interesting questions this work raises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate here electron transport in a tight-binding chain under the action of a time-dependent force field. From the exact results for the mean-squared displacement, we discuss various special cases of zero field, static field, and oscillatory field. The consequent delocalization and localization phenomena make the tight-binding chain a textbook example for studying quantum coherent motion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]